Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

EKG findings for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree blocks

Back 1

1= increased PR (norm -.12-.2)
2= Q with P, but PR increases; P not always with Q
3= p without A, Q without P

Front 2

Enchancement of S2

Back 2

Enchancement of S2 by delaying pulmonic valve closure

Front 3

How does Ach Effect the heart

Back 3

Ach -> Sa and AV nodes, increasing PR interval
effects mediated by modification of phase 4 slope

Front 4

Phase 0, 3 and 4 in SA node

Back 4

Phase 0 (upstroke) - ca influx
Phase 3 (downstoke) - K+
Phase 4 (slow upstroke) - Na funny

Front 5

Inspiration and Systemic Arterial Pressure

Back 5

Insp decreases SAP by decreasing LV output

Front 6

Cushing's Response

Back 6

Increased ICP leads to increased Systemic arterial pressure (via VMC) in order to maintain cerebral blood flow. There may be profound bradycardia (via Baroreceptors)

Front 7

LaPlaces Law

Back 7

wall tension = T*P*r/thickness

Front 8

Control of Breathing

Back 8

Basic rhythym set at Dorsal Medulla
Input comes from apneustitic centers in pons; and pnemotaxic centers (nucleas parabronchialis)

Front 9

FeV1 and Vital Capacity

Back 9

FeV1 is usually 85% VC

Front 10

Alveolar Volume Eqn

Back 10

Va=Vt-Vdead Times Frequency

Front 11

relation between Alveolar oxygen, and inspired oxygen

Back 11

PAo2 = PiO2-PaCo2/.8

Front 12

What happens to pCo2 in V/Q mismatch

Back 12

with V/Q mismatch you see a decrease in PCo2 as a result of in an increase in ventilation due to the drop in P02

Front 13

V/Q ration in the normal lung: where is it highest

Back 13

in the apex (low lung compliance b/c the artery is big)

Front 14

Central vs. Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Back 14

Central respond only to Pco2 (main) and pH

Peripheral respond to pC02, pH, O2 (less than 60 mmHg)

Front 15

Hering-Breuer Reflex

Back 15

Lung stretch receptors -> inh inspiration

Front 16

muscle that contracts during inspiration

Back 16

external intercostals

Front 17

Define DlCO

Back 17

amt of O2 that pass per 1 mmHg of gradient of O2

Front 18

HyperKalemia and paralysis

Back 18

HyperK decreases the gradient for K+, thus DEpolarizes the membrane and leads to sodium channel inactivation

Front 19

Dihydropyridine Receptors

Back 19

Voltage gated ion Ca channels in striated muscle that aid in excitation-contraction coupling

Front 20

Excitation contraction coupling in smooth muscle and cardiac cells

Back 20

Cardiac -> Ca opens SR
SM -> IP3

Front 21

Phospholamban

Back 21

inhibits ryanodine receptor Ca pump... inhibition of phospholamban leads to increased calcium sequestration (this occurs via PKA phosphorylation

Front 22

Mg2+ and muscle contraction

Back 22

Mg2+ inhibits it

Front 23

Calcium and muscle excitabilty

Back 23

decreased calcium leads to increased excitability (I believe this is because Na gets activated)

Front 24

Capacitance and conduction velocity of neurons

Back 24

decreased capcitance leads to increased velocity (less electrons must flow)

Front 25

Light Rxn with Eye

Back 25

Light hits Rods, causes increased hydrolysis of cGMP (via more all trans) which hyperpolarizes cell leads to decreased inh NT release on bipolar and ganglion

Front 26

Substance P

Back 26

Subs P is released pain fibers (C-delta) on spinal cords

Front 27

Molecular effects of epinephrine on smooth muscle

Back 27

epi increase PLC which increases Ip3

Front 28

PKA and Phospholamban

Back 28

PKA phosphorylates Phospholamban, increasing Ca sequestration (and decreases SM contractility)

Front 29

A, C, V waves
W and Y decents

Back 29

a wave -> atrial contraction
c wave -> tricuspid be pushed back by contracting ventricle
x decent -> continued atrial relaxation during systole
v wave -> atrial filling against closed mitral valve
y descent -> rapid ventricular filling

Front 30

Organ with highest AV gradient

Back 30

the heart

Front 31

pressure gradient between aorta and ventricle

Back 31

think aortic stenosis

Front 32

How much blood is in your arteries and veins vs. Pulmonary Circulation at a given time

Back 32

Arteries and veins -> 2/3 blood
Pulmonary circulation -> 10% of blood

Front 33

How do you keep PDA open?

How does it close?

Back 33

keep open with prostaglandins

Closure: Oxygen -> bradykinin -> closure DA (pharmacologically closed with indomethicin)

Front 34

Why do the lungs have lots of lymph?

