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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Serves as the chief coordinating agency for all systems
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Nervous System
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Detects and responds to stimuli
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Nervous system
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Includes the brain and spinal cord
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Central Nervous System
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CNS
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Central Nervous System
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Made up of all of the nerves outside the CNS; includes the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves
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Peripheral Nervous System
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PNS
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Controlled voluntarily and all its effectors are skeletal muscles
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Somatic Nervous System
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Involuntary division of the nervous system
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; much of what makes up the vicera
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Visceral Nervous System (autonomic nervous system)
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ANS
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Autonomic Nervous System
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The two subdivisions of the ANS
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System |
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The unique, highly specialized functional cells of the nervous system
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Neurons
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Neuron fibers that conduct impulses to the cell body
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Dendrites
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Neuron fibers that conduct impulses away from the cell body
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Axons
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Fatty material that insulates and protects some axons
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Myelin
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In the PNS myelin sheath is produced by these special connective tissue cells
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Schwann Cells
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The thin coating formed by outermost membranes of the Schwann cells
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Neurilemma
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Neurons that conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain
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Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)
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Neurons that carry impulses out of the CNS to muscles and glands
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Motor neurons (efferent neurons)
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Neurons that relay information within the CNS
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Interneurons
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A bundle of fibers located within the PNS
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Nerve
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A bundle of fibers locted within the CNS
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Tract
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Around an idividual fiber
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Endoneurium
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Around a fascicle
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Perineurium
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Around the whole nerve
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Epineurium
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Nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers; some cranial, all spinal
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Mixed Nerves
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Collectively cells that serve for support and protection
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Neuroglia (glial) cells
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Functions of Neuroglia
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Protect nervous tissue
Support nervous tissue and bind it to other structures Aid in repair of cells Act as phagocytes to remove pathogens and impurities Regulate the composition of fluids around and between cells |
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An eletrical charge, as on the neuron plasma membrane
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Potential
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Electrical charge that spreads along the membrane of a neuron
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Nerve impluse
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Sudden change in the electrical charge on a cell membrane, which then spreads along the membrane
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Action potential
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A sudden reversal of the charge on a cell membrane
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Depolarization
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A sudden return to the original charge on a cell membrane following depolarization
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Repolarization
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The point of junction for transmitting the nerve impluse
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Synapse
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Transmission of an impulse occurs from the axon of the ____ cell to the dendrite of the ____ cell
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Presynaptic
Postsynaptic |
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Tiny gap between synaptic cells
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Synaptic gap
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Chemical released from the ending of an axon that enables a nerve inpulse to cross a synapse
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Neurotransmitter
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Site that are ready to pick up and respond to specific neurotransmitters
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Receptors
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Main neurotransmitters
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Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
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The neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
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Neurotransmitters all function in this system
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ANS
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THe link between the peripheral nervous sytem and the brain
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Spinal cord
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Coordinates impulses within the CNS
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Spinal cord
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Bridge of gray matter that connects the right and left horns
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Gray Commisure
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Small channel in the center of the gray commisure
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Central canal
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Column of gray matter that extends up and down the spinal cord dorsally, one on each side
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Dorsal horns
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Column of gray matter that extends up and down the spinal cord ventrally, one on each side
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Ventral horns
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Narrow groove that divides the right and left portions of the posterior white matter
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Posterior Median sulcus
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Deeper groove that separates the right and left portions of the anterior white matter
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Anterior Median Fissure
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A complete pathway through the nervous system from stimulus to reponse
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Reflex Arc
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The end of a dendrite or some specialized receptor cell, as in a special sense organ, that detects stimulus
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Receptor
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A cell that transmits impulses toward the CNS
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Sensory neuron (afferent neuron)
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Where impulses are coordinated and a reponse is organized
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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A cell that carries impulses away from the CNS
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Motor Neuron (efferent neuron)
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A muscle or a gland outside the CNS that carries out a response
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Effector
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A rapid, uncomplicated, and automatic response involving very few neurons
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Simple reflex
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A simple reflex arc that passes through the spinal cord alone and does not involve the brain
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Spinal reflex
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Reflex in which a muscle is stretched and responds by contracting; spinal reflex
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Stretch reflex
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Disease in which the myelin sheath around the axons is damaged and the neuron fibers themselves degenerate
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Multiple sclerosis
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Disorder of the nervous system in which motor neurons are destroyed
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Amyothrophic lateral sclersos
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A viral desease of the nervous system that occurs most commonly in children
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Poliomyelitis
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Polio vaccines
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Salk vacine developed in 1954
Sabin oral vaccine |
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Different degrees of sensation loss
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Monoplegia
Diplegia Paraplegia Hemiplegia Tetraplegia |
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Paralysis of one limb
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Monoplegia
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Paralysis of both upper or both lower limbs
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Diplegia
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Paralysis of both lower limbs
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Paraplegia
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Paralysis of one side of the body
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Hemiplegia
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Paralysis of all four limbs
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Tetraplegia (quadraplegia)
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Number of paired spinal nerves
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31
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Nerves are attached to the spinal cord by these two roots
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Dorsal and ventral
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Marked swelling of gray matter on the dorsal root
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Dorsal root ganglion
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Any collection of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS
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Ganglion
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Large anterior branches of the spinal nerves interlace to for these networks
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Plexuses
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Supplies motor impulses to the muscles of the neck and recieves sensory impulses from the neck and the back of the head
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Cervical plexus
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Sends numerous branches to the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
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Brachial plexus
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Supplies nerves to the pelvis and legs
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Lumbosacral plexus
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The largest branch in the lumbosacral plexus
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Sciatic nerve
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A region of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
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Dermatome
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The degeneration of nerves supplying the distal areas of the extremeties
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Peripheral neuritis
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A form of peripheral neuritis characterized by its branches
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Sciatica
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Characterized by numerous blisters along the course of certain nerves, most commonly the intercostal nerves, which are branches of the thoracic spinal nerves in the waist area
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Herpes zoster (shingles)
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A polyneuropathy; a disorder involving many nerves
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
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Two cordlike strands of ganglia that extend along either side of the spinal column from the lower neck to the upper abdominal region
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Sympathetic chains
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Collateral ganglia which sends fibers mainly to the digestive organs
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Celiac ganglion
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Collateral ganglia which sends fibers to the large and smell intestines
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Superior mesenteric ganglion
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Collateral ganglia which sined fibers to the distal large intestine and organs of the urinary and reproductive systems
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Inferior mesenteric ganglion
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"Activated by adrenaline"
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Adrenergic
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