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215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In what order does light pass through ocular structures on its way to the retena?
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Cornea, pupil, lens
Passing posteriorly from the corneal surface, light passes through these structures. |
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The valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle at the end of ventricular systole is the:
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Pulmonary (it is the right ventricular outflow valve)
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Damage to which nerve, most commonly affected by dystocias, results in the inability to adduct the rear legs in the cow?
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Obturator
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Which vessel contains valves?
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Medium-sized veins
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The 2nd heart sound is produced by:
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Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves.
The 1st heart sound is produced by closure of the 2 artioventricular valves. |
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The periodic elimination of excess gas from the ruminant forestomach is termed?
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Eructation (the gas resulting from microbial fermentation in a ruminant must be periodically eliminated to prevent ruminal tympany (bloat)
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Functions of long bones include all of the following except:
provide support absorbing concussion aiding in locomotion acting as levers |
Absorbing concussion (it is a function of short bones)
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Complex reflexes are mediated through certain centers in the brain. The medulla oblongata contains reflex centers for all of the following except:
Heart contractions Swallowing Vomiting Knee jerk |
Knee jerk
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Birds recognize feed primarily by:
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sight
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What is another name for fallopian tubes?
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oviducts (or uterine tubes)
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Which type of joint in the frontlimb has no connection with the bony thorax?
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Syndesmoid (ligamentous; a form of fibrous joint in which opposing surfaces thta are relatively far apart are united by ligaments)
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What is normally the most plentiful chemical buffer in the body?
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Hemoglobin (although sodium bicarbonate is the CHIEF chemical buffer in the body)
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What is the point of insertion for the four heads of the quadriceps femoris?
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Tibia (The tibial tuberosity specifically)
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What abdominal muscle layer is the most superficial
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External oblique
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The least movable of the attachments of a muscle is the:
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Orgin (the most movable is the insertion)
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Nerve fibers encased in a white sheath of fatty material are termed?
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Myelinated
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What species has a lobulated kidney?
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Cattle
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What is the point at which the axon of one neuron meets the dendrite of another and over which nerve impulses can pass?
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Synapse (it is a gap between one nerve cell's axon and another's dendrites, across which the nerve impulse must be conducted)
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Which of the following is an example of a saddle joint?
1)Distal interphalangeal in a dog 2)Scapulohumeral in a horse 3)atlantoaxial in a cow 4)Metacarpophalangeal in an elephant |
Distal interphalangeal in a dog (def. saddle joint: a biaxial joint where the double motion is effected by the opposition of 2 surfaces, each of which is concave in 1 direction and convex in the other. EX: thumb)
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In the first stage of parturition, ACTH stimulates the fetal adrenal cortex to release:
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Hydrocortisone (fetal hydrocortisone crosses the placental barrier to stimulate uterine contractions that signal the onset of labor)
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Which word describes the action of a muscle that moves toward the midline?
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Adduction
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For which blood cell is phagocytosis the main function?
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Monocyte (it is a macrophage and is important in the porcess of inflammation)
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The mitral valve prevnets blood from flowing back into the?
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Left atrium
The mitral valve is also known as the left atriovnetricular valve. |
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What is photoperiod?
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Length of daylight and darkness (this regulates the heat cycle in some species)
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The portion of the retina that is not sensitive to light stimuli is called the:
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Blind spot (the location at which the optic nerve enters the eye and spreads to make up the retina. There are no light receptors at this point)
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Which is not a common cause of enlarged mammary glands in horses?
Mastitis Abscess Periparturient udder edema Tuberculosis |
Tuberculosis (it is the least common cause of enlarged mammary glands in horses)
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Which of the following is not a result of sympathetic nervous system stimulation?
1)Decreased blood pressure 2)increased heart rate 3)increased activity of respiratory bronciole dilator reflex 4)Decreased gut motility |
Decreased blood pressure
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In ruminants, the cotyledon of the placenta attaches to what structure on the uterus to form the placentome?
