Anatomy And Physiology Ch 16-17. Unit Iv

Front 1

Form bilirubin

Synthesize plasma protein

Metabolize carbohydrates

Are all functions of

Back 1

The liver

Front 2

What nerves are in the tongue?

Back 2

Never 7, nerve 9, nerve 12

Front 3

Colon absorbs

Back 3

Water, minerals, and vitamins

Front 4

What is the first part of the small intestine?

Back 4

Duodenum

Front 5

Where does MOST digestion occur

Back 5

In the duodenum

Front 6

Where does MOST absorption happen?

Back 6

Jejunum

Front 7

The duodenum neutralizes stomach acid and does not have

Back 7

Gastric pits

Front 8

Duodenum had what kind of digestion

Back 8

Chemical

Front 9

Glucose is broken down into what

Back 9

Pyruvic acid

Front 10

Lipids can be broken down into either

Back 10

Fatty acids or glycerol

Front 11

One gram of fat is equal to how many kilocalories

Back 11

Nine

Front 12

One gram of carb or one gram of protein is equaled to how many kilocalories

Back 12

Four

Front 13

Enzymes that are involved in pancreatic digestion

Back 13

Protease, amylase,lipase

Front 14

Alimentary tube consists of

Back 14

Esophagus, stomach, colon

Front 15

The breakdown of glucose stage 1 is

Back 15

Cytochrome transport system

Front 16

Oxygen is needed for what stages of cellular respiration?

Back 16

All three

Front 17

Dentin is within enamel and forms

Back 17

Roots

Front 18

What is the digestive function of the the liver

Back 18

Production of bile

Front 19

What is the food reservoir in the alimentary tube

Back 19

Stomach

Front 20

Where is the pyloric sphincter located?

Back 20

Bottom of the stomach

Front 21

What prevents backup food from going back into the stomach

Back 21

The pyloric sphincter

Front 22

Facial cranial nerve activates the

Back 22

Secretion of saliva

Front 23

The vagus cranial nerve increases the

Back 23

Intestinal peristalsis

Front 24

What Digestive organ has microvilli on the cells of it's lining?

Back 24

Small intestine

Front 25

What tissue is responsible for peristalsis of the intestines

Back 25

Smooth muscles

Front 26

What organ contains an enormous population of bacteria that produces vitamins to be absorbed

Back 26

Large intestine

Front 27

Protein, catalyst, specific to it's substrate are all characteristics of

Back 27

An enzyme

Front 28

Amylase from the pancreas, in saliva digests

Back 28

Starch

Front 29

Sucrase from the small intestine digests

Back 29

Sucrose

Front 30

Trypsin aids n what kind of digestion

Back 30

Protein

Front 31

What converts pepsinogen into pepsin

Back 31

Hydrochloric acid

Front 32

Where is bile stored

Back 32

Gallbladder

Front 33

Where is bile produced?

Back 33

Liver

Front 34

Enzymes are produced to detoxify

Back 34

Potential poisons

Front 35

Bile emulsifies fats where

Back 35

Small intestines

Front 36

What stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder

Back 36

Cholecystokinin

Front 37

Sympathetic impulses to the ailmentary tube inhibit

Back 37

Peristalsis

Front 38

Monosaccharides and positive ions are absorbed into capillary networks by

Back 38

Active transport

Front 39

The instrinsic factor is needed for the absorption of

Back 39

Vitamin B12

Front 40

The stomach lining has _______ to permit expansion

Back 40

Rugae

Front 41

What valve prevents backup of feces to the ileum

Back 41

ileocecal valve

Front 42

What is hydrolysis?

Back 42

Breaking down with enzymes

Front 43

What are the three places that digestion does not take place

Back 43

Esophagus, colon, rectum

Front 44

What are the four tissue layers of the GI Tract?

Back 44

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

Front 45

The mucosa is found where

Back 45

Inner tube of GI tract

Front 46

What's the function of the mucosa?

Back 46

Mucous secretion/ lubrication

Front 47

Mucosa is the _______ most layer

Back 47

Inner

Front 48

Submucosa can be found where

Back 48

Around the mucosa- next layer out

Front 49

What's the function of the submucosa?

Back 49

House lymph vessels/nerves to the mucosa

Front 50

Where can the muscularis be found

Back 50

Between the submucosa and the serosa

Front 51

Muscularis main function is to move

Back 51

Food

Front 52

How many layers does the muscularis have

Back 52

Two

Front 53

Serosa is the outer most layer, aka

Back 53

The visceral paritoneum

Front 54

What does the serosa secrete?

Back 54

Serous fluid covering for GI tract

Front 55

The enteric Nervous System is aka

Back 55

The second brain or the brain in the gut

Front 56

Mesenteries are folds of

Back 56

Serosa/visceral paritoneum

Front 57

The parietal paritoneum attaches to the

Back 57

Inside walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 58

Omentum is located covering the front of abdomen, what's its primary function

Back 58

Fat storage

Place for macrophages to be

Supports immune system

Front 59

Omentum is a connective tissue membrane with

Back 59

Adipose tissue deposits

Front 60

Mastication is

Back 60

Chewing

Front 61

We have how many permanent teeth

Back 61

32

Front 62

The tongue is a skeletal muscle covered in mucous membranes that attaches to

Back 62

The bottom of the mouth

Front 63

Dry mouth can lead to

Back 63

Cavities

Front 64

Salivary amylase is the digestion of

Back 64

Starch

Front 65

Dentin is _______the enamel

Back 65

Below

Front 66

Pharynx reflex controlled by the

Back 66

Medulla

Front 67

Oropharynx is between the nasopharynx and the

Back 67

Hypopharynx

Front 68

LES stands for

Back 68

Lower esophageal sphincter

Front 69

The LES used to be known as

Back 69

Cardiac sphincter

Front 70

Bolus turns into a liquid substance called

Back 70

Chyme

Front 71

The stomach holds 50mL to

Back 71

1 1/2 liters

Front 72

Majority of digestion takes place in

Back 72

The small intestines

Front 73

Mucous neck cells protect

Back 73

Lining from hydrochloric acid

Front 74

Chief cells secrete

Back 74

Pepsinogen

Front 75

Ghrelin is

Back 75

The "hunger hormone"

Front 76

Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates the secretion of

Back 76

Gastric acid

Front 77

The Fundus expands

Back 77

Ten times it's size

Front 78

The Fundus lays above the

Back 78

LES

Front 79

The pylorus is the narrowing part of the

Back 79

Stomach base

Front 80

The muscularis allows for

Back 80

Churning

Front 81

Three divisions of the small intestine are

Back 81

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 82

What enzymes begin chemical digestion in the duodenum?

Back 82

Pancreatic

Front 83

The jejunum has ______ blood supply

Back 83

Good

Front 84

Where is the Peyers patch located

Back 84

Ileum

Front 85

What does the peyer patch do

Back 85

Cleans lymph

Front 86

Segmentation is muscle contraction to mixed up food which means the muscle contractions are

Back 86

Not in Order

Front 87

Ampulla of Vater is where what three ducts meet?

Back 87

Cystic/ common hepatic/ pancreatic

Front 88

Bile breaks down

Back 88

Fats

Front 89

Villi are small folds also called

Back 89

Projections

Front 90

Lymph vessels are also called

Back 90

Lacteals

Front 91

Liver lobules are composed of

Back 91

Hepatocytes-that process blood

Front 92

What is a hepatocytes Digestive function

Back 92

Bile production

Front 93

Sinusoids are

Back 93

Macrophages - kupffer cells

Front 94

The Central vein pumps into the hepatic vein that dumps into

Back 94

The inferior vena cava

Front 95

Kupffer cells break down old

Back 95

RBCs

Front 96

The liver secretes

Back 96

Albumin, clotting factors, angiotensin

Front 97

The liver deanimates- breaks apart extra amino acids and toes the excess for

Back 97

Energy production

Front 98

The liver converts ammonia into uria so it's

Back 98

Safer to transport in blood

Front 99

What vitamins can the liver store

Back 99

ADEK

Front 100

What way does the cystic duct flow

Back 100

It has a to way flow-in and out of gallbladder

Front 101

Gallbladder ______ bile, before going to the large intestine

Back 101

Holds

Front 102

Bicarbonate is a buffer for

Back 102

Acid

Front 103

Pancreatic juice is made up of

Back 103

Bicarbonate and Digestive enzymes

Front 104

The pancreatic duct is the main duct in the

Back 104

Middle

Front 105

Amino acids are absorbed by

Back 105

Villi

Front 106

Large intestine doesn't absorb fats/sugars/proteins, only the

Back 106

Small intestine does

Front 107

Vitamin K production happens in the large intestine and it is

Back 107

Absorbed

Front 108

The appendix helps with the

Back 108

Immune system

Front 109

The cecum is the beginning of the

Back 109

Large intestine

Front 110

What part of the colon comes after the descending colon

Back 110

Sigmoid colon

Front 111

The anal canal is approximately how long

Back 111

4-6 inches at the end

Front 112

Haustra are the _____ in the small intestine to create more surface area to absorb water

Back 112

Folds

Front 113

Goblet cells secrete

Back 113

Mucous

Front 114

As we age saliva

Back 114

Decreases

Front 115

What is cholecystitis

Back 115

Inflammation of the gallbladder

Front 116

Your lowest body temp throughout the day is at

Back 116

Night

Front 117

Thyroxine also known as T4 is a

Back 117

Thyroid hormone

Front 118

Thyroxine/ epinephrine/ active organs/ food intake and fever all produce

Back 118

Heat

Front 119

Radiation/ conduction and evaporation all

Back 119

Lose heat

Front 120

Conduction is to touch a body to

Back 120

Transfer heat

Front 121

Hypothalamus is the _________ of the body

Back 121

Thermostat

Front 122

The hypothalamus tells the pyrogens to increase heat due to

Back 122

Bacteria

Front 123

Anabolism

Back 123

To build

Front 124

Catabolism

Back 124

To tear down

Front 125

What are the three stages of glucose breakdown that generate ATP

Back 125

Glycolysis > Krebs citric acid cycle> Cytochrome (electron) transport system

Front 126

Glycolysis is the breaking down of

Back 126

Glucose

Front 127

Glycolysis happens in the

Back 127

Cytoplasm

Front 128

ATP is needed to split 1 glucose into two molecules of

Back 128

Pyruvic acid

Front 129

Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid> travels to liver and

Back 129

Is stored until oxygen is available- this is called anaerobic fermentation occurs

Front 130

If oxygen is available during glycolysis pyruvic acid enters the

Back 130

Mitochondria and is converted to acetylCoA

Front 131

The Kreb cycle must have oxygen to further

Back 131

Breakdown acetylCoA / glucose

Front 132

Kreb cycle takes place ON the

Back 132

Mitochondria

Front 133

Most of the ATP comes from what stage

Back 133

Stage 3- Electron Transport

Front 134

Cellular respiration is the process of taking energy from nutrients and making it into

Back 134

ATP

Front 135

Glycogenesis is when the liver _______ glucose into glycogen

Back 135

Converts

Front 136

Glycogenolysis is when the liver ________ glycogen down into glucose

Back 136

Breaks

Front 137

GlucoNEogenesis is when the liver ______ glucose from fats or Amino acids

Back 137

Creates

Front 138

What kind of breakdown produces TWICE as much energy as glucose metabolism?

Back 138

Fat breakdown

Front 139

What is it called when Amino acids split into ammonia and keto acid

Back 139

Deamination

Front 140

There body can synthesize _____ of it's 20 Amino acids

Back 140

Eleven - the other 9 come from diet

Front 141

1,000 calories equals how many kilocalories?

Back 141

One

Front 142

BMR stands for

Back 142

Basal metabolic rate

Front 143

The energy required for merely living is called

Back 143

Basal metabolic rate BMR