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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Systole |
Contraction |
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Diastole |
Relaxation |
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End Diastolic Volume (EDV) |
Blood left in ventricles after the end of relaxation |
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End Systolic Volume |
Blood left in ventricles after the end of contraction |
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Stroke Volume |
The amount of body going out into the body (End diastolic volume - End Systolic Volume which usually averages out to 70 mL) |
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If 70 mL of blood goes out of the heart, how much should come back in? |
70 mL |
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Lubb |
The sound of the heart closing the AV valve |
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Dub |
The sound the heart makes when it closes the semilunar valve |
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Cardiac out put |
Stroke Volume X heart rate |
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Step One of Cardiac Output |
Preload- affect of stretching. |
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Frank-Starling Law of Heart |
The more you stretch the heart, the harder the contraction will be |
More blood = more force |
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Step 2 of Cardiac Output |
Contractility- autonomic nerves, hormones (Ca +2 and K +) |
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Step 3 of Cardiac Output |
Afterload- high blood pressure. After load is blood in the way |
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Causes of Congestive Heart Failure |
Coronary Artery Disease, hypertension(high blood pressure), MI (myocardial infarction- heart attack), valve disorder, congenital defects |
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What happens if the left side of your heart fails? |
Less affective pump- more blood is left in the ventricle, heart gets overstretched- more blood remains, blood backs in lungs- pulmonary edema (fluid on lungs), suffocation and lack of oxygen to tissue |
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What happens if the right side of your heart fails? |
Peripheral edema (fluid sinks to feet) |
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Regulation of your heart rate |
the nervous system seems to be the one who takes every moment they can. |
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Sympathetic |
Increases heart rate |
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Parasympathetic |
Decreases heart rate |
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Baroreceptors |
Detect change in blood pressure |
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Aorta |
Helps regulate heart rate |
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Carotid Arteries |
Help regulate heart rate |
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Hormones |
Increases Heart Rate (Epinephrine and norepinephrine, thyroid hormones) |
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Ions (Na, K, and Ca+2) |
Increase heart rate |
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Age, gender, physical fitness, and temp. |
Affect your heart rate |
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Does a man or a woman have more of a mellow heart? |
Woman |
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Heart Disease Risks |
High blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, lack of regular exercise, diabetes, genetics, being male, high blood levels or fibrogen (blood clots), and left ventricular hypertrophy (heart becomes larger) |
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Plasma lipids (cholesterol) |
Made in liver and eaten in food |
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Low Density Lipids (LDL) |
Fatty plaques |
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High Density Lipids (HDL) |
Removes cholesterol |
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Very Low Density Lipids (VLDL) |
Increase fatty plaque |
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3 germ Layers |
Ectoderm (outside), mesoderm (middle), endotherm (inside) |
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Coronary heart Disease |
Atherosclerosis= narrowing of a vessel which is caused by plaque. The diameter is going down as plaque attaches to the walls and decreases the space between. |
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Angioplasty |
"Balloon" put in your heart |
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Myocardiac Infarction |
Death of heart muscle due to lack of O2, which is then replaced by scar tissues. |
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Heparin |
Dissolves blood clot |
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Pericardium |
2 sections: Fibrous Pericardium and the Serous pericardium |
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Fibrous perocardium |
Dense irregular connective d |
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Serous pericardium (3 layers) |
1) parietal layer 2) pericardial cavity 3) visceral layer (epecardjm) |
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Myocardium |
Muscle of the heart (varies in thickness depending on the area) |
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Myocardium |
Muscle of the heart (varies in thickness depending on the area) |
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Atria myocardijm |
Thin |
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Myocardium |
Muscle of the heart (varies in thickness depending on the area) |
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Atria myocardijm |
Thin |
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Ventricles |
Left ventricle is thicker- blood to body Right ventricle is thinner- blood to lungs |
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HOW BLOOD GOES THROUGH THE HEART |
Enters in one of the main three entrances- superior vena cava, inferior vena cave, or the coronary sinus in the right atrium. Then it goes through the tricuspid Valve into the right ventricle and then travels to the pulmonary semilunar valve. Up next is the lungs and then to the pulmonary veins to the bicuspid valve then to the left ventricle. From there it continues to travel through the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta, then to the rest of the body and then restarts
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2 types of circulation |
Systemic and pulmonary |
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Systemic |
To the body |
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2 types of circulation |
Systemic and pulmonary |
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Systemic |
To the body |
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Pulmonary |
To the lungs |
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What kind of blood does your pulmonary veins and systemic arteries have? |
Oxygenated blood |
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What kind of blood does your pulmonary veins and systemic arteries have? |
Oxygenated blood |
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What kind of blood does your pulmonary arteries and systemic veins have? |
Deoxygenated blood |
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Blood circulation |
