Anatomy And Physiology- Ch 11

Front 1

___= continuous perception of sensory stimuli

Back 1

sensation

Front 2

___= means by which the nervous system receive info abt external/internal environment, or the position/mvt of the body

Back 2

sensory system

Front 3

___= specialized cell/nerve endings that detect internal/external environment

Back 3

sensory receptors

Front 4

Special sense organs...
___=gustation
___= olfaction
___=vision
___= audition
____= vestibular sensation

Back 4

taste
smell
sight
hearing
equilibrium

Front 5

___= (body surfaces/muskuloskeletal elemnts)- pain,touch, temp, proprioception

Back 5

somatosensation

Front 6

__= mechanism by way NS changes environmental energy to electrical activity in the neurons

Back 6

transduction

Front 7

2 kinds of sensory receptors...

Back 7

unencapsulated
encapsulates

Front 8

Perception of pain...
___=pain enhanced
___= pain dampened

Back 8

hyperalgesia

endorphins

Front 9

What are the 5 different types of sensory receptors?

Back 9

mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
nociceptors
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors

Front 10

types of receptors
______= responsible for stretch, mvt, position

______= responsible for dull, sharp pain

_____= responsible for temperature

______= responsible for light

______= responsible for taste, smell, pH

Back 10

mechanoreceptors

nociceptors

thermoreceptors

photoreceptors

chemoreceptors

Front 11

What is the difference btw encapsulated and unencapsulated receptors?

Back 11

encapsulated= dendrites w/ a glial cell wrap or connective tissue covering (meissners corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles in skin)

unencapsulated= sensory dendrites that lack a connective tissue wrapping (free nerve endings and hair receptors)

Front 12

_____ receptors tend to have a structure that is specialized to detect a specific stimulus

Back 12

sensory

Front 13

_____ receptors have sensory dendrites that lack a connective tissue wrapping.

____ receptors are dendrites with a glial cell wrap or connective tissue covering

Back 13

unencapsulated

encapsulated

Front 14

Examples of encapsulated receptors?

Back 14

Meissners corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles in skin

Front 15

Examples of unencapsulated /naked receptors?

Back 15

free nerve endings and hair receptors

Front 16

____= perception of mvt and position

Back 16

proprioception

Front 17

explain the perception of pain...how is it mutable?

Back 17

it is the conscious perception of noxious stimuli (noxious- cause tissue associated damage)
-noxious stimuli capable of causing tissue damage (thermal, chemical, mechanical)
-nociceptor is the receptor for nocious stimuli that is a naked nerve ending
- perception of pain is a mutable property- it can either be enhanced or dampered by these two(hyperalgesia/endorphins)

Front 18

mutable properties of pain
____= enhances pain

____= dampenes/lessens pain

Back 18

hyperalgesia

endorphins

Front 19

____ receptors sense proprioception. where are they found?(4)

Back 19

specialized

joint receptors ( synovial joints), muscle spindles( in skel muscle fibers), golgi tendon organs( tension), skin mechanoreceptors(skin)

Front 20

what are the 2 chemical senses?

Back 20

gustation/ taste

olfaction/smell

Front 21

____ is the sensation of taste

Back 21

gustation

Front 22

____ cells are specialized receptors on the topngue and throat

_____= structures constituting taste cells and supporting cells

* taste buds confined in papillae(tiny projections); vallate, foliate and fungiform

Back 22

taste cells

taste buds

Front 23

What are the 5 tastes of gustation?

Back 23

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami( sense MSG)

Front 24

What 3 cranial nerves are involved in gustation?

Back 24

CN- cranial nerve VII( facial)

IX ( glossopharyngeal) nerve

X ( vagus) nerve

Front 25

____= external environment receptors

____= internal environment receptors

____= receptors for position and mvt of the body

Back 25

exteroception

interoception

proprioception

Front 26

____ receptors are specialized cells/nerve endings that detect internal/external environment

Back 26

sensory

Front 27

____= mechanism by which NS changes environmental energy to electrical activity of neurons

Back 27

transduction

Front 28

_____ means pain

Back 28

nocir

Front 29

____ is another word for smell

Back 29

olfaction

Front 30

____= hard palate/nasal cavity that has receptors for pheromones- important in reproduction

Back 30

vomeronasal organ (stallions lift upper lip when smelling pheromones od female)

Front 31

T/F olfactory epithelium is pseudostratified

Back 31

T

Front 32

explain how smell is sensed?

