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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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rostral
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toward the forehead
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caudal
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toward the spinal cord
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three major potions of the brains
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cerebrum cerebellum brainstem
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cerebrum
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cerebral hemispheres, gyri, sulci, longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum
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cerebellum
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located in posterior cranial fossa
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brainstem
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portion of the brain that remains if the cerebrum and cerebellum are removed
- diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
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gyri
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thick fold
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sulci
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shallow grooves
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longitudinal fissure
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deep groove that separates cerebral hemisphere
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corpus callosum
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thick nerve bundle at bottom of longitudinal fissure that connects hemispheres
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gray matter
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made up of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and synapses.
- form surface layer, cortex over cerebrum and cerebellum |
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white matter
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composed of tracts, and bundles of axons. connects one part of the brain to another
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ectoderm
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outermost tissue layer of the embryo
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neuroectoderm
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dorsal streak appears along the length of embryo
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neural plate
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give rise to most neurons and all glial cells
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neural groove
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formed by neural plates that have shrunk
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neural fold
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folds along the midline begins in cervical region
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neural tube
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a hollow channel that separates from overlying ectoderm
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neural crest
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gives rise to 2 inner meninges, most of the peripheral nervous system and other structures of skeletal integumentary and endocrine system
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meninges
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three connective tissue membranes that envelop the brain
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dura mater
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contains 2 layers (outer periosteal and inner meningeal)
- in cranial cavity |
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arachnoid mater
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transparent membrane over brain surface
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pia mater
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thin membrane that follows contours of brain, even dipping into sulci
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subarachnoid space
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separates arachnoid mater from pia mater
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subdural space
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separates arachnoid mater from the dura mater
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meningitis
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inflammation of the meninges
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ventricles
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four inner chambers within the brain
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choroid plexus
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spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor of each ventricle
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ependyma
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neuroglia that lines the ventricles and covers choroid plexus
- produces Cerebrospinal fluid |
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cerebral spinal fluid
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clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of CNS
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lateral ventricle
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one in each cerebral hemisphere
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third ventricle
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single narrow medial space beneath corpus callous
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fourth ventricle
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smaller triangular chamber by pons and cerebellum
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interverticular foramen
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a tiny pore pore that connects third ventricle
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cerebral aqueduct
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runs through mid brain and connects
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buoyancy
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allows brain to attain considerable size without being impaired by its own weight
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protection
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protects the brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted
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chemical stability
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the flow of CSF to rinse away metabolic wastes from nervous tissue and homeostatically regulates its chemical environment
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brain barrier system
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strictly regulates what substances can get from the bloodstream into the tissue fluid of the brain
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blood-brain barrier
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protects blood capillaries throughout brain tissue
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blood-CSF barrier
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protects the brain at the choroid plexus
- form tight junctions between ependymal cells |
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high permeable
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water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and anesthetics
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slightly permeable
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sodium, potassium, chloride, and creatine
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medulla oblongata controls
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cardiac center, vasomotor center, respiratory center, reflex center
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inferior olivary nucleus
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relay center for signals to cerebellum
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metencephalon
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develops into the pons and cerebellum
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pons
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anterior bulge in brainstem, rostral to medulla
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cellebular peduncles
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connect cerebellum to pons and midbrain
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pons contains what two tracts
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ascending sensory tracts, descending motor tracts
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cerebral peduncles
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two stalks that anchor the cerebrum to the brainstem anterior to the cerebral aqueduct
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reticular formation
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in pons associated with sleep, respiration, it is loosely organized web of gray matter
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midbrain
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contains cerebral aqueduct medial lemniscus and reticular formation and 2 cranial nerves that control eye movements
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functions of reticular formation
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somatic motor control
cardiovascular control pain modulation sleep and consciousness habituation |
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gaze center
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allow eyes to track and fixate on objects
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cerebellar function
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-monitors muscle contractions and aids in motor coordination
- evaluation of sensory input - timekeeping center - hearing - planning and scheduling tasks |
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forebrain
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consists of the diencephalon ( thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
and telencephalon |
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thalamus
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oviod maas on each side of the brain perched at the superior end of the brainstem beneath the cerebral hemispