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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Angiogram |
imaging of the blood vessels/vascular system
'vessel picture' |
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Adenocarcinoma |
Cancerous tissue/tumor
'glandular crab swelling/tumor' |
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Anthropomorphic |
'human shaped' |
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Epiphyseal plate |
bone structure responsible for bone lengthening/growth. |
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Periosteum |
membrane surrounding the bone |
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Cancellous Bone |
Trabecular/Spongy bone |
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Cortical Bone |
Compact bone structure |
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Anterior-Posterior (AP) Projection |
X-ray source anterior to subject, film flat against posterior surface. |
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Posterior-Anterior (PA) Projection |
X-ray source posterior to subject, film flat against anterior surface. |
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Computed Tomography Limitations |
-Back projection = computationally intensive
-Resolution limited by a) size of detectors b) thickness (collimation) of x-ray beam
-Noise determined by sensitivity of detectors, rotational speed. Fewer photons = more noise |
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Chest/Abdominal radiograph orientation |
Facing patient |
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LUT |
Lookup table - contrast range for image formation |
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Hounsfield Number |
(CT numbers) = linear mapping of tissue density |
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'Windowing' CT images |
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Major planes used in sectional anatomy |
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Echocardiography |
Ultrasound image of the heart |
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Subpleural |
under the membrane of the lungs |
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Pneumothorax |
collapsed lung (air leaks into space between chest and lungs) |
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Intercostal |
space between the ribs |
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Nephrolithiasis |
kidney stones |
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Uterolithiasis |
kidney stone in ureter |
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Gonads |
male-testicles
female-ovaries |
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Crohn's disease |
fistula (abnormal passage between organs) of the colon/bowels |
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Cranio-caudal |
head to tail |
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Lithotripsy |
ultrasound procedure that breaks up kidney stones |
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Erythema |
red skin |
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Epilation |
hair falling out |
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Stenosis |
Narrowing of something (blood vessels, lumbar, aortic valve etc) |
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Renal |
kidneys |
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Lumen |
refers to inside of a cylinder` |
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Hemodynamics |
motion of the blood |
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Renal artery stenosis |
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micturating cystourethrography |
imaging of urethra/bladder while urinating |
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Conceptus |
refers to any stage of pregnancy |
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Extravasation |
leaking of fluid out of its container... i.e. bad IV placement |
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Papillary thyroid carcinoma |
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Anaplastic carcinoma |
fast, out of control growth |
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Cineangiography |
flouroscopic images of contrast through blood vessels by motion picture techniques. |
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Desquamation |
skin peeling |
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Electrocardiogram |
recording of the electrical activity of the heart |
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Epidemiology |
study of patterns/causes of health and disease conditions in defined populations. |
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Intraperitoneal |
injection of substance into abdominal area |
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Intrathecal |
introducing/occurring in the space under the arachnoid membrane of the brain/spinal cord |
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Lymphangiography |
contrast induced imaging of lymphatic system |
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Metastasis |
spreading of cancer from one organ to another |
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Myelosuppressive |
side effect of some cancer treatments (bone marrow activity is decreased) |
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Neutropenia |
abnormally low count of neutrophilis
(white blood cells that help fight off infections) |
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Pancytopenia |
medical condition in which there is a reduction in the number of red and white blood cells & platelets. |
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Parenchyma |
the functional tissue or cells of an organ or gland
as distinguished from supporting or connective tissue |
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Pharmacokinetics |
what the body does to a drug/ movement |
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Pyrogen |
fever inducing substance |
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Reticuloendothelial |
(system) - also called macrophage system, class of cells that are throughout body and take up particular substances (part of body's defense mechanisms) |
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Sarcoma |
general term for cancers of the bone and soft tissue |
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Scintimmamography |
breast imaging for cancer cells (TC-99) (gamma camera) |
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Thrombocytopenia |
low blood platelet(thrombocyte) count
-blood clotting |
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Thrombolytic |
Therapy- drugs used to break up or dissolve blood clots
(heart attack/stroke) |
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Thryrotoxicosis |
excessive amount of thyroid hormone in the body |
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Tomography |
process of imaging by sections/sectioning |
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Urticaria |
Hives
(pale red, raised, itchy bumps) |
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Foramen |
ie. sphenoid bone for neurovascular bundles |
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Fossa, sulcus, & groove |
depressions for various shapes/depths/sizes |
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Process, tubercle, and tuberosity |
bumps of various sizes/shapes |
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Spine |
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Name the bones |
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Name the bones |
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Name the bones |
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Axial skeleton vs appendicular skeleton |
Blue = axial
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Name the bones |
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Name the bones |
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Squamous |
Flat |
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Nuchal |
neck |
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Name the bones |
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Skull lat proj |
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Note : pituitary gland is in the sella turcica |
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Vomer |
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Zygomatic Bone |
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Mandible |
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maxilla |
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Number of true ribs vs false ribs |
7- true ribs
5- false ribs |
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Number of vertebrae in spine and locations/sections |
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Intercostals |
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Spinal vertebrae |
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Main difference in the male/female pelvis |
subpubic angle & pelvic aperture |
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the dens provides support/rotation for the skull.