Back 32

olfactory nerve dendrites have olfactory cilia that bind the odors to them (liquid form).
The odor is relayed to the olfactory nerve axon which synapses dendrites of the olfactory bulb of the brain

Front 33

what specialized structures assist with the sense of smell?

Back 33

olfactory epithelium
olfactory nerves/dendrites
olfactory cilia --->
olfactory nerve axon-->
olfactory bulb-->
brain

Front 34

T/F- the sense of smell generated emotions/behaviors

Back 34

T

Front 35

What are the 3 anatomic parts of the ear
-2 functions of the ear?

Back 35

external, middle, inner

hearing-cochlea assists

balance- semicircular canals/vestibular apparatus

Front 36

____ means "shell' in latin

Back 36

cochlea

Front 37

what makes up the external , middle, inner parts of the ear?

Back 37

external- pinna, external ear canal

middle- tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, 3 middle ear ossicles ( malleus, incus, stapes) and tensor tympani and stapedius muscles( found around ossicles and protect ossicles

inner- within temporal bone, multichambered membranous sac( membranous labyrinth) and 3 parts- utriculus/sacculus, semicircular ducts, cochlear duct,

Front 38

___= fluid inside ducts of inner ear

___= Fluid outside ducts of inner ear

Back 38

endolymph

perilymph

Front 39

____= part of the external ear made of auricular cartilage/funnel shaped elastic cartilage that provides shape

_____= tubular extension of the pinna to tympanic membrane; modified sebaceous/seruminous glands found here
- captures/structurally important for sound localization

Back 39

pinna/ear pinna

external acoustic/ear canal

Front 40

The _____ ear is filled with air.

____ is lined by mucous membrane in temporal lobe, is closed to the external environment by the tympanic membrane

Back 40

air

tympanic cavity

Front 41

___= part of the middle ear, shaped like a hammer, attaches to the tympanic membrane and connects to the incus

____= looks like an anvil and connected to the stapes

____= looks like a stirrup; footplate attaches to the oval window of inner ear where it creates ossicilations in the scala vestibuli

Back 41

Malleus

Incus

Stapes

Front 42

What are the 2 muscles of the middle ear that are found around ossicles and protect them

Back 42

tensor tympani
stapedius

Front 43

Middle ear open into the ___ and it allows for air to enter the middle ear

Back 43

nasal pharynx or auditory tube

Front 44

___= located within temporal bone, made of multichambered membranous sacs; detects sound and acceleration of head

Back 44

internal ear

Front 45

____= multichambered membranous sac; system of fluid filled sacs and ducts and has 3 major parts

Back 45

membranous labyrinth

Front 46

___= the 2 enlargements of the membranous labyrinth

___= 3 loops of the membranous labyrinth

____= spirals of the membranous labyrinth
(bony part=___) ( ____= inside bony part cochlea=____)

Back 46

utriculus/sacculus

semicircular ducts

cochlear ducts
cochlea
cochlear duct

Front 47

___= spiraling chamber of bony labyrinth; looks like a snails shell and spirals around
-- has 3 seperate chambers lined with a membranous labyrinth- what are they?

Back 47

cochlea

scala vestibuli
cochlear duct
scala tympani

Front 48

___= filled with perilymph and abuts the oval window

___= filled with endolymph and contains the organ of corti

___= filled with perilymph abuts round window

Back 48

scala vesibuli

cochlear duct

scala tympani

Front 49

____= houses receptors for sensing sound waves- "hair cells"

Back 49

Organ of Corti

Front 50

___=earwax

What structures produce it? Where is it found?

Back 50

cerumen

sebaceous/ ceruminous glands

external ear canal

Front 51

What is the function of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles?