Back 34

High lymph b/c of high levels of interstitual proteins

Front 35

Coorelation of turbulence and vessel size, blood velocity, blood density, and blood viscosity

Back 35

Reynolds Eqn: http://www.cvphysiology.com/Hemodynamics/H007.htm

more turbulence with bigger vessel, higher velocity, high blood density and LOWER viscosity (velocity and viscos should be inversely related)

Don't get caught up on the diameter thing though, because increased diameter also leads to decreased velocity which reduces turbulence and the likelihood of seeing turbulence

Front 36

compare CO and met actvity of kidney

Back 36

Kidney si unique in that it receives 20% of CO with relatively low metabolic activity (most in cortex, where Na reabs occurs

Front 37

TPR and Pulm BF changes at Birth

Back 37

TPR increases with loss of placenta

PBF increases as pulm resistance decreases

Front 38

Major contractility pattern during digestive phase? How is it activated?

Back 38

Segmentation, which is activated by wall distention

Front 39

Role of Ca2+ in B12 absorption

Back 39

IF-B12 bind to enterocytes via interaction with calcium

Front 40

effect of VIP, ACh, Sub P, and Dopamine of Smooth Muscle (GI)

Back 40

VIP -> relaxation (VIPoma presents with diarrhea)

ACh, Sub P, and Dopamine -> contraction

Front 41

Where is most water and Na reabsorbed?

Back 41

most H2o/Na reabs occurs in the small bowel (jejunem = #1 site, duodeum = #2)

Front 42

Motilin

Back 42

MMC hormone

Front 43

Amino Acid absorption

Back 43

occurs in the jejunum

Front 44

Vitamin synthesized by bacteria, and is abosorbed by humans (humans still will get it form other sources however)

Back 44

folic acid

vit K, B6, thiamine are also synthesized by bacteria, however not absorbed in appreciable amounts

Front 45

Aldosterone and the colon

Back 45

Na/K under it's control (net K= secretion?)

Front 46

Bicarb and the colon

Back 46

Hco3- is secreted in the colon (think diarrhea gives you met acidosis-- norm anion gap)

Front 47

Two things needed for Absorption of fat soluable vitamins (besides intact bowel)

Back 47

1) Bile
2) Pancreatic Lipases

Front 48

Absorption of fructose glucose and galactose

Back 48

fructose -> facilitated diffusion
Glucose and Galactose -> Na-dep active transport

Front 49

pH of Saliva

Back 49

Saliva has HCo3-, thus it it basic

Front 50

What is the effect of sulfonylation of Bile Acids

Back 50

aids in excretion

Front 51

How are Bile Acids conjugated

Back 51

With Taurine and Glycine. Bile acids are secreted conjugated with these amino acids

Front 52

Caffiene and EtoH on stomach pH

Back 52

Both stimulate the secretion of Gastric Acid

Front 53

2 regulators of Pancreatic enzyme secretion

Back 53

Neural (vagus-Ach)

Hormonal (CCK; secretin -> Hco3- and water secretion, not enzyme)

Front 54

Where are secondary Bile acids formed?

Back 54

in the small intestine

Front 55

Enterogasterone

Back 55

released by SI. Acts to inhibit antrul Gastrin release

Front 56

Where is most renal Na reabsorption occur?

Back 56

In the cortex

Na reabso is proportional to O2 consumption

Front 57

What does the Tmax for glucose refer to?

Back 57

Tmax refers to the maximal reabosprion rate of glucose (mg/min)

Front 58

What are the 2 things that regulate Aldosterone

Back 58

1) Ang II

2) K+ (high leads to it's secretion)

Front 59

What percent of TBW is Plasma?

Back 59

plasma is 8%, or 1/4 of ECF, which is 1/3

Front 60

What things increase Renin secretion?

Decrease it?

Back 60

Renin Secretion increased by sym. stimulation; adenosine from macula densa increases it too

Decreased by: Ang II and ANF

Front 61

How is Na reaborbed in the Proximal Tubule? Where are the transporters?

Back 61

Na/K on basolateral

Na/H, Na/glucose, etc. on apical

Front 62

Anion Gap

Back 62

Na-(Cl+Hco3-)

Front 63

Importance of PAH

Back 63

PAH clearance is a good indicator of RPF, since all of it is secreted

Front 64

Filtered Load

Back 64

FL=GFR*plasma conc

Front 65

Net Acid Excretion

Back 65

NAE= NH4 + TA- bicarb

TA is mostly Po4-

Front 66

What is the normal amount of fixed acid load

Back 66

70-100 meq of acid

Front 67

Why is there a lower pH and higher Na gradient in the distal neph when compared with the proximal

