• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/168

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

168 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)

Systole

Contraction

Diastole

Relaxation

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

Blood left in ventricles after the end of relaxation

End Systolic Volume

Blood left in ventricles after the end of contraction

Stroke Volume

The amount of body going out into the body (End diastolic volume - End Systolic Volume which usually averages out to 70 mL)

If 70 mL of blood goes out of the heart, how much should come back in?

70 mL

Lubb

The sound of the heart closing the AV valve

Dub

The sound the heart makes when it closes the semilunar valve

Cardiac out put

Stroke Volume X heart rate

Step One of Cardiac Output

Preload- affect of stretching.

Frank-Starling Law of Heart

The more you stretch the heart, the harder the contraction will be

More blood = more force

Step 2 of Cardiac Output

Contractility- autonomic nerves, hormones (Ca +2 and K +)

Step 3 of Cardiac Output

Afterload- high blood pressure. After load is blood in the way

Causes of Congestive Heart Failure

Coronary Artery Disease, hypertension(high blood pressure), MI (myocardial infarction- heart attack), valve disorder, congenital defects

What happens if the left side of your heart fails?

Less affective pump- more blood is left in the ventricle, heart gets overstretched- more blood remains, blood backs in lungs- pulmonary edema (fluid on lungs), suffocation and lack of oxygen to tissue

What happens if the right side of your heart fails?

Peripheral edema (fluid sinks to feet)

Regulation of your heart rate

the nervous system seems to be the one who takes every moment they can.

Sympathetic

Increases heart rate

Parasympathetic

Decreases heart rate

Baroreceptors

Detect change in blood pressure

Aorta

Helps regulate heart rate

Carotid Arteries

Help regulate heart rate

Hormones

Increases Heart Rate (Epinephrine and norepinephrine, thyroid hormones)

Ions (Na, K, and Ca+2)

Increase heart rate

Age, gender, physical fitness, and temp.

Affect your heart rate

Does a man or a woman have more of a mellow heart?

Woman

Heart Disease Risks

High blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, lack of regular exercise, diabetes, genetics, being male, high blood levels or fibrogen (blood clots), and left ventricular hypertrophy (heart becomes larger)

Plasma lipids (cholesterol)

Made in liver and eaten in food

Low Density Lipids (LDL)

Fatty plaques

High Density Lipids (HDL)

Removes cholesterol

Very Low Density Lipids (VLDL)

Increase fatty plaque

3 germ Layers

Ectoderm (outside), mesoderm (middle), endotherm (inside)

Coronary heart Disease

Atherosclerosis= narrowing of a vessel which is caused by plaque. The diameter is going down as plaque attaches to the walls and decreases the space between.

Angioplasty

"Balloon" put in your heart

Myocardiac Infarction

Death of heart muscle due to lack of O2, which is then replaced by scar tissues.

Heparin

Dissolves blood clot

Pericardium

2 sections: Fibrous Pericardium and the Serous pericardium

Fibrous perocardium

Dense irregular connective d

Serous pericardium (3 layers)

1) parietal layer


2) pericardial cavity


3) visceral layer (epecardjm)

Myocardium

Muscle of the heart (varies in thickness depending on the area)

Myocardium

Muscle of the heart (varies in thickness depending on the area)

Atria myocardijm

Thin

Myocardium

Muscle of the heart (varies in thickness depending on the area)

Atria myocardijm

Thin

Ventricles

Left ventricle is thicker- blood to body


Right ventricle is thinner- blood to lungs

HOW BLOOD GOES THROUGH THE HEART

Enters in one of the main three entrances- superior vena cava, inferior vena cave, or the coronary sinus in the right atrium. Then it goes through the tricuspid Valve into the right ventricle and then travels to the pulmonary semilunar valve. Up next is the lungs and then to the pulmonary veins to the bicuspid valve then to the left ventricle. From there it continues to travel through the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta, then to the rest of the body and then restarts


2 types of circulation

Systemic and pulmonary

Systemic

To the body

2 types of circulation

Systemic and pulmonary

Systemic

To the body

Pulmonary

To the lungs

What kind of blood does your pulmonary veins and systemic arteries have?

Oxygenated blood

What kind of blood does your pulmonary veins and systemic arteries have?