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Caruncle (def: a fleshy, naked outgrowth)
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What structure is not part of the upper respiratory tract?
Bronchiole larynx pharynx trachea |
Bronchioles (they are part of the lower respiratory system)
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What structure lies between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?
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Henle's loop (AKA nephronic loop)
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Which nerve (one of the longest in the body) supplies parasympathetic fibers to the heart and lungs and to nearly all the abdominal viscera?
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Vagus
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In cows, the "milk vein" is the:
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Subcutaneous abdominal vein
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Tendons that are flat and usually attach to flat muscles are know as:
Diathroses Fasciae Arthroses Spheroses |
Fasciae are flat sheets of tendons.
Diarthroses, arthroses and spheroses refer to joints. |
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What is the main hormonal influence during proestrus?
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FSH (it targets the ovary to bring about the growth and maturity of the follicles, which, in turn, secrete estrogen to stimulate the onset of estrus)
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Which substance is required for production of thyroid hormones?
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Iodine
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The sweat glands are:
compound alveolar compound tubular simple alveolar simple tubular |
simple tubular (even though they are long and coiled)
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What hormone increases the permeability of renal tubular cells to water?
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ADH (thus increasing H2O resorption)
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The largest gland in the normal animal body is:
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Liver
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The arrector pili muscles are attached to:
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Guard hairs
(Def. arrector: a muscle that makes a body part erect) |
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Injury to which nerve results in knuckling of the forepaw onto its dorsal aspect?
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radial
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What cell component is primarily responsible for energy supply for various cell processes?
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Mitochondria
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The wall of the hoof grows distally from the:
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Coronary band
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Which cranial verve provides parasympathetic innervation to the cranial 3/4 of the body?
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Vagus (X)
The vagus provides parasympathetic innervation to the heart, lungs, and most of the abdominal viscera |
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Which statement concerning the dermis is most accurate?
1)It contains blood vessels 2)Its deepest layer contains pigment cells 3)it is conposed of stratified squamous epithelium 4)its surface is keratinized |
It contains blood vessels
the other 3 answers are true of the epidermis |
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Colostrum provides what type of immunity?
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passive
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When one hormone increases the activity of another hormone, the effect is termed:
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potentiation or synergism (the term used to describe the increased effect)
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Which of the following is an ellipsoid joint?
Carpometacarpal Atlantoaxial Antebrachiocarpal Interphalangeal |
Anterbrachiocarpal
(Def. ellipsoid joint: a motified biaxial ball-and-socket joint in which the other joint surfaces are elongated. AKA condylar joint) |
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The common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems is the:
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pharynx
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The longest porton of the large intestine?
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colon
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The foramen ovale in the developing fetus allows blood to flow where?
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from the right atrium to the left atrium (pressure in the right atrium is highter than in the left atrium, resulting in right-to-left blood flow)
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The adrenal medulla secretes what 2 substances?
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epinephrine and norepinephrine (hense their name: adrenergics)
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The first cardiac chamber that blood enters after returning from the lungs is the?
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left atrium
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The inner lining of the digestive tube is called the:
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mucosa
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The mineral most important for normal contraction of striated muscle fibers is:
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Calcium (it is involved in the breakage and recoupling of cross linkages between myofilimants in a striated muscle fiber)
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When Na+ is rushing into a nerve cell, the cell is unable to produce another action potential regardless of how stron a stimulus is applied. This time is called the:
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Absolute refractory period
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The sites in the lungs where gases are exchanges between the air and the blood are the:
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alveoli
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Nerve processes that conduct impulses toward the cell bodies are referred to as:
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dendrites
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Which female is an induced or reflex ovulator?
Cow Bitch Mare Queen |
Queen (ovulation is stimulated by coitus in the cat)
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Which joint type can, through simple sliding motion, move in one (uniaxial) direction only?
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Plane
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Which structure, whose Latin name means "little brain", is located at the caudal part of the brain and contains over half of the brain's nerves?