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through systemic veins and goes to the lungs through pulmonary arteries then goes back to the heart as oxygenated blood through the pulmonary veins, then it exits the heart through systemic arteries |
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Coronary circulation |
To the heart through systemic veins |
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Anastomoses |
Supply blood to the same region (which means there are multiple ways to get the supply of blood flow to a certain area) |
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Anastomoses |
Supply blood to the same region (which means there are multiple ways to get the supply of blood flow to a certain area) |
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Autorhythmic cells |
Sinoatrial node (SA node), Atrioventricular node (AV node), Bundle of his, R & L, and purkinjie fibers. |
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How often does the sinoatrial node contract? |
Around 90-100 times a minute |
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How often does the sinoatrial node contract? (per minute) |
Around 90-100 times a minute |
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How many times does the atrioventricular node contract? (Per minute) |
About 40-50 times a minute |
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How many times does the Bundle of His contract? (Per minute) |
20-40 times |
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If babies had a whole in their heart, where would it be? |
The fossa ovalis |
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What does the p wave indicate? |
Atrial depolarization |
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What does the p wave indicate? |
Atrial depolarization |
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What does the space between P and Q show? |
Time from atria to ventricle |
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What does the QRS complex signify? |
Ventricle depolarization |
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What does the T wave indicate? |
Ventricle repolarization |
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What does the space between S and T signify? |
Ventricles contracting |
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What does the space between S and T signify? |
Ventricles contracting |
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Where is the atrial repolarization hidden? |
Within the QRS complex |
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Large P wave |
Large atrium |
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Small T wave |
Running out of oxygen |
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What substances does blood carry? |
Oxygen, hormones, carbon dioxide, enzymes, nutrients, and heat |
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What substances does blood carry? |
Oxygen, hormones, carbon dioxide, enzymes, nutrients, and heat |
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What are the four homeostasis aspects that are regulated by blood? |
pH, temperature, fluids, dissolved chemicals |
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What substances does blood carry? |
Oxygen, hormones, carbon dioxide, enzymes, nutrients, and heat |
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What are the four homeostasis aspects that are regulated by blood? |
pH, temperature, fluids, dissolved chemicals |
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In what ways does your blood protect you? |
Blood clots keep you from bleeding our, white blood cells protect you from infections, interferons protect you. |
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What percent of plasma is in blood? |
55% |
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What percent of plasma is in blood? |
55% |
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What percent of formed elements is in blood? |
45% (which included cells and cell fragments) |
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Erythrocytes |
Red blood cells |
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Erythrocytes |
Red blood cells |
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Leukocytes |
White blood cells |
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Erythrocytes |
Red blood cells |
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Leukocytes |
White blood cells |
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Thrombocytes |
Platelets |
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Hematocrit |
A testing of blood to find out a certain ion (usually iron) |
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Anemia |
Low blood iron |
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Anemia |
Low blood iron |
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Polycythemia |
High blood iron concentration |
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What component of centrifuged blood is found in the Buffy coat? |
White blood cells |
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Hemopoiesis |
Blood formation |
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Hemopoiesis |
Blood formation |
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Where do all blood cells arise from? |
Pluripotent stem cells |
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Where does most blood cell formation take place? |
Red bone marrow (skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrate, pelvis, femur, humorous |
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What are the two types of stem cells? |
Myeloid and lymphoid (myeloid forms most blood cells) |
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What are the different types of blood cells are there? |
Red blood cells (no nucleus), neutrophil (3 nuclei), lymphocyte (very large nucleus), monocytes, eosinophil (2 nuclei), basophil (two nuclei) |
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Reticulocytes |
A type of cell that is the in the last stage of development before mature RBCs move into the blood stream |
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What gives RBCs their red color? |
Hemoglobin |
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What gives RBCs their red color? |
Hemoglobin |
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What is the average life of a red blood cell? |
4 months |
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What gives RBCs their red color? |
Hemoglobin |
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What is the average life of a red blood cell? |
4 months |
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Polycythemia |
Increases RBC count- blood doping |
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Polycythemia |
Increases RBC count- blood doping (putting your own blood back into your body |
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What does the term anemic mean? |
Is lower than normal RBC count |
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What does the term anemic mean? |
Lower than normal RBC count |
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Cyanosis |
Prolonged hypoxia (low oxygen levels) |
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What does the term anemic mean? |
Lower than normal RBC count |
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Cyanosis |
Prolonged hypoxia (low oxygen levels) |
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What do leukocytes (WBCs) lack that red blood cells have? |
Hemoglobin |