Oxygenated blood

What kind of blood does your pulmonary arteries and systemic veins have?

Deoxygenated blood

Blood circulation

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through systemic veins and goes to the lungs through pulmonary arteries then goes back to the heart as oxygenated blood through the pulmonary veins, then it exits the heart through systemic arteries

Coronary circulation

To the heart through systemic veins

Anastomoses

Supply blood to the same region (which means there are multiple ways to get the supply of blood flow to a certain area)

Anastomoses

Supply blood to the same region (which means there are multiple ways to get the supply of blood flow to a certain area)

Autorhythmic cells

Sinoatrial node (SA node), Atrioventricular node (AV node), Bundle of his, R & L, and purkinjie fibers.

How often does the sinoatrial node contract?

Around 90-100 times a minute

How often does the sinoatrial node contract? (per minute)

Around 90-100 times a minute

How many times does the atrioventricular node contract? (Per minute)

About 40-50 times a minute

How many times does the Bundle of His contract? (Per minute)

20-40 times

If babies had a whole in their heart, where would it be?

The fossa ovalis

What does the p wave indicate?

Atrial depolarization

What does the p wave indicate?

Atrial depolarization

What does the space between P and Q show?

Time from atria to ventricle

What does the QRS complex signify?

Ventricle depolarization

What does the T wave indicate?

Ventricle repolarization

What does the space between S and T signify?

Ventricles contracting

What does the space between S and T signify?

Ventricles contracting

Where is the atrial repolarization hidden?

Within the QRS complex

Large P wave

Large atrium

Small T wave

Running out of oxygen

What substances does blood carry?

Oxygen, hormones, carbon dioxide, enzymes, nutrients, and heat

What substances does blood carry?

Oxygen, hormones, carbon dioxide, enzymes, nutrients, and heat

What are the four homeostasis aspects that are regulated by blood?

pH, temperature, fluids, dissolved chemicals

What substances does blood carry?

Oxygen, hormones, carbon dioxide, enzymes, nutrients, and heat

What are the four homeostasis aspects that are regulated by blood?

pH, temperature, fluids, dissolved chemicals

In what ways does your blood protect you?

Blood clots keep you from bleeding our, white blood cells protect you from infections, interferons protect you.

What percent of plasma is in blood?

55%

What percent of plasma is in blood?

55%

What percent of formed elements is in blood?

45% (which included cells and cell fragments)

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

Leukocytes

White blood cells

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

Leukocytes

White blood cells

Thrombocytes

Platelets

Hematocrit

A testing of blood to find out a certain ion (usually iron)

Anemia

Low blood iron

Anemia

Low blood iron

Polycythemia

High blood iron concentration

What component of centrifuged blood is found in the Buffy coat?

White blood cells

Hemopoiesis

Blood formation

Hemopoiesis

Blood formation

Where do all blood cells arise from?

Pluripotent stem cells

Where does most blood cell formation take place?

Red bone marrow (skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrate, pelvis, femur, humorous

What are the two types of stem cells?

Myeloid and lymphoid (myeloid forms most blood cells)

What are the different types of blood cells are there?

Red blood cells (no nucleus), neutrophil (3 nuclei), lymphocyte (very large nucleus), monocytes, eosinophil (2 nuclei), basophil (two nuclei)

Reticulocytes

A type of cell that is the in the last stage of development before mature RBCs move into the blood stream

What gives RBCs their red color?

Hemoglobin

What gives RBCs their red color?

Hemoglobin

What is the average life of a red blood cell?

4 months

What gives RBCs their red color?

Hemoglobin

What is the average life of a red blood cell?

4 months

Polycythemia

Increases RBC count- blood doping

Polycythemia

Increases RBC count- blood doping (putting your own blood back into your body

What does the term anemic mean?

Is lower than normal RBC count

What does the term anemic mean?

Lower than normal RBC count

Cyanosis

Prolonged hypoxia (low oxygen levels)

What does the term anemic mean?

Lower than normal RBC count

Cyanosis

Prolonged hypoxia (low oxygen levels)

What do leukocytes (WBCs) lack that red blood cells have?

Hemoglobin

What is the breakdown of white blood cells known as?

Differential WBC count

What type of white blood cell has a large kidney shaped nucleus?

