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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Articulations:
What are they? What do they do? How are they Identified? |
The junctions between bones
They minimize frictions, facilitate correct movements, provide protection Identified by name of bones, and then by type of articulation(movement and structure) |
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Fibrous joints (sutures, gomphosis(socket"where teeth sit"), syndesmosis)
Motion vs protection? fibers? space between bones? |
little motion, but protection
lots of fibers(long stretches of protien) no space between bones with fluid/joint capsule |
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cartilaginous joints(synchondrosis, symphysis)
What does it contain? What results from its contents? |
presence of hyaline and fibrocartilage(less movement, a little more protection)
hyluronic acid(like oil) |
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synovial joints
motion vs protection? fibers? space between bones? |
lots of motion, little protection
most anatomically complex articular cartilage(at ends of bones, remnants of cartilage that made bones up) fibrocartilage disks fluid filled capsules (like water between 2 plates/ keeps bones from touching) bursal sacs |
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Differences between articulations
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type of connective tissue, fluid filled space
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Sutures:
What do they do? |
They seal the bones together
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Syndesmosis:
What is it? Where can it be found? |
fibrous material between 2 bones (such as radius and ulna/ interosteous membrane)
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Gomphosis:
What is it? |
the socket your teeth sit it
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synchondrosis:
What is it? |
a form of articulation in which the bones are rigidly fused by cartilage
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pubic symphysis:
What is it an example of? What does it demonstrate? |
it is a type of cartilaginous articulation
it stretches to allow opening of pubic area for birth demonstrating the small amount of movement of C articulations |
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Articular Cartilage:
what does it do? |
like coating a fryinig pan with teflon
it lessens friction between bones |
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Periosteum:
What does it do? What is it? |
acts like wrapping tape
changes their shape it is the dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones it is the attachment point for muscles and tendons |
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tendons
What do they do with joints? |
stabilize joints
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What are synovial joints enclosed by?
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enclosed by synovial membrane that creates fluid
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bursa what are they?
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pockets found in a joint underneath a tendon/ligament
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plane
What is it? What kind of movement does it have? Where can it be found? |
two flat surfaces that slide or glide past one another
small distances 2-axis of movement seen in wrists(small bones) and in spine |
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Saddle
What is it? What kind of movement does it have? Where can it be found? |
two surfaces that are saddle shaped and orientated 90 degrees
complementary surfaces move past one another 1-axis of movement seen in hand |
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Hinge
What is it? What kind of movement does it have? Where can it be found? |
Articular surface, convex and concave(inward curve) surfaces
seen in elbow and knee |
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Pivot
What is it? What kind of movement does it have? Where can it be found? |
shaped like a cylinder
rotates in a ring held in place with a ligament ring found in unla and radius when they rotate |
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Ball and Socket
What is it? What kind of movement does it have? Where can it be found? |
ball shaped surfaces
cup shaped, with cartilage lip complex movement more movement in shoulder because it does not carry weight of body, should has most free movement Found in shoulder and hip joint |
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Elipsoid
What is it? What kind of movement does it have? Where can it be found? |
modified ball and socket
allows your head to move around Found in the atlas of the spine/connected to the skull |
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Motion at joints
What causes the differences? How are they protected? |
Associated soft tissues change movement and provide protection (limits movement)
Bone shape lots of ligaments and tendoms |
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gliding
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movement of 2 flat surfaces past one another
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angular motion
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change in the angle relative to the long body access
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Flexion
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decreasing angle
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Extension
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increasing angle
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abduction(extention)
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away from midline
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adduction(flexion)
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toward midline
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rotational
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circular movement around a reference point
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pronation
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roll hand inward
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supination
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roll hand outward(turn palm face up)
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cirucumduction
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make a cone shaped movement
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elevation/depression
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up and down (shoulders)
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protraction/retraction
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out and in (jaw - is complex joint because it also opens and closes, and glides)
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excursion
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gliding motion of jaw from side to side
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Inversion/ Eversion
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feet
toward midline/ away from midline |
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supinate
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ankles lean outward, high arch
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pronate
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ankles lean inward, flat feet
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opposition/ reposition
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bring thumb and pinky together, separate them
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Range of Motion ROM
What does it refer to? What is it affected by? |
clinical term, x, y, and z axis
affected by disease and injury |
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Active ROM
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muscle action, move relative to one another
you move your muscle |
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Passive ROM
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external force, being helped to move muscle(stretching)
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intervertebral joints
Where are they? What types of motion do they perform? |
in the back
between vertebral bones Synovial- btw superior and inferior articular processes types of motion: flexion, extention, rotation |
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Herniated discs
What are they? What are the affects? how are they treated? |
Herniated = small tear (in spinal discs)
Tear in the annulus fibrosus- allows material from nucleus pulposus to push out (a jelly like substance) causes extreme pain treated by surgery or bed rest |
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radiate
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start from a point, and spreads out (pain radiates when you have a herniated disc)
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Kyphosis (normally in older women)
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exaggerated posterior thoracic curvature
also known as dowager's hump caused by osteoporosis |
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Lordosis (in pregnant women)
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Exaggerated anterior lumbar curvature
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Scoliosis (more common in women)
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Abnormal lateral curvature (.5% of pop)
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Vertebral fractures
What are they? |
fractures of the vertebra (not damaging cord)
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Anterior vert frac
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vertebral bodies and anterior ligaments
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Middlle vert frac
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vertebral bodies and posterior ligaments
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posterior vert frac
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look at lecture notes
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Clinical treatment of vertebral fractures
(depends on amount of columns damaged) |
damage to one column - rest and pain meds
two columns - fixation and immobilization to three colums- high danger, fixation and stability |
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Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Where is it found? What are the connecting points? What kind of joint is it? |
temporal bone and mandible
mandible condyle and temporal mandibular fossa combination plane and ellipsoid - one of most complex joints in body digastricus muscle opens the jaw |
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synovial cavity in Temporomandibular
What is it? What is it for? |
It is a cavity full of synovial fluid that prevents friction between the bones, and prevents noise when moving the jaw
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Articular disc
What is it? What does it do? |
plate of fibrocartilage
prevents bones from touching |
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TMJ syndrome
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most common source facial pain after teeth
muscle and joint related misalignment of the joint- popping sound -very painful -soft tissue injury |
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TMJ
What is it? How is it caused? |
acute and chronic inflammation - painful
can affect muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, bones, teeth Causes - speech(jaw thrusting) excessive gum chewing, nail biting Bruxing - repetitive unconscious jaw movement Chewing large pieces of food |
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Treatment of TMJ
What are they? |
correct oral habits
oral appliance (mouth gaurd) when sleeping Jaw stretching pain meds regrinding the teeth |
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Glenohumeral (shoulder)
Where is it? What type of articulation is it? How does it differ from other joints? |
Humerus head and glenoid fossa, ball and socket
increase of mobility at expense of stability supported by ligaments, tendons and muscles, gleno-, transverse-, corcaco-, humeral, coracoacromial SITS(rotator cuff), supraspinatus... |
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Bursa under tendons
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full of synovial fluids, to prevent tendons and ligaments from rubbing against the bone
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Contracture
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spontaneous contractions of muscles(happens when your shoulder dislocates)
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shoulder movement
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Rotation - pectoralis major
adduction - latissimus dorsi reinforcement - coracohumeral ligament |
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damage to shoulder
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tear to one of the sits muscles (baseball pitchers)
Arthoscopic repair (tiny inscisions) |
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Shoulder dislocation
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physical separation btw humerous head and scapula
subluxation - partial dislocation symptoms - pain, numbness, inability to move, visibly displaced |
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treatement for shoulder dislocation
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Reduction - returning it to normal position, normally uses anesthesia because it is painful
Kocher's method - traction and abduction, rotation and then adduction Long - term - stenghthening associated soft tissues |
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Coxal articulations (hip)
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femur head and acetabulum of coxae, ball and socket
bears upper body weight, less ROM, stronger joint |
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opening in coxal articulation
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for blood vessels and nerves
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hip movement
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extention - gluteus maximus....
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hip fractures
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usually due to fall (if bone is weakened by disease)
immobility, pain, some people never recover |
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hip replacement
what is it made of? how long can it be used? |
titanium, 25 years of use
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Tibiofemoral(knee)
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femur distal end and tibia proximal end
specialized hinge, complex ellipsoid a... |
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Cruciate ligaments (ACL) (PCL)
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crossing ligaments
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meniscus between knee bones (fibrocartilage)
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c-shaped cup, preventing two bones from touching (can tear easily)
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lots of tendons
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provide stability to joint that joint cant do alone
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knee movement
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front to back, prevented by cruciate ligaments
flexion patella- prevents hyperextension, allows legs to lock and support body weight Extensors - hamstrings, quadricepts |
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Connective tissue in knee
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articular cartilage - c shaped, thick outside and thin inside (like a washer) providing friction free surface
12 bursa to prevent friction ligaments - cruciate, lateral, capsular |
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injuries
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overexertion
inflammation infection - osteomyelitis ligament damage |
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humeroulnar articulation (elbow)
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two articulations
humerus trochlea and ulnar trochlear notch (hinge) humerus capitulum and radius head (pivot)... |
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movements of elbow
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flextion, extention, rotation
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aging (affects on joints)
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reduced flexibility (soft tissue related- stretching of tendons and legaments)
rate of repair(much slower repair) shortened ligaments and tendons loss of ROM |
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pathophysiology of joints
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bursitis - inflammation
joint sprains - tissue damage (exceeded normal range of motion) avulsion fracture - pulling fibers out of structure arthritis - loss of function, pain, auto immune disease |