Back 51

protect the ossicle from loud noises by dampening vibrations

Front 52

____ nerve endings are wodely distributed and are sensitive mainly to painful/noxious stimuli

Back 52

nonencapsulated/naked

Front 53

___= mutible property phenomenon wherein the perception of pain in injired tissue is increased ( ex: sunburned skin- the inflammation of the skin lowers the threshold of nociceptors so that even light touch/clothing can activate them)

Back 53

hyperalgesia

Front 54

_____= transmitters with powerful antinociceptive properties so that pain is dampened or less noticeable ( twitch applied to a horse during a painful/irritating procedure releases endorphins so that the horse calms, lowers the heart rate, and pain is less noticeable)

Back 54

endorphins

Front 55

____= is the modality associated with dissolved substances contacting specialized receptor cells on the tongue and throat region

Back 55

taste/gustation

Front 56

taste buds are not distributed evenly on the tongue; they are confined to specific forms of papillae ( tiny projections), the _____, ____, and _____; which are found on the tongue (greates number), soft palate, parts of the pharynx, and epiglottis

Back 56

vallate, foliate, and fungiform papillae

Front 57

____= are scattered a,ong supporting cells throughout the olfactory mucosa in the dorsocaudal part of the nasal cavity

Back 57

olfactory sensory neurons

Front 58

___= chemical substances that can influence the behavior of other individuals- important in reproductive behaviors

Back 58

pheromones

Front 59

The 2 muscles of the middle ear, the tensor tympani and stapedius, do what?

Back 59

Dampen vibrations of the auditory ossicles in the presence of excessively loud nouse( contribute to temporary reduced hearing after a loud concert)

Front 60

What are the 2 major divisions of the inner ear?
Which one contribute to hearing...
to balance and equilibrium...

Back 60

cochlea (hearing)
vestibular system/
semicurcular canals (balance)

Front 61

Physiology of hearing...

Back 61

Sound waves travel down the pinna to the tympanic membrane.
the ossicles transfer vibrations to vestibular window.
The vibrations are transferred to liquid (perilymph) in upper (scalla vestibuli) and lower (scala tympani) galleries of the cochlea.
Sound waves/vibrations then move fluid and therefore the basilar membrane.
The organ of corti houses the receptors for sensing these sound waves/mechanoreceptors/hair cells.
Vibrations move these hairs which are embedded in the tectorial membrane- shearing force triggers action potential.
The action potential signals out the spiral ganglion and cochelar nerve

Front 62

____= system of complex neurologic system that is concerned with maintaining a stable orientation in relation to gravity and motion; responsible for refelx position of eyes, neck, trunk, and limbs in reference to mvt oor position of the head

____= receptor organs of this system are housed in this part of the membranous labyrinth

_____ =receptors of the utriculus and sacculus

____= receptors of the semicircular ducts

** info from these structures give rise to motor reflexes that maintain stable visual images during mvt of the head, to keep the head level with respect to gravity thru neck mvts, and produce trunk/limb mvts to countreact displacement of the head

Back 62

vesibular system

vestibular apparatus

maculae

crista ampullares

Front 63

physiology of balance and equilibrium

Back 63

** info from these structures give rise to motor reflexes that maintain stable visual images during mvt of the head, to keep the head level with respect to gravity thru neck mvts, and produce trunk/limb mvts to countreact displacement of the head

Front 64

The maculae consist of a population of hair cells like those of the spiral organ and are covered by a gelatinous sheet, ______, into which the cilia of the hair cells project. The surface of this membrane is studded with crystals of calcium carbonate, ______ which increase the intertial mass of the otolithic membrane
- senses linear acceleration bc cilia moves in direction of the mvt
- only present in utricle and saccule

Back 64

otolithic membrane

otoliths

Front 65

Each semicircular duct of the membranous labbyrinth, is filled with ____, and surrounded by ____.

The semicircular ducts detect _____ acceleration.

Back 65

perilymph
endolymph

angular/rotation

Front 66

At the end of each semicircular duct,there is a dilated area called the ____, which houses the receptor organs of the semicircular ducts.

Back 66

ampulla

Front 67

What forms the membranous labyrinth?
functions?