Back 67

distal has more tight jxns

Front 68

Aldosterone and H+ secretion

Back 68

Aldosterone increases Na/K exchanger, decreasing the activity of the Na/H exchanger... this increases H+ secretion

Front 69

Sympathetic stimulation of kidney and protein excretion

Back 69

Sym Stim increases protein excretion (I think it's secondary to vasocontriction)

Front 70

Prostaglandins and Renin

Back 70

PG's stimulate Renin release (like adenosine)

Front 71

Volume depletion and Hyperaldo on systemic pH

Back 71

Volume depletion and Hyperaldo create met ALKALOSIS (both lead to increased Na reabsorption which created increased proton excretion)

Front 72

Trophic Effects of ACTH

Back 72

ACTH -> GC andSex hormones, not Aldosterone (zona glomerulosa)

Front 73

Distal Tubule, acid secretion, and potassium

Back 73

In situations of hypoKalemia, H+ goes inside of cell instead of K+, leading to increased K+ secretion

Front 74

Glutamine and the kidney

Back 74

Glutamine uptake used to make NH4+-> H+ secretion

Front 75

Which arteries bath Loop of henle

Back 75

Vaso Recta

Front 76

Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei

Back 76

Supraoptic -> ADH

Paraventricular Nuclei ->oxytocin

Front 77

FSH and LH in spermatogensis

Back 77

pulsatile GnRH -> FSH and LH

FSH -> Sertoli cells -> meiotic and mitotic division of sperm

LH -> testerone release by leydig cells

Front 78

Hormone of fetal Adrenal Cortex

Back 78

fetus makes primarily DHEA (they lack 3beta-hydroxy steroid DH)

Front 79

Hormone sensitive Lipase

Back 79

the hormone is epinephrine and glucogon, not insulin

epinephrine and glucogon -> increased cAMP -> phosphorylates Lipase -> increased TG's breakdown in fat

Front 80

Of the 3 effects of PTH, which is predominant?

Back 80

the effect on bone (reabs)

Front 81

Ang II and thrist

Back 81

Ang II activates subfornical organ in Diencephalon

Front 82

Heat Intolerance and Thyroid hormones

Back 82

Heat intolerance = hyperthyroid
cold -> hypo

Front 83

Cabbage and turnips

Back 83

have goitrogens (increase thyroid size)

Front 84

L-arg

Back 84

stimulates GH release

Front 85

Melatonin

Back 85

syn by Pineal Gland; in dark, synthesis increases via norepi from postgang sym fibers; fxns include inhibition of GHRH

IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN COLOR (that is melanin)

Front 86

Anti-inflammatory actions of cortisol

Back 86

1) decreases vasc permeability
2) decreases IL-1 secretion
3) stabilizes lysozomal membranes
4) inhibits PPLA2

Front 87

Ductal and glandular growth in breast

Back 87

Estrogen -> ductal
Progesterone -> Glandular

Front 88

Effect of progesterone and estrogen on cervical mucosa

Back 88

Est -> thinner, more fernlike
Progest -> thicker (blocks sperm)

Front 89

Milk Let-down

Back 89

associated with oxytocin

Front 90

Secretion of Pancreatic polypeptide

Back 90

Secreted by F cells in Islet

Front 91

Near Vision

Back 91

near vision = increased refractive power= contraction of ciliary body

Front 92

Spindle fibers

Back 92

Spindle -> Ia fibers -> length and velocity

Front 93

Golgi tendon

Back 93

Golgi tendon -> Ib fibers -> tension of muscle

Front 94

Tetany and contraction strength. Why?

Back 94

Tentany (or increased firing rate) -> increased contraction b/c of increased cross bridge cycling time (not b/c of increased intracellular calcium)

Front 95

gamma motor fibers

Back 95

maintain Ia spingle activity during contraction of muscle

Front 96

Raffini ending

Back 96

= tonic receptors-- pressure sensors in the skin

Front 97

Pacacian (?Sp) Receptors

Back 97

Deeper, detect skin deformation (vibration)

Front 98

Muscle Recruitment for activity

Back 98

Small MU before Large

Front 99

Spacticity

Back 99

spasticity is associated with loss? of corticoreticular fiber that inhibit vesttibular spinal and reticulospinal neurons. These act on Ia fibers, and cause spacticity...

GET BETTER EXPLANATION

Front 100

Primary Fxn of cerebellum

Back 100

Posture

Front 101

EEG: alpha and delta waves

Back 101

alpha- normal, awake with shut eyes, 8-12 waves/min?

delta- sleep, slow and big

Front 102

Vibration of basilar mem in cochlea

Back 102

High Freq-> base (oval and round window)

Low -> apex of cochlear

Front 103

Babinski Reflex

Back 103

Rep UPM damage

due to damage of CST in pyramids to spinal cord