Anatomy And Physiology 17, 18, 19

Front 1

Which of the following is not a function of muscles

Back 1

storage

Front 2

The muscles ability to stretch or extend and to return to its resting length is called

Back 2

extensibility

Front 3

The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the

Back 3

sarcomere

Front 4

Which structure allows the electrical signals to travel along the sarcolemma and move deeper into the cell

Back 4

Transverse tubules

Front 5

The four kinds of protein that make up myofilaments are

Back 5

myosin, actin, tropomyosin, troponin

Front 6

According to the sliding filament theory

Back 6

Actin moves past myosin

Front 7

The energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by hydrolysis of

Back 7

ATP

Front 8

Anaerobic respiration results in the formation of an incompletely catabolized molecule called

Back 8

lactic acid

Front 9

The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the

Back 9

Threshold stimulus

Front 10

Three phases of twitch contraction are the

Back 10

latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase

Front 11

Repeated stimulation of muscle in time lessens its excitability and contractibility and may result in

Back 11

fatigue

Front 12

Central nervous system consists of

Back 12

brain and spinal cord

Front 13

Sympathetic division produces the

Back 13

fight or flight response

Front 14

Efferent nervous system consists of all

Back 14

outgoing motor pathways

Front 15

What has the ability of phagocytosis

Back 15

Microglia

Front 16

What helps to form the blood-brain barrier

Back 16

Astrocyte

Front 17

What produces the fatty myelin sheath in the PNS

Back 17

Schwann cell

Front 18

What is the largest and most numerous of the neuroglial cells

Back 18

Astrocyte

Front 19

What produces the myelin sheath in the CNS

Back 19

Oligodendrocyte

Front 20

What type of neuroglia that forms the neurilemmal

Back 20

Schwann cell

Front 21

What is called the "star cell"

Back 21

Astrocyte

Front 22

The disorder of this cell is associated with multiple sclerosis

Back 22

Oligodendrocyte

Front 23

What are classified as nerve fibers

Back 23

Axon and dendrites

Front 24

What conducts impulses toward the cell body

Back 24

Dendrites

Front 25

A neuron with one axon and several dendrites is a

Back 25

Multipolar neuron

Front 26

Which type of neuron lies entirely within the CNS

Back 26

Interneuron

Front 27

What is the sequence of an impulse over a reflex arc

Back 27

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

Front 28

A complete nerve, consisting of numerous fascicles and their blood supply, is held together by a fibrous coat called the

Back 28

Epineurium

Front 29

Muscle tone is maintained by

Back 29

negative feedback systems

Front 30

A contraction in which muscle length remains the same but muscle tension increases are called an

Back 30

Isometric contraction

Front 31

Exercise may cause an increase in muscle size is called

Back 31

hypertrophy

Front 32

The more muscle fibers contracting at the same time, the stronger the contraction of the entire muscle. The number of muscle fibers contracting depends on how many motor units are

Back 32

recruited

Front 33

Which of the following is not a general function of muscle tissue

Back 33

protection

Front 34

The skeletal muscle fiber characteristic of excitability directly results in these cells being capable of

Back 34

responding to nerve signal

Front 35

The correct order or arrangement of skeletal muscle cells from largest to smallest is

Back 35

fiber, myofibril and myofilament

Front 36

Which of the following are myofilament proteins

Back 36

troponin and tropomyosin

Front 37

The contractile unit of a myofibril is the

Back 37

sarcomere

Front 38

The chief function of the T tubule is to

Back 38

allow the electrical signal to move deep into the cell

Front 39

Myosin heads are also called

Back 39

Cross bridges

Front 40

During muscle contraction Ca++ us released from the

Back 40

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 41

The region of a muscle fiber where a motor neuron connects to the muscle fibers is called the

