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82 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Articulations:
What are they?
What do they do?
How are they Identified?
The junctions between bones
They minimize frictions, facilitate correct movements, provide protection
Identified by name of bones, and then by type of articulation(movement and structure)
Fibrous joints (sutures, gomphosis(socket"where teeth sit"), syndesmosis)
Motion vs protection?
fibers?
space between bones?
little motion, but protection
lots of fibers(long stretches of protien)
no space between bones with fluid/joint capsule
cartilaginous joints(synchondrosis, symphysis)
What does it contain? What results from its contents?
presence of hyaline and fibrocartilage(less movement, a little more protection)
hyluronic acid(like oil)
synovial joints
motion vs protection?
fibers?
space between bones?
lots of motion, little protection
most anatomically complex
articular cartilage(at ends of bones, remnants of cartilage that made bones up)
fibrocartilage disks
fluid filled capsules (like water between 2 plates/ keeps bones from touching)
bursal sacs
Differences between articulations
type of connective tissue, fluid filled space
Sutures:
What do they do?
They seal the bones together
Syndesmosis:
What is it?
Where can it be found?
fibrous material between 2 bones (such as radius and ulna/ interosteous membrane)
Gomphosis:
What is it?
the socket your teeth sit it
synchondrosis:
What is it?
a form of articulation in which the bones are rigidly fused by cartilage
pubic symphysis:
What is it an example of?
What does it demonstrate?
it is a type of cartilaginous articulation

it stretches to allow opening of pubic area for birth demonstrating the small amount of movement of C articulations
Articular Cartilage:
what does it do?
like coating a fryinig pan with teflon
it lessens friction between bones
Periosteum:
What does it do?
What is it?
acts like wrapping tape
changes their shape
it is the dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones
it is the attachment point for muscles and tendons
tendons
What do they do with joints?
stabilize joints
What are synovial joints enclosed by?
enclosed by synovial membrane that creates fluid
bursa what are they?
pockets found in a joint underneath a tendon/ligament
plane
What is it?
What kind of movement does it have?
Where can it be found?
two flat surfaces that slide or glide past one another
small distances
2-axis of movement
seen in wrists(small bones) and in spine
Saddle
What is it?
What kind of movement does it have?
Where can it be found?
two surfaces that are saddle shaped and orientated 90 degrees
complementary surfaces move past one another
1-axis of movement
seen in hand
Hinge
What is it?
What kind of movement does it have?
Where can it be found?
Articular surface, convex and concave(inward curve) surfaces
seen in elbow and knee
Pivot
What is it?
What kind of movement does it have?
Where can it be found?
shaped like a cylinder
rotates in a ring
held in place with a ligament ring
found in unla and radius when they rotate
Ball and Socket
What is it?
What kind of movement does it have?
Where can it be found?
ball shaped surfaces
cup shaped, with cartilage lip
complex movement
more movement in shoulder because it does not carry weight of body, should has most free movement
Found in shoulder and hip joint
Elipsoid
What is it?
What kind of movement does it have?
Where can it be found?
modified ball and socket
allows your head to move around
Found in the atlas of the spine/connected to the skull
Motion at joints
What causes the differences?
How are they protected?
Associated soft tissues change movement and provide protection (limits movement)
Bone shape
lots of ligaments and tendoms
gliding
movement of 2 flat surfaces past one another
angular motion
change in the angle relative to the long body access
Flexion
decreasing angle
Extension
increasing angle
abduction(extention)
away from midline
adduction(flexion)
toward midline
rotational
circular movement around a reference point
pronation
roll hand inward
supination
roll hand outward(turn palm face up)
cirucumduction
make a cone shaped movement
elevation/depression
up and down (shoulders)
protraction/retraction
out and in (jaw - is complex joint because it also opens and closes, and glides)
excursion
gliding motion of jaw from side to side
Inversion/ Eversion
feet
toward midline/ away from midline
supinate
ankles lean outward, high arch
pronate
ankles lean inward, flat feet
opposition/ reposition
bring thumb and pinky together, separate them
Range of Motion ROM
What does it refer to?
What is it affected by?
clinical term, x, y, and z axis
affected by disease and injury
Active ROM
muscle action, move relative to one another
you move your muscle
Passive ROM
external force, being helped to move muscle(stretching)
intervertebral joints
Where are they?
What types of motion do they perform?
in the back
between vertebral bones
Synovial- btw superior and inferior articular processes
types of motion: flexion, extention, rotation
Herniated discs
What are they?
What are the affects?
how are they treated?