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Cerebellum
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Which term describes movement of a part away from the median plane or a digit away from the axis of the limb?
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Abduction
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When is the usual breeding season for ewes?
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Fall; most are polyestrus only in the fall, so they will give birth in the spring
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The aortic valve prevents blood from flowing back into the:
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left ventricle
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What does the term multiparous mean?
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Having given birth to viable offspring in more that 1 gestateion (a female that has given birth after more than 1 pregnancy)
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What are the effects of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation on the heart?
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Decreased rate and decreased force of contractions
(the general effect of the parasympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system is to depress cardiac function) |
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Outside the brain and spinal cord, nerve cells are usually found in clumps or aggregations called:
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ganglia
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The large lymphoid organ that stores blood but is not essential to life is the:
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spleen
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What substance is a catecholamine?
Acetylecholine Acetlcholinesterase Norepinephrine Nicotine |
Norepinephrine (and epinephrine)
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The ileum, ischium, and pubis have bodies that meet to form the:
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acetabulum
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What are exocrine glands?
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Glands whose secretory products are transported via ducts. EX: Salivary and sweat glands
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The terminal part of the spinal cord is called?
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cauda equina
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List the respiratory structures in the order through which air passes during exhalation
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Bronchi
trachea larynxp pharynx nasal passages |
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What feature is unique to cardiac muscle?
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Purkinje fibers
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Purkinje fibers in the heart are located in the:
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left and right ventricular walls
(The Purkinje fibers conduct impulses from the bundle of His to the walls of the ventricles) |
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What is the normal average gestation period of guiney pigs?
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pregnancy lasts 63 days
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The most rostral teeth in the dental arcade are the:
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incisors
(def. rostral: toward the front) |
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What is the scientific term for emptying of the bladder?
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micturation
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When a horse is standing on firm ground, the only portion of its hoof that normally contacts the ground is the:
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wall
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The right atrium receives blood from what blood vessel?
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Vena cava; it returns blood to the heart from the systemic circulation
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In which animal is microbial fermentation most important in the digestive process?
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horses; microbial fermentation is most important in digestion by herbivorous animals
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In what order does light pass through ocular structures on its way to the retina (3)?
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Cornea, pupil, lens (passing posteriorly)
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Which fluid contributes least to the process of digestion?
bile pancreatic juice saliva stomach gland secretion |
saliva
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Which blood cell normally has a single large nucleus that occupies most of the cell and is important in immunity production?
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Lymphocyte
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The valve that prevents blood from flowin gback into the right ventricle at the end of ventricular systole?
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Pulmonary
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The axial skeleton includes all of the following except:
Skull Sternum Appendages Veterbral column |
Appendages
(def. axial skeleton: the bones of the head and trunk, excluding the pectoral and pelvic gridles) |
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ACTH stands for:
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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The teeth that arenot present in all common domestic animals are the:
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canines
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How many mammae do horses have?
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2 mammary glands
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Cranial nerves are unique in that some are responsible for performing multiple functions. Which cranial nerve has multiple functions?
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trigeminal
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The heart chamber that pumps blood to the lungs?
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right ventricle
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The nucleus is an essential component of all body cells except for:
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mature red blood cells
(a red blood cell loses its nucleus as it matures) |
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The cranial cheek teeth are the:
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premolars
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What is the chief action of the biceps brachium?
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flexion of the elbow
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Which vessel normally carries carbon dioxide-rich blood?
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Vena cava
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In cows, when does production of colostrum begin?
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during the last 2-3 weeks of gestation
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The circulatory system is lined by what kind of epithelium?
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simple squamous epithelium; forms the very smooth endothelium that lines the entire circulatory system
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Name the layers of the meninges from outer to inner
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dura mater
arachnoidea pia mater |
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Chordae tendineae are present on which valve?
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Bi- and tricuspid valves (the atrioventricular valves)
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What is a seperate cranial bone of horses and cats but in other species is present only in the fetus and fuses with surrounding bones before birth?
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Interparietal bone
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Parasympathetic stimulation is distributed to visceral structures by which 4 cranial nerves?
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III, VII, IX, X
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Functions of flat bones include all of the following except:
1)protecting the brain 2)provide large areas for muscle attachment 3)shield the heart and lungs 4)reduce friction |
reduce friction
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What is the main hormonal influence during proestrus?
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FSH
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Which of the following gives bones rigidity and makes them more opaque on x-rays?
Hemoglobin Granular white cells Inorganic salts Electrolytes |
Inorganic salts
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The portion of a hair beneath the skin surface is called the:
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root
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Which cranial nerve carries impulses from the ear to the brain?
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Acoustic (VIII)
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The sebaceous glands of the skin are:
compound alveolar compound tubular simple alveolar simple tubular |
simple alveolar
Sebaceous glands are simple sac-like (alveolar) structures |
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Which of the following is not a normal function of the liver in an adult animal?
bile secretion blood cell formation destroy old red blood cells protien synthesis |
blood cell formation
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What is the pigmented sphincter-like structure of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the posterior eye?
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Iris (pigmented structure surrounding the pupil)
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The portal vein carries nutrient-righ blood from the intestines to the:
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liver
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How many pairs of cranial nerves do dogs have?
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12
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The plasma membrane of the neuron in the resting state electrically polorized) is very permeable to K+ but is almost impermeable to:
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Na+
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Where is the ovum fertilized?
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Oviducts
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Which vessel brings freshly O2 blood from the placenta to a developing fetus?
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Umbilical vein
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Urine cannot be expelled from the bladder without relaxation of the:
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external sphincter
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Which statement concerning the skin is least accurate and why?
1)it is involved in synthesis of vit. D 2)it is the largest organ in the body 3)its underlayer (dermis) consists of epithelial and connective tissues 4)the epidermis is its more superficial layer |
3)its unerlayer (dermis)consists of epithelia and connective tissues
Correct: the dermis consists only of connective tissue |
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What is the cutaneous sac containing the testes?
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scrotum
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Which of the following is not a function of teh integument?
secretion and excretion sensation synthesis of vit. E temp. regulation |
Synthesis of vit. E
Vit. E is not synthesized by the skin |
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The function of Purkinje fibers is:
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to transmit the signal for ventricular contractions
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The most distal part of the digestice tract and most of the urogenital system are supplied with fibers from which portion of the parasympathetic nervous system?
(sacral, cervical, thoracic, or lumbar) |
Sacral
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The process or structure in a newborn ruminant animal that allows milk to ypass the rumen and reticulum and go directly to the omasum is:
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the esophageal groove;
Newborn ruminants are functionally simple-stomached animals. Until their forestomachs become active at weaning, the esophageal groove prevents milk from fermenting in the forestomach compartments. |
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The number of teats on the mammary glands of different animals varies. List the correct # of teats for a rat.
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12
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The right atrioventricular valve is the:
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tricuspid
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During what part of the estrous cycle is the female most receptive to the male?
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estrus (AKA heat)
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If an animal is unable to control its fall and cannot right itself, which spinal tract is most likely affected?
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Lateral white columns
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Of the 12 cranial nerves, which is a motor nerve to muscles in the shoulder and neck?
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accessory
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Which of the following is not a feature of the right side of the heart?
Atrium Chordae tendineae pulmonary valve mitral valve |
mitral valve (it is the left atrioventricular valve)
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Muscles that tend to pull a limb toward the median place are termed:
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adductors
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The ventral corticospinal tract connects the motor area of the cerebral cortex with motor cells in the ventral gray horns on the same and opposite sides of the spinal cord. The impulses are associated with?
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Voluntary motor activity
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An electrical charge moving along the membrane of a nerve fiber is called?
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an impulse
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What emzyme inactivates acetylcholine?
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Acetylcholinesterase
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What is produced by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans?
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Insulin
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What is produced by the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans?