Monocytes

What type of white blood cell has a large kidney shaped nucleus?

Monocytes

Which white blood cell has a nucleus that occupies most of the cell?

Alymphocite

What type of white blood cell has a large kidney shaped nucleus?

Monocytes

Which white blood cell has a nucleus that occupies most of the cell?

Alymphocite

Which three WBCs are granular?

Monocytes, eosmophils, and basophils

What is a normal Leukocyte count?

5,000 to 10,000



700 WBCs to every single RBC

What are platelets?

Chips off the old megakaryocytes

What is the normal range of platelets?

150,000-400,000

What is the normal range of platelets?

150,000-400,000

What is the primary function of platelets?

Blood clotting

What is hemostasis?

Stoppage of bleeding

What is hemostasis?

Stoppage of bleeding

What are the three basic mechanisms of hemostasis?

Vascular spasms, platelet plug, and coagulation (clotting)

What is hemostasis?

Stoppage of bleeding

What are the three basic mechanisms of hemostasis?

Vascular spasms, platelet plug, and coagulation (clotting)

What is a clot (thrombus) made out of?

Fibrin

What is the clotting cycle?

Chemicals release from damaged blood vessel wall and platelets, tissue factor from damaged tissues outside blood vessels> intrinsic pathway or extrinsic pathway (faster) or the clotting factors. Clotting factors add in some Ca ions to make Prothrombinase, an enzyme that turns prothrombin into thrombin which turns fibrinogen into fibrin (clot) then in order to break down the clot the inactive plasminogen and add streptokinase or t-PA or other chemicals to active plasmid which dissolves the clot

Is fibrin always floating in the blood??

No, because if fibrin was always present in blood, blood would be continuously clotting

What is the extrinsic pathway??

It is a pathway that involves a release of a chemical know as tissue factors

How come platelet seem to "recruit" more platelets when damaged?

Damaged platelets are sticky which causes other platelets to stick to them which allows them to stay in one spot

How come platelet seem to "recruit" more platelets when damaged?

Damaged platelets are sticky which causes other platelets to stick to them which allows them to stay in one spot

What ion is need for clotting factors to work?

Calcium

What are three anticoagulant medicines (meds. That are given to patients with excessive clotting)

Heparin, warfarin, and Coumadin

What is a thrombus?

A blood clot.

What is a thrombus?

A blood clot.

What is a thrombosis?

A blood clot in an unbroken vessel

What is a thrombus?

A blood clot.

What is a thrombosis?

A blood clot in an unbroken vessel

What is a Embolus?

A "clot-on-the-run" dislodged from the site at which is formed

What is a Pilmonary Embolism?

Blood clot, fat, or air that travels from veins to heart to blood vessels in lungs

What is coagulation?

Clotting, involves coagulation factors found in platelets, plasma, or tissue fluids and can occur in the absence of red blood cells

Agglutination (or clumping) of erythrocytes (RBCs) is an example of what?

Antigens at work

What is hemolysis?

Swelling and bursting of RBCs

If you have AB+ blood, who can you receive blood from?

Anyone

If you have AB+ blood, who can you receive blood from?

Anyone

If you have type AB- blood, who can you receive blood from?

AB-, A-, B-, and O-

If you have type A+ blood who can you receive blood from?

A+, A-, O+, O-

If you have type A+ blood who can you receive blood from?

A+, A-, O+, O-

If you have type A- blood, who can you receive blood from?

O- and A-

If you have B+ blood, who can you receive blood from?

O+, O-, B+, B-

If you have B+ blood, who can you receive blood from?

O+, O-, B+, B-

If you have type B- blood, who can you receive blood from?

B- and O-

If you have B+ blood, who can you receive blood from?

O+, O-, B+, B-

If you have type B- blood, who can you receive blood from?

B- and O-

If you have type O+ blood, who can you receive blood from?

O+ and O-

If you have B+ blood, who can you receive blood from?

O+, O-, B+, B-

If you have type B- blood, who can you receive blood from?

B- and O-

If you have type O+ blood, who can you receive blood from?

O+ and O-

If you have O- blood, who can you receive blood from?

O-

Type O blood is known as the what?

Universal donor

What holds Cardiac muscles together?

Intercalated discs

What is a papitation?

Irregular beating of the heart (aka a flutter)