fractured dens = death |
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Radius or ulna supports majority of the weight |
radius |
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Deltoid Tuberosity |
excess bone on the humerus usually seen on body builders/hard working persons |
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Tibia of Fibula holds majority of the weight |
Tibia |
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Bone remodeling process |
osteoclasts break bone down and osteoblasts build bone back up.
continuous and cyclical process. 2-4 week resorption phase. 4-6 month formation phase. |
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Osteoblast (builds bone) |
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Osteoclast (breaks bone down) |
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Bone re-construction process |
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Bone remodeling process is stimulated by what? |
piezoelectric effects secondary to stresses on hydroxyapatite crystals in bone |
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Types of muscle tissue |
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Types of involuntary muscle |
Striated (cardiac) & smooth |
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Types of smooth muscle |
Visceral (intestines, ureters)
Multiunit (blood vessels, skin) |
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Fascia |
muscle 'skin' |
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muscle stuff. Not crucial to memorize. |
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Structural hierarchy of striated muscle |
(skeletal = striated)
Muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber cell, myofibril, myofilament |
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Muscle fiber vs cellular anatomical terminology
Muscle fiber = Sarcolemma = Sarcoplasm = Sarcoplasmic Reticulum = T - Tubules (transverse tubules) |
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Thin myofilaments components and arrangement with thick myofilaments |
thin myofilaments = actin, troponin, tropomyosin
thick filaments = myosin / myosin heads |
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Sarcoma |
General term for cancer of the bone and soft tissue |
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Reticuloendothelial |
(system) macrophage cells. Defense mechanism |
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Microvilli, Cilia, Flagella |
Microvilli - extensive folding for SA increase (cellular membrane).
Cilia - motile projections that move fluids external to cell.
Flagella - motile projections that permit cell to move. |
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Cell Cycle |
G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis |
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Mitosis
Haploid Gamete |
Before meiosis -Diploid Parent cell (46 pair chromosomes)
Haploid gamete - Product of meiosis 2 (23 chromosomes) |
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Meiosis 1 & 2 |
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The chemical messengers of the body are called __________. |
hormones |
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The ball and socket joint for humerus. Name and location. |
Name - Glenoid Fossa
Location - Scapula |
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Mark that indicated the superior border of the sternum |
suprasternal notch |
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Locations and function of respiratory epithelial mucosa. |
Located in the paranasal cavities, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
Function - to moisten the air and trap particulates (cilia) |
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Where are microvilli located |
mainly in small intestines |
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Trachea generations (~total number) |
~ 14 total generations
ie. 1st = trachea 2nd = primary bronchi |
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Atmospheric partial pressures of O2 and CO2 |
O2 ~160 mmHg
CO2 ~ 2 mmHg
Total atm pressure ~ 760 mmHg |
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CO2 Transport percentages and forms |
10% dissolved in blood plasma
20% in RBC as carbaminohemoglobin
70% as bicarbonate dissolved in blood plasma |
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Calcium storage site and critical function |
Calcium
- stored in bones
- critical in muscle contraction |
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Yellow marrow vs red marrow |
yellow - in very center of bone, radiation irrelevant, fat & cells that remove dead RBCs and bacteria from blood
red - in trabeculai of bone, radiation target, cells that create RBCs WBCs and platelets. (sternum, ribs, ends of long bones) |
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Parenchyma |
the functional part of an organ |
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Amino Acids |
used in metabolism but mainly the building blocks of proteins |
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Proteins |
complex organic molecules that consist of amino acids linked via peptide bonds |
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Protein structural levels |
primary - amino acid sequence
secondary - H2 bonding (helices, sheets, chains)
tertiary - H2 bonding & disulfide bridging (folds)
quaternary - combination of tertiary structures |
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Sterols |
cholesterol & steroid hormones
(cholesterol, cortisol, estrogen, testosterone) |
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Example/name of simple sugar |
monosacchrides |
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ATP and flow between food and cellular energy |
adenosine triphosphate -
food converted to ATP to be used by muscles then ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is sent back to where ATP conversion sites to make more ATP |
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DNA structure is stabilized by _________ bonding
DNA constituents and classes. |
Hydrogen
classes - Purines and pyrimidines
purines - adenine & guanine
pyrimidines - cytosine & thymine |
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The main cell structure consists of _________, ___________, and ____________. |
organelles, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm |
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When were x-rays discovered and by whom? |
Wilhem Roentgen in 1895 |
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Problems with radiographs - |
1. overlapping structures
2. geometric distortions
3. reduced contrast |
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Supine |
position of patient when he/she is lying on their back |
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Hematoxycin and Eosin |
Hematoxysin - dye that reacts with negative phosphate groups (DNA) and stain them dark blue.
Eosin - acidic dye that reacts with positively charged chains and stains them red. |
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Intercondylar eminence |
top of the tibia |
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Ischemia vs Infarction |
Ischemia - restricted blood supply/flow
Infarction - necrosis (death) of the tissue |