Back 41

motor endplate

Front 42

the thick myofilament is made up of myosin

Back 42

Yes

Front 43

Skeletal muscle has a poor ability to stretch

Back 43

No

Front 44

A T tubule sandwiched between sacks of sarcoplasmic reticulum is called a codon

Back 44

No

Front 45

Actin, Troponin, and Tropomyosin are present on the thin myofilament

Back 45

Yes

Front 46

The I band resides within a single sarcomere

Back 46

Yes

Front 47

Rigor mortis is caused by a lack of ATP to "turn off" muscle contractions

Back 47

Yes

Front 48

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 48

No

Front 49

Anaerobic respiration is the first choice of the muscle cell for the production of ATP

Back 49

No

Front 50

Compared with the inside of the cell, the outside of most cell membranes is

Back 50

positive

Front 51

The difference in electrical charge across a plasma membrane is called

Back 51

membrane potential

Front 52

A neuron's resting membrane potential is

Back 52

-70mv

Front 53

Which of the following statements is true concerning the sodium-potassium pump

Back 53

Three sodium ions are pumped out of the neuron for every two potassium ions pumped into the neuron

Front 54

During a relative refractory period

Back 54

an action potential is possible only in response to a very strong stimulus

Front 55

Voltage-gated channels are

Back 55

Ion channels that open in response to voltage fluctuations

Front 56

What current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier, the type of impulse conduction is

Back 56

Saltatory conduction

Front 57

The large diameter of a nerve fiber

Back 57

The faster the speed of conduction

Front 58

During rest, excess oxygen molecules in the sarcoplasm are attached to a large protein molecule called myoglobin

Back 58

Yes

Front 59

Anaerobic respiration results in the formation of an incompletely catabolized molecule called lactic acid

Back 59

Yes

Front 60

The principal components of a motor unit is

Back 60

One somatic motor neuron, The muscle fibers supplied by a somatic motor neuron

Front 61

The staircase phenomenon is also known as

Back 61

treppe

Front 62

skeletal muscles are innervated by

Back 62

Somatic motor neurons

Front 63

Which of the following statements concerning isometric contractions is true

Back 63

muscle length remains constant

Front 64

physiological muscle fatigue is caused by

Back 64

relative lack of ATP

Front 65

small distinct regions of gray matter within the CNS are usually called

Back 65

Nuclei

Front 66

Nerves that contain mostly efferent fibers are called

Back 66

Motor nerves

Front 67

Gray matter in the CNS consists of

Back 67

Cell bodies

Front 68

Most nerves in the human nervous system are

Back 68

mixed nerves

Front 69

Evidence now indicates that neurons may be replaced

Back 69

Yes

Front 70

Regeneration of nerve fibers will occur if the cell body is intact and the fibers have a neurilemmal

Back 70

Yes

Front 71

The are no differences between the CNS and PNS concerning the repair of damaged fibers

Back 71

False

Front 72

What is a disorder of the nervous system that involves the glia, rather than the neurons

Back 72

Multiple Sclerosis

Front 73

What is a common type of brain tumor that is usually benign but may still be life-threatening

Back 73

Glioma

Front 74

What is a highly malignant form of astrocytic tumor is known as

Back 74

Gliobastoma multiforme

Front 75

An inherited glial disease characterized by numerous benign fibrous neurons throughout the body is known as

Back 75

neurofibromatosis

Front 76

Most disorders of the nervous system involve

Back 76

glia rather than neurons

Front 77

Incoming sensory pathways are

Back 77

afferent

Front 78

The parasympathetic division coordinates the body's normal resting activities and is sometimes referred to as

Back 78

rest and repair division

Front 79

The myelin sheath is produced by

Back 79

Oligodendrocytes

Front 80

What are found only in peripheral neurons

Back 80

Schwann cells

Front 81

Myelin sheath gaps are often called

Back 81

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 82

Energy for neurons is provided by

Back 82

mitochondria

Front 83

Myelinated fibers are

Back 83

white

Front 84

Axons

Back 84

Neurons

Front 85

Neuroglia

Back 85

Supporting cells

Front 86

Astrocytes

Back 86

Neuroglia

Front 87

Neurons

Back 87

Sensory

Front 88

Neurons

Back 88

conduct impulses

Front 89

Neuroglia

Back 89

forms the myelin sheath around central nerve fibers

Front 90

Neuroglia

Back 90

phagocytosis

Front 91

Neurons

Back 91

efferent

Front 92

Neuroglia

Back 92

multiple sclerosis

Front 93

Neurons

Back 93

multipolar

Front 94

action potential and nerve impulses are synonymous

Back 94

True

Front 95

When repolarization has occured, an impulse cannot be conducted

Back 95

False

Front 96

The action potential is an all or none response

Back 96

True

Front 97

Many anesthetics function by inhibiting the opening of sodium channels and thus block the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses

Back 97

True

Front 98

Which of the following structures is not a main component of a chemical synapse

Back 98

synaptic process

Front 99

A synaptic knob is located on the

Back 99

Axon

Front 100

Spatial summation

Back 100

neurotransmitters released simultaneously from several pre-synaptic knobs converge on one post-synaptic neuron

Front 101

Ca++ ions cause the release of neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft

Back 101

True

Front 102

Neurotransmitters are released in a synapse and bind to

Back 102

receptors on the post-synaptic terminal

Front 103

Endurance training is also called

Back 103

aerobic training

Front 104

a muscle contracts the instant it is stimulated

Back 104

No

Front 105

Isotonic contractions is one in which the tone or tension within a muscle remains the same, but the length of the muscle changes

Back 105

True

Front 106

One method of studying muscles contraction is called

Back 106

myography

Front 107

Muscle with more toned than normal can be described as flaccid

Back 107

No

Front 108

Smooth muscle is located

Back 108

in the walls of hollow organs

Front 109

Skeletal muscle tissue

Back 109

contains many nuclei near the sarcolemma

Front 110

Skeletal muscle tissue

Back 110

is voluntary

Front 111

Smooth muscle tissue

Back 111

is not striated

Front 112

Cardiac muscle tissue is

Back 112

striated and contains a single nucleus

Front 113

Smooth muscle tissue

Back 113

peristaltic

Front 114

Has larger diameter T tubules that form dyads with sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 114

Cardiac muscle tissue

Front 115

Skeletal muscle tissue primary functions

Back 115

movement of bones, heat production, and posture

Front 116

Cardiac muscle tissue has

Back 116

intercalated disks

Front 117

Smooth muscle tissue has

Back 117

loosely organized sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 118

muscle strains are characterized by

Back 118

myalgia

Front 119

crush injuries can cause ______________ to accumulate in the blood and result in kidney failure

Back 119

myoglobin

Front 120

A viral infection of the nerves that control skeletal muscle movement is known as

Back 120

poliomyelitis

Front 121

The structural and functional center of the entire nervous system is the

Back 121

central nervous system

Front 122

Nerves that originate from the brain are called ________nerves

Back 122

cranial

Front 123

The somatic nervous system carries information to the

Back 123

skeletal muscles

Front 124

The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the _______divisions

Back 124

parasympathetic and sympathetic

Front 125

The ______nervous system is a complex network of nerve pathways embedded in the intestinal wall with a network of integators and feedback loops that can act somewhat independently

Back 125

enteric

Front 126

Excitable cells that conduct the impulses are called

Back 126

neurons

Front 127

The main chemical classes of neurotransmitters include all of the following except

Back 127

norepinephrine

Front 128

Which of the following is not a example of an amine neurotransmitter

Back 128

glycine

Front 129

Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in which of the following neurotransmitters

Back 129

amines

Front 130

Which of the following is not a catecholamine

Back 130

serotonin

Front 131

Cocaine produces a temporary feeling of well-being by blocking the re-uptake of dopamine

Back 131

True

Front 132

Multiple sclerosis is a _____________disorder

Back 132

myelin

Front 133

_________disease is a failure to release adequate dopamine at the synapse of certain motor pathways

Back 133

Parkinson's

Front 134

Neurotrophins stimulate neuron development but also can act as

Back 134

neurotransmitters and neuromodulators

Front 135

A membrane that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be

Back 135

polarized

Front 136

The membrane potential maintained by a nonconducting neuron's plasma membrane is called the

Back 136

resting membrane potential

Front 137

The mechanisms that produce and maintain the resting membrane potential do so by producing a