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Glucagon (which has the opposite effect of insulin)
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Where are the ovaries located?
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Near/adjacent to the kidneys
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What 2 hormones have the greatest influence on the kidneys?
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aldosterone and ADH
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what body fluid cannot clot?
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serum
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During, or shortly after, which stage of the estrous cycle does ovulation occur?
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estrus
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What is the most proximal, short portion of the small intestine?
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duodenum
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The transfer of O2 and CO2 between the air and blood in the lungs is accomplished by:
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diffusion; the gases difuse from than area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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The short, irregular tubular structure in the neck region that acts as a valve to control air flow to the lungs is the:
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larynx
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Sperm can be fertile for up to how many hours in the reproductive tract of a ewe?
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48 hours
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The main component of the tunical media of muscular arteries is:
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smooth muscle fibers
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What are the 3 major subdivisions of the brain?
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cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum
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What kind of epithelium lines the alveoli?
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simple squamous
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What hormone is secreted by the kidneys?
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renin
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How often does estrus occur in normal, nonpregnant cows?
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avg. estrous cycle is 19-23 days
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Most absorption in the kidneys is:
active passive constant by diapedesis |
passive
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the lining epithelium of blood vessles is called:
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endothelium
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Enlargement of which structure is responsible for prolonged retention of the penis within the vagina during coitus (copulation) in canines?
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bulbus glandis
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The smallest ruminant forestomach, and the one most commonly involved in hardware disease, is the:
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reticulum
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What is the term for reflex emptying of the epididymis, urethra, and accessory sex glands
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ejaculation
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Homeostasis or homeokinesis is the chief role of what part of the nervous system?
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autonomic nervous system
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The epithelium lining the upper respiratory tract?
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Pseudostratified columnar
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The epithelium is:
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stratified squamous, keratinized
(keritinized epithelium makes up the dry skin surface) |
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What is the literal definition of corpus lutium (CL)?
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yellow body
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The least movable of the attachments of a muscle to bone is the:
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origin
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Hypoadrenocorticism is commonly referred to as:
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Addison's disease
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The vessel that carries blood to the nephron is the:
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afferent arteriole
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Which cranial nerve mediated the sense of smell?
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Olfactory
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Which female has ovaries that resemble a cluster of grapes because of the large # of protruding follicles?
cow, ewe, sow, mare |
Sow (pig) because she is litter bearing
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Branch-like structures that conduct impulses toward the nerve cell body are:
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dendrites
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What structure of the fetal heart largely allows blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation?
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Foramen ovale
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Nerve fibers encased in a white sheath of fatty material are termed:
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myelinated
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The cell membrane that surrounds tissue cells is made up of:
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2 protien layers surrounding a lipid layer
(3 layers make up a cell membrane: a lipid layer is sandwiched between the 2 protien layers) |
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Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
Acid-base regulation mastication olfaction phonation |
mastication or chewing is a digestive system function
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Within bone, blood vessels from the periosteum and endosteum communicate with those of the Haversian system via which canals?
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Volkmann's
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Which nerve (the largest aeripheral nerve in the body) stimulates muscles of the theigh region
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sciatic
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Which of the followin is not a layer of the fetal placenta?
Caruncle amnion chorion allantois |
caruncle: its a maternal structure
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Arthritis may lead to an increased production of:
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synovial fluid
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The os penis of the dog and cat and the ossa cordis found in the heart of ruminants are examples of what kind of bones?
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Splanchic bones (which develop in soft organs, remote from the rest of the skeleton)
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If an animal loses its balance and develpos nystagmus, the nerve most likely to be the cause is the:
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aduitory
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Where is the thyroid gland located?
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adjacent to the trachea
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What is the normal average gestation period of horses?
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336 days
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Average gestation period of a bitch?
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63 days
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Average gestation period of an ewe?
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148 days
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Average gestation period of a cow?