Herniated = small tear (in spinal discs)
Tear in the annulus fibrosus- allows material from nucleus pulposus to push out (a jelly like substance)
causes extreme pain
treated by surgery or bed rest
radiate
start from a point, and spreads out (pain radiates when you have a herniated disc)
Kyphosis (normally in older women)
exaggerated posterior thoracic curvature
also known as dowager's hump
caused by osteoporosis
Lordosis (in pregnant women)
Exaggerated anterior lumbar curvature
Scoliosis (more common in women)
Abnormal lateral curvature (.5% of pop)
Vertebral fractures
What are they?
fractures of the vertebra (not damaging cord)
Anterior vert frac
vertebral bodies and anterior ligaments
Middlle vert frac
vertebral bodies and posterior ligaments
posterior vert frac
look at lecture notes
Clinical treatment of vertebral fractures
(depends on amount of columns damaged)
damage to one column - rest and pain meds
two columns - fixation and immobilization
to three colums- high danger, fixation and stability
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Where is it found?
What are the connecting points?
What kind of joint is it?
temporal bone and mandible
mandible condyle and temporal mandibular fossa
combination plane and ellipsoid
- one of most complex joints in body
digastricus muscle opens the jaw
synovial cavity in Temporomandibular
What is it? What is it for?
It is a cavity full of synovial fluid that prevents friction between the bones, and prevents noise when moving the jaw
Articular disc
What is it?
What does it do?
plate of fibrocartilage
prevents bones from touching
TMJ syndrome
most common source facial pain after teeth
muscle and joint related
misalignment of the joint- popping sound
-very painful -soft tissue injury
TMJ
What is it?
How is it caused?
acute and chronic inflammation - painful
can affect muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, bones, teeth
Causes - speech(jaw thrusting)
excessive gum chewing, nail biting
Bruxing - repetitive unconscious jaw movement
Chewing large pieces of food
Treatment of TMJ
What are they?
correct oral habits
oral appliance (mouth gaurd) when sleeping
Jaw stretching
pain meds
regrinding the teeth
Glenohumeral (shoulder)
Where is it? What type of articulation is it? How does it differ from other joints?
Humerus head and glenoid fossa, ball and socket
increase of mobility at expense of stability
supported by ligaments, tendons and muscles, gleno-, transverse-, corcaco-, humeral, coracoacromial
SITS(rotator cuff), supraspinatus...
Bursa under tendons
full of synovial fluids, to prevent tendons and ligaments from rubbing against the bone
Contracture
spontaneous contractions of muscles(happens when your shoulder dislocates)
shoulder movement
Rotation - pectoralis major
adduction - latissimus dorsi
reinforcement - coracohumeral ligament
damage to shoulder
tear to one of the sits muscles (baseball pitchers)
Arthoscopic repair (tiny inscisions)
Shoulder dislocation
physical separation btw humerous head and scapula
subluxation - partial dislocation
symptoms - pain, numbness, inability to move, visibly displaced
treatement for shoulder dislocation
Reduction - returning it to normal position, normally uses anesthesia because it is painful
Kocher's method - traction and abduction, rotation and then adduction
Long - term - stenghthening associated soft tissues
Coxal articulations (hip)
femur head and acetabulum of coxae, ball and socket
bears upper body weight, less ROM, stronger joint
opening in coxal articulation
for blood vessels and nerves
hip movement
extention - gluteus maximus....
hip fractures
usually due to fall (if bone is weakened by disease)
immobility, pain, some people never recover
hip replacement
what is it made of?
how long can it be used?
titanium, 25 years of use
Tibiofemoral(knee)
femur distal end and tibia proximal end
specialized hinge, complex ellipsoid a...
Cruciate ligaments (ACL) (PCL)
crossing ligaments
meniscus between knee bones (fibrocartilage)
c-shaped cup, preventing two bones from touching (can tear easily)
lots of tendons
provide stability to joint that joint cant do alone
knee movement
front to back, prevented by cruciate ligaments
flexion
patella- prevents hyperextension, allows legs to lock and support body weight
Extensors - hamstrings, quadricepts
Connective tissue in knee
articular cartilage - c shaped, thick outside and thin inside (like a washer) providing friction free surface
12 bursa to prevent friction
ligaments - cruciate, lateral, capsular
injuries
overexertion
inflammation
infection - osteomyelitis
ligament damage
humeroulnar articulation (elbow)
two articulations
humerus trochlea and ulnar trochlear notch (hinge)
humerus capitulum and radius head (pivot)...
movements of elbow
flextion, extention, rotation
aging (affects on joints)
reduced flexibility (soft tissue related- stretching of tendons and legaments)
rate of repair(much slower repair)
shortened ligaments and tendons
loss of ROM
pathophysiology of joints
bursitis - inflammation
joint sprains - tissue damage (exceeded normal range of motion)
avulsion fracture - pulling fibers out of structure
arthritis - loss of function, pain, auto immune disease