Back 67

utriculus/sacculus-linear acceleration

semicircular ducts- angular acceleration/rotation

cochlear duct- hearing

Front 68

Where are specialized hair cells found within the ear?

Back 68

spiral organ/organ of corti
utriculus/sacullus---> macula
semicircular canals-->ampulla---> cristae ampullares

Front 69

____= soft tissue structure of the eye, (glands/muscle that act on the eye)
Examples-

Back 69

ocular adnexa

eyelids, third eyelid, lacrimal apparatus, conjunctiva

Front 70

Tears in an animal drain from the lacrimal apparatus from the eye and into the nose thru the nasolacrimal duct

Back 70

the reason a dogs nose is always wet

Front 71

What are the 3 layers/tunics of the eyeball?

Back 71

fibrous- outermost

vascular- middle

nerve- inner most

Front 72

What makes up the fibrous tunic?

vascular?

nerve tunic?

Back 72

fibrous- sclera, cornea

vascular- choroid, ciliary body, iris

nerve- retina

Front 73

What are the humors of the eye and where found?

Back 73

aqueous-in front of the lens

vitreous- behind the lens

Front 74

What factors or characteristics of the cornea allow light to pass thru easily?

Back 74

transparent- transparent bc of the following
lack of vascular elements
lack of pigment dehydration of collagenous tisse
smooth surface
laminar pattern of collagen

Front 75

Why do nocturnal animals see better at night, which see better dogs or cats?

Back 75

they have larger corneas to increase light transmission

Front 76

____= part of the eye that focuses light onto the retina
-muscles in ciliary body allow the lens to change shape- can flatten (cats)

Back 76

lens

Front 77

____= term for allowing the lens to change shape as seen in cats
- allows for close vision by tightening the ciliary muscles, allowing the pliable lens to become more rounded
- allows for distant vision by allowing the muscles to relax and lens to flatten/lengthen

Back 77

accomodation

Front 78

___= controls how much light gets into the eye by regulating the size of the pupil
- horizontal in domestic herbivores and pigs
- vertical/elliptical in cats
- circular in dogs

Back 78

iris

Front 79

what are the 2 sets of smooth muscles that control the iris in the eye?

which is parasympathetic/why?
sympathetic/why?

What are the masses of color in this part of the eye (seen in horses)?

Back 79

circular -parasympathetic- relaxed state
radial-sympathetic- grows in size so animal can see better

corpora nigra

Front 80

Where is the aqueous humor formed/located and what is its functions?

vitreous humor?

Back 80

aqueous- formed behind the iris, but seen in posterior and anterior chambers; provided nutrients to cornea and lens, removes waste, maintains pressure

vitreous- located behind the lens, helps in maintaining pressure; aids in vision bc light passes thru this to the retina

Front 81

___= part of the eye that contains the photoreceptors; the most important part of the eye

Back 81

retina

Front 82

Photoreceptors come in 2 types...they are classified according to their shape
what are they and what do they allow the animal to see?

What part of this area is visible with the ophthalmoscope?

Back 82

rods- black and white ( high in domestic animals)

cones- color ( seen in birds)

** domestic animals see some color, but mostly black and white
ocular fundus

Front 83

What is the blindspot?

Back 83

axons go to the optic disc and optic nerve, but at optic disc, there are no photoreceptors

Front 84

How does the eye adapt to light? in darkness?

Back 84

in darkness there is an increased concentration of rhodopsin, so increased diameter of pupil (visual reflex)
-tapetum is the reflective layer of the choroid that allows the light to be reflected again (eyeshine of deer)

Front 85

____- found in the rod cells of the retina and is light sensitive ( the key to night vision)

___= layer in the wall of the eye of nocturnal animals and reflects light back on to the retina, enhances vision in dim light (bluish in color)

Back 85

rhodopsin

tapetum

Front 86

____= tough outer coating of the eye that forms the white of the eye( fibrous/dense)

_____= membrane of eye btw retina and sclera- vascular- contains blood vessels

____= layer of nervous tissue in the back of the eye that senses light and sends images to the brain (nerve tunic)

____= covers the pupil and iris- transparent membrane (fibrous)

Back 86

sclera

choroid

retina

cornea