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285 days
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Metritis is inflammation of the:
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uterus
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Most synovial jointsare similar in structure and include all of the following except:
articular cartilage ligaments joint capsule tendons |
tendons
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Where is the main filtration mechanism in the kidney?
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glomerulus
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What is the primary function of the urinary system?
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extraction of waste products from the blood
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Raising a horse's head prevents kicking by extending the neck, which increases the tone of the extensor muscles of the forelimbs and decreases the tone of the extensors in the hind limbs. This postural reaction is referred to as:
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Tonic neck reflex
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List the structures in the order in which encountered by a blood cell starting from the heart (not specific)
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Arteries
capillaries veins heart |
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What is the agent that aids in secretion and release of milk from the mammary gland after parturition?
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Oxytocin
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The oil glands of the skin are?
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sebaceous glands
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What is the funnel-like strcuture of the oviduct adjacent to the ovary?
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Infundibulum
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What is the correct order for the stages of the estrous cycle?
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Proestrus
estrus metestrus anestrus |
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What is the relatively short period of quiescence (estrus inactivity) between estrous cycles in polyestrous animals?
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diestrus
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Nerve fibers carrying information to the brain are termed:
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afferent
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Each cardiac cycle in a normal heart results from an impulse that is initiated in the:
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sinoartial node
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Which triangular and flat muscle originates along the dorsal midline and inserts mainly on the spine of the scapula?
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trapezius
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The bundle of His is located in what part of the heart?
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Interventricular septum
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Which cranial nerve conducts motor impulses to the tongue?
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Hypoglossal (XII)
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The adrenal glands produce:
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Glucocorticoids
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Compared with blood entering the alveolar capillaries, air drawn into the alveoli of the lungs has:
(Hint: compare Pco2) |
Lower Pco2 and higher Pco2;
Inhaled air contains more O2 and less CO2 than does blood entering the alveolar capillaries |
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Hormones with masculinizing effects are known as:
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androgens
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The spasmodic muscluar contractions that produce heat to help maintain normal body temp are called:
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shivering
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Proceeding caudally, the trachea bifurcates into 2:
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mainstream bronchi
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The outermost layer of the digestive tube is the:
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serosa
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Which blood cell normally contains red-staining granules in its cytoplasm?
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eosinophils
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Extracapsular (periarticular) ligaments are those outside the joint capsule and include all of the following except:
Collerateral ligament Dorsal Ligament Palmar ligament Proximal ligament |
proximal ligament
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How often should cows with mastitis be milked?
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frequently
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Which areas of bone fuse early in life but cause bones to continue to increase in size as a result of the hereditary condition known as achondroplasia?
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Metaphyses
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What structure is a passageor a tube-like opening through bone?
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meatus
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The pancreas produces:
THyroxine Prolactin Insulin Progesterone |
insulin
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Which of the following is a response to increased sympathetic tone?
1) accelerated heart rate and amplitude 2)constricted bronchiles 3)dilated blood vessels in the intestinal tract 4)increased gastrointestinal secretions |
1) accelerated heart rate ad amplitude
The sympathetic nervous system is used in emergency situations (fight-or-flight) |
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The least numerous type of blood cells is normally the:
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basophil
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The max amount that a muscle fiber can contract is about what proportion of its resting length?
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1/2
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Which hormone inhibits excessive uterine motility during gestation?
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Progesterone maintains a quiescent (quiet) uterus during gestation
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Where do spermatozoa mature?
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epididymis
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The crown of teh tooth is covered by?
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enamel
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Which enzyme is necessary for deposition of calcium salts in osteoid tissue to form true bone?
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Phosphatase
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The exocrine secretion of the pancreas contains large amounts of:
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digestive enzymes
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The large muscle in the calf of teh leg that flexes the stifle and extends the hock is the:
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gastrocnemius
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The ductus arteriosus in a fetus joins the:
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aorta and pulmonary artery
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In general, muscles are divided into 3 major groups according to their cellular structure. These are:
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Striated
smooth cardiac |
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Internal respiration takes place:
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throughout the body tissues
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