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What is the breakdown of white blood cells known as? |
Differential WBC count |
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What type of white blood cell has a large kidney shaped nucleus? |
Monocytes |
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What type of white blood cell has a large kidney shaped nucleus? |
Monocytes |
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Which white blood cell has a nucleus that occupies most of the cell? |
Alymphocite |
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What type of white blood cell has a large kidney shaped nucleus? |
Monocytes |
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Which white blood cell has a nucleus that occupies most of the cell? |
Alymphocite |
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Which three WBCs are granular? |
Monocytes, eosmophils, and basophils |
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What is a normal Leukocyte count? |
5,000 to 10,000
700 WBCs to every single RBC |
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What are platelets? |
Chips off the old megakaryocytes |
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What is the normal range of platelets? |
150,000-400,000 |
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What is the normal range of platelets? |
150,000-400,000 |
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What is the primary function of platelets? |
Blood clotting |
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What is hemostasis? |
Stoppage of bleeding |
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What is hemostasis? |
Stoppage of bleeding |
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What are the three basic mechanisms of hemostasis? |
Vascular spasms, platelet plug, and coagulation (clotting) |
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What is hemostasis? |
Stoppage of bleeding |
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What are the three basic mechanisms of hemostasis? |
Vascular spasms, platelet plug, and coagulation (clotting) |
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What is a clot (thrombus) made out of? |
Fibrin |
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What is the clotting cycle? |
Chemicals release from damaged blood vessel wall and platelets, tissue factor from damaged tissues outside blood vessels> intrinsic pathway or extrinsic pathway (faster) or the clotting factors. Clotting factors add in some Ca ions to make Prothrombinase, an enzyme that turns prothrombin into thrombin which turns fibrinogen into fibrin (clot) then in order to break down the clot the inactive plasminogen and add streptokinase or t-PA or other chemicals to active plasmid which dissolves the clot |
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Is fibrin always floating in the blood?? |
No, because if fibrin was always present in blood, blood would be continuously clotting |
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What is the extrinsic pathway?? |
It is a pathway that involves a release of a chemical know as tissue factors |
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How come platelet seem to "recruit" more platelets when damaged? |
Damaged platelets are sticky which causes other platelets to stick to them which allows them to stay in one spot |
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How come platelet seem to "recruit" more platelets when damaged? |
Damaged platelets are sticky which causes other platelets to stick to them which allows them to stay in one spot |
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What ion is need for clotting factors to work? |
Calcium |
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What are three anticoagulant medicines (meds. That are given to patients with excessive clotting) |
Heparin, warfarin, and Coumadin |
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What is a thrombus? |
A blood clot. |
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What is a thrombus? |
A blood clot. |
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What is a thrombosis? |
A blood clot in an unbroken vessel |
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What is a thrombus? |
A blood clot. |
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What is a thrombosis? |
A blood clot in an unbroken vessel |
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What is a Embolus? |
A "clot-on-the-run" dislodged from the site at which is formed |
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What is a Pilmonary Embolism? |
Blood clot, fat, or air that travels from veins to heart to blood vessels in lungs |
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What is coagulation? |
Clotting, involves coagulation factors found in platelets, plasma, or tissue fluids and can occur in the absence of red blood cells |
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Agglutination (or clumping) of erythrocytes (RBCs) is an example of what? |
Antigens at work |
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What is hemolysis? |
Swelling and bursting of RBCs |
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If you have AB+ blood, who can you receive blood from? |
Anyone |
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If you have AB+ blood, who can you receive blood from? |
Anyone |
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If you have type AB- blood, who can you receive blood from? |
AB-, A-, B-, and O- |
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If you have type A+ blood who can you receive blood from? |
A+, A-, O+, O- |
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If you have type A+ blood who can you receive blood from? |
A+, A-, O+, O- |
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If you have type A- blood, who can you receive blood from? |
O- and A- |
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If you have B+ blood, who can you receive blood from? |
O+, O-, B+, B- |
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If you have B+ blood, who can you receive blood from? |
O+, O-, B+, B- |
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If you have type B- blood, who can you receive blood from? |
B- and O- |
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If you have B+ blood, who can you receive blood from? |
O+, O-, B+, B- |
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If you have type B- blood, who can you receive blood from? |
B- and O- |
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If you have type O+ blood, who can you receive blood from? |
O+ and O- |
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If you have B+ blood, who can you receive blood from? |
O+, O-, B+, B- |
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If you have type B- blood, who can you receive blood from? |
B- and O- |
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If you have type O+ blood, who can you receive blood from? |
O+ and O- |
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If you have O- blood, who can you receive blood from? |
O- |
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Type O blood is known as the what? |
Universal donor |
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What holds Cardiac muscles together? |
Intercalated discs |
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What is a papitation? |
Irregular beating of the heart (aka a flutter) |
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