Back 137

slight excess of positive ions on the outer surface of the plasma membrane

Front 138

The active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite direction and at different rates is the

Back 138

chloride channel

Front 139

An ion channel that opens in response to a sensory stimulus is a

Back 139

stimulus gated channel

Front 140

Movement of the membrane potential away from zero (below the usual RMP) is called

Back 140

hyperpolarization

Front 141

A term commonly used as a synonym for action potential is

Back 141

depolarization

Front 142

If the magnitude of the local depolarization surpasses a limit called the _________, voltage-gated Na+ channels are stimulated to open

Back 142

threshold potential

Front 143

The brief period during which a local area of an axon's membrane resists re-stimulation is called the _________period

Back 143

refractory

Front 144

The action potential seems to "leap" from node to node along a myelinated fiber. This type of impulse regeneration is called __________conduction

Back 144

saltatory

Front 145

There are two types of synapses-the electrical synapse and the ______synapse

Back 145

chemical

Front 146

The tiny budge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic's neuron's axon is called

Back 146

synaptic knob

Front 147

What mechanism quickly terminates the action of a neurotransmitter once it binds to its post-synaptic receptor

Back 147

Neurotransmitter molecules are transported back into synaptic knobs, the molecules are metabolized into inactive compounds and the molecules are transported into nearby glial cells

Front 148

When synaptic knobs stimulate a post-synaptic neuron in rapid succession, their effect can add up over a brief period to produce an action potential-this is called

Back 148

termporal summation

Front 149

Which chemicals allow neurons to communicate with one another

Back 149

neurotransmitters

Front 150

What is a group of genetic diseases characterized by atrophy of skeletal muscle tissue

Back 150

muscular dystrophy

Front 151

What is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction

Back 151

Myasthenia Gravis

Front 152

When a muscle does not shorten and no movement results, the contraction is

Back 152

Isometric

Front 153

Pushing against a wall is an example of which type of contraction

Back 153

Isometric

Front 154

Prolonged activity causes muscles to shrink in mass, a condition called

Back 154

disuse atrophy

Front 155

muscle fibers usually contract to about _____% of their starting length

Back 155

80

Front 156

Which statement is true if smooth muscle

Back 156

it lines the walls of many hollow organs

Front 157

what is a quick jerky response of a given muscle to a single stimulus called

Back 157

twitch

Front 158

The energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by hydrolysis of amino acids

Back 158

No

Front 159

A motor neuron together with the cells it innervates is called a motor unit

Back 159

Yes

Front 160

If muscles are stimulated repeatedly without adequate periods of rest, the strength of the muscle contraction will decrease, resulting in fatigue

Back 160

Yes

Front 161

The minimum level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the threshold stimulus

Back 161

yes

Front 162

Weakness of abdominal muscles can lead to a hernia

Back 162

yes

Front 163

There are two types of smooth muscle visceral and multi unit

Back 163

yes

Front 164

Cardiac muscle is also known as striated involuntary

Back 164

yes

Front 165

The length/extension relationship states that the maximum strength a muscle can develop is related to the length of the fibers

Back 165

yes

Front 166

Skeletal muscles have little effect on body temperature

Back 166

No

Front 167

Which of these glia cells are located in the peripheral nervous system

Back 167

Schwann cells

Front 168

The glia cells that help form the blood-brain barrier are the

Back 168

astrocytes

Front 169

What structure of the Schwann cell is essential to normal nerve growth and the regeneration of injured nerve fibers

Back 169

neurilemma

Front 170

The _______ of a neuron is a single process that usually extends from a tapered portion of the cell body

Back 170

axon

Front 171

Which of the following is not a structural classification of neurons

Back 171

polar

Front 172

A signal conduction route to and from the central nervous system is an

Back 172

reflex arc

Front 173

Bundles of myelinated fibers make up the

Back 173

white matter of the nervous system

Front 174

Neurons have

Back 174

very limited capacity to repair themselves

Front 175

What term describes the bundles of nerve fibers within the central nervous system

Back 175

tracts