Anatomy And Physiology- Ch 12

Front 1

_____= system made up of a group of ductless glands that secrete hormones

Back 1

endocrine system

Front 2

_____= chemical substances that are produced by DUCTLESS GLANDS, RELEASED into blood, CARRIED to other parts of the body, where they PRODUCE A SPECIFIC AFFECT

Back 2

hormone

Front 3

____= hormone is transported via the blood TO target organ

_____= hormone is secreted to the EXTERIOR of the body where it interacts with a target organ ( ex: hormones secreted into the lumen of the digestive tract)

Back 3

endocrine route

exocrine route

Front 4

____= hormone secreted into the space BETWEEN the cells and interstitial fluid carries them to the target organ ( hormones often effect neighboring cells)

_____= Hormone PRODUCED BY THE CELL regulates the activity of the cell that produced it

Back 4

paracrine

autocrine

Front 5

____= hormones diffuse through synaptic clefts similar to NEUROtransmitters

____= hormone passes through GAP JUNCTIONS ( between) cells and alters the functions of adjacent cells

Back 5

neurocrine

epicrine

Front 6

Hormones are different according to chemical structure...
Types...
____= proteins

____= modifications of tyrosine

____= cholesterol

Back 6

peptides/proteins

amines/ tyrosine

steroids/ cholesterol

Front 7

Peptide hormones and amines are stored in secretory granules by ______ cells.

Steroid hormones must be synthesized!!! (not stored)

Back 7

endocrine

Front 8

How are peptides, steroids, amines different structurally?

Back 8

peptides- are proteins

steroids- synthesis begins with cholesterol as substrate ( cholesterol has carbon atoms arranged in adjoining 4 rings, and ring structure is common to all steroid hormones)

amines- biochemical modifications of a single amino acid, tyrosine

Front 9

___= that tissue which is able to respond to a hormone, and contains receptors specific to that hormone

____= complex of protein structures designed to bind a hormone to elicit its cellular effects ( found in cell membrane/nucleus)


-- receptor for a specific hormone must be present for a cell to respond to the hormone

Back 9

target organ

receptors

Front 10

What are the hormones not secreted by endocrine glands? and where found?

Back 10

gastrin- wall of stomach, stimulates release of gastrice juices from gastric glands

secretin- wall of small intestine, stimulates secretion of intestinal/pancreatic juices

erythropoietin- kidney, stimulates boone marrow

Front 11

___= hormones with receptors found in the cell membrane, response is rapid and quickly can be reversed, contains secondary messengers( cell components that bring abt a desired effect of hormone AFTER binding of hormone to receptor)

Back 11

peptide hormones

Front 12

_____= hormone with receptors found in the cytoplasm/nucleus, biological responses are slow, but last longer than peptide hormones, hormone binding triggers transcription of DNA which leads to mRNA for specific proteins to be produces
increase in protein production brings abt desred effect of hormone

Back 12

steroid hormones

Front 13

What are the major endocrine glands?
- their only function is to produce hormones....

Back 13

pituitary gland

thryoid gland

parathryroid gland

adrenal gland

Front 14

____= gland containing CRH,GnRH, GHRH, TRH
- synthesizes oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone, but is stored/released by the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
- stimulates release of various hormones from anterior pituitary

Back 14

hypothalamus

Front 15

____= gland that contains hormones that generally affect the function of many organs in a variety of systems
has 2 tissues/lobes
anterior/posterior
anterior- adenohypophysis
posterior- neurohypophysis

Back 15

pituitary gland

Front 16

____= gland that contains the hormones ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, TSH, PRL
-ACTH- stimulates release of hormones from adrenal glands
-LH/FSH- regulate male/female repro processes
-GH- growth hormone- most tissues respond

Back 16

anterior pituitary

Front 17

____= gland with hormones oxytocin, and ADH ( antidiuretic hormone)
- _____= pos feedback regulation- helps propel fetus, affects mammary glands ( milk let down)

____- involved with kidney function ( water retention)

Back 17

posterior pituitary

oxytocin

ADH

Front 18

____= glad that secretes Thryroid hormones T3 and T4, tyrosine based, contains iodine, and calcitonin

____= triidothyronine

____= thyroxine

____= ( increases BMR, and most tissues have receptors)

____= peptide hormone that helps control calcium

Back 18

thyroid gland

T3

T4

T3

calcitonin

Front 19

discuss how calcitonin and PTH regulate plasma calcium levels?

_____= this hormone comes into affect when plasma calcium levels are high, lower the osteoclast activity- it decreases the calcium in the blood bc the osteoclasts are slowed down

_____= hormone raises the activity of osteoclasts, so it raises the level of calcium in the blood

Back 19

calcitonin

PTH

Front 20

____= deficit in thyroid hormone; animals do not attain normal stature and have CNS abnormalities

Back 20

hypothyroidism

Front 21

In colder temp regions, animals have _____ levels of thyroid hormones in an effort to raise metabolic rate and heat the body

Back 21

high

increased thryoid activity leads to increaded body heat (way of thermal regulation)

Front 22

____= instance when glands of the thryoid swell to produce more hormones; neck swells

Back 22

hyperthyroidism

Front 23

____= gland that secretes PTH to raise activity of osteoclasts, so increases in blood calcium
-lowers phosphorus in blood
- stimulates release of Ca and P from bone (increases osteoclasts.osteocytes)
-promotes formation of vit D in kidney

*** diets low in Ca will stimulate PTH release

Back 23

parathryoid

Front 24

____= decalcification of bone

Back 24

osteoporosis

Front 25

___= increased Ca is released from the bone
-leads to deformities and osteoporosis
-rickets in young animals

Back 25

hyperparathyroidism

Front 26

____= contains the hormone glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoids

___- hormone of adrenal cortex that enhances the production or conversion of glucose

____= regulated Na and K levels in the blood

Back 26

adrenal cortex

glucocorticoids

mineralocorticoids

Front 27

____= gland containing the catecholamines( epiniephrine and norepinephrine)- have a variety of functions in different organs, but mostly prepares animals in fight/flight response

Back 27

adrenal medulla

Front 28

___= gland that contains insulin (b cells) and glucagon (a cells), and somatostatin

Back 28

pancreas

Front 29

effects of pancreatic hormones on the blood glucose levels....

Back 29

insulin= decreases the blood glucose levels

glucagon- increases the blood glucose

somatostatin- slows mobilization and production of nutrients- helps nutrients get to the right places

Front 30

Full explanation of what happens when an animal eats?

Back 30

glucose levels rise when animal eats carbs/sugar etc
glucose is absorbed into the digestive tract into capillary beds
islets release insulin and blood glucose levels decrease (takes 4-5 hrs)- insulin increases glucose hormone receptors for glucose so that glucose can be absorbed by the cell
glucose is absorbed by the cell until it is full
glucose binds, and forms glycogen- muscles/liver
glycogenesis occurs- how glucose levels are lowered and it become glycogen
glycogenolysis- breakage of glycogen so glucose molecules become available again and ready to be used

Front 31

___= gland with the key hormone of melatonin ( regulates sleep/wake cycle)

Back 31

pineal gland

Front 32

What are the 2 feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone levels. discus..

Back 32

neg feedback regulation

pos feedback regulation

Front 33

____= regulation; rising levels of hormone causes a biologic response to INHIBIT further release (ex: estrogen stops FSH,and progesterone stops LH)

_____= regulation type seen less frequently; hormones cause a response that produces an increase in the releasing of a hormone (oxytocin affects mammary glands)

Back 33

neg feedback regulation

pos feedback regulation