Anatomy And Physiology Ch. 2

Front 1

Skeletal System- Bony Thorax

Back 1

Vertebrae and vertebral column
Ribs and their attachment to the vertebral column
Scapula and clavicle (Pectoral girdle)
(Pelvic girdle contains last six below)
Sternum
Ischium
Ilium
Pubis (pubic bone)
Sacrum (5 fused) S1- S5)
And Coccyx (fused unit)

Front 2

More on bony thorax, numbers of each vertebrae

Back 2

Vertebrae & vertebral column
5 divisions of vertebrae
(33 bone segments):
Cervical (7) – C1 thru C7
(C1 is called the atlas)
Thoracic (12) – T1 thru T12
Lumbar (5) – L1 thru L5
Sacral (5 fused) – S1 thru S5
Coccyx (fused unit)

Front 3

Land Marks of Skelital System

Back 3

process – prominences/protuberance (bulge)
foramen – opening or hole
corpus – body
tubercle – small rounded prominence on bone
facets –small surface
symphysis – growing together

Front 4

Landmarks of vertebrae

Back 4

corpus – body
tubercle – small rounded prominence
vertebral foramen – opening or hole (for spinal column fluid)
spinous process – middle prominence
transverse process – lateral “wings”

Front 5

Pelvic Girdle and Pectoral Girdle

Back 5

Appendages are attached to our vertebral column so that we can physically interact with our environment
Lower extremities – attached by means of the pelvic girdle
Upper extremities – attached through the pectoral girdle

Front 6

What is the Pelvic Gridle provide?

Back 6

Pelvic Girdle
Provides foundation for attachment of the legs to the vertebral column
The coxal bones (ischium, ilium, pubis), sacrum and coccyx form the bony pelvis

Front 7

Parts of the Pelvic Gridle numbered

Back 7

Pelvic Girdle
Ilium
Large winglike bone (similar to the scapula or shoulder blade of the upper body)
Provides muscular support for abdominal structures (hip bone)
Iliac crest - the superior point of attachment for the inguinal ligament which runs from the crest of the iliac to the joining of the two pubic bone.
Pubic symphysis=joining of the 2 pubic bones
Sacrum
huge medial (close to the midline) structure
5 fused vertebrae, with S1 articulating with L5.
Iliac bones articulate laterally with the sacrum forming the sacroiliac joints
Coccyx
Inferior most segment of the spinal column
4 fused vertebrae which articulate at the inferior aspect of the sacrum

Front 8

Pectoral Girdle
consist of what parts?

Back 8

Also called the shoulder girdle
Scapula and clavicle structures
Supports the upper extremities

Front 9

Pectoral Girdle
how it attaches.

Back 9

Clavicle
Known as the collarbone
Attached to the superior sternum
Runs from superior sternum laterally to join with scapula
Provides anterior support for the shoulder by its articulation with the scapula
Scapula
Known as shoulder blade
Wing-like structure
Attachment via clavicle
Several muscles “slung” from scapula for ease of mvmt
Negative: vulnerable scapula/clavicle joint>dislocation

Front 10

Sternum is significant for?

Back 10

Sternum
Significant for respiration
Focal point for the rib cage
Point of attachment for all ribs except 2 lowest

Front 11

Sternum's 3 components

Back 11

3 components
Manubrium
Corpus (Body)
Xiphoid process

Front 12

Ribs and Rib Cage
how many and location?

Back 12

12 pairs of ribs
rib cage can rock up in front and flare out via lateral rotation, hinged on vertebrae

Front 13

Three classes of ribs

Back 13

True Ribs – consists of upper ribs (1-7) which form attachment to the sternum via cartilaginous union through the chondrae
False Ribs – (8, 9, 10) are also attached to the sternum through cartilage, but this chondral portion must run superiorly to attach to the sternum.
Floating Ribs (11, 12) – articulate only with the vertebral column
Notes:
Chondral attachment is useful because the elastic properties of the cartilage allow for twisting along the axis (torqued) without breaking.
The combination of bone and cartilage which make up the rib cage provide a strong protective support for the internal organs (i.e., heart and lungs). The rib cage is also movable which serves the process of respiration.

Front 14

Components of a rib

Back 14

4 components
Head – articulates with the spinal column
Neck
Shaft – largest, most anterior component
Angle-point at which the rib begins the significant curve in its forward course
Actual attachment of the rib with the sternum is via the chondral (cartilaginous) portion of the rib

Front 15

Visceral Thorax

Back 15

Internal soft tissue of thorax & respiratory passageway
Respiratory tract/passageway
Lungs
Mediastinum

Front 16

Order of Respiratory Tract/Passageway

Back 16

Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Plurae

Front 17

Trachea

Back 17

Flexible tube composed of 16-20 hyaline cartilage rings that open posteriorly
Runs from the inferior border of the larynx for ~11cm at which point it divides (carina ring) and becomes left and right mainstem bronchi (bronchial tubes) which serve the left and right lungs

Front 18

What is the Bronchi parts of the system?

Back 18

Mainstem (primary bronchi) – serves the right and left lung
Secondary (lobar bronchi) – supply the lobes of the lungs
Segmental (tertiary bronchi)
– supply segments of the
lobes
Cleansing action occurs within the
epithelial lining of the bronchial passageway

Front 19

Bronchioles

Back 19

Terminal bronchioles
small and at end become the alveolar duct which leads into the alveolar air sacs and into the alveoli
capillary beds wrap the alveoli
Alveoli
highly vascularized
where the gas exchange
takes place in lungs (oxygen enters
the blood stream and carbon dioxide
is removed)
alveolar ducts
alveolar air sacs

Front 20

Lungs

Back 20

Gas exchange units
Spongy elastic connective tissue with a rich vascular (arterial and venous networks)supply and air sacs
Communication from the lungs with the external environment is via the respiratory passageway
Right lung composed of three lobes
separated by 2 fissures
Left lung composed of two lobes
separated by 1 fissure
The space on the left lung is taken up by
the heart and mediastinal (middle space)
structures.

Front 21

Mediastinum

Back 21

Space that occupied the heart, trachea, major blood vessels, nerves, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and conducting portion of the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus).

Front 22

Esophagus

Back 22

Esophagus
Posterior to the trachea
Long collapsed food tube maintains this collapsed condition until food bolus passes through then the bolus is propelled by gravity and peristaltic contractions into the stomach.
Begins at UES and ends at LES

Front 23

Pleura

Back 23

Pleura
Lines the inner thoracic wall and the lungs
Pleural lining binds the organs by attaching, but not fixing them within the thorax
Contains cuboidal cells that produce a mucous solution (surfactant) released in the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae (surfactant prevents the two sheets from clinging together – creates smoother movement).
Visceral pleurae encases the lungs
Parietal pleurae – regions identified by location they serve (mediastinal, pericardial, diaphragmatic, pareital and apical)
Assists in movement of air thru system

Front 24

Air movement through the system

Back 24

Pleural linings cover the lungs and provide the mechanism for air movement through muscular action
As the diaphragm contracts, the lungs pull down
due to the association between the pleurae and the diaphragm
Diaphragmatic contraction expands the lungs and draws air into them via the bronchial passageway

Front 25

Boyle’s Law

Back 25

Air movement through the system
Boyle’s Law
↑ volume = ↓ pressure
Negative pressure (inhaling) =↓ pressure, ↑ volume
Positive pressure (exhaling) = ↑ pressure, ↓ volume
All forces in nature seek balance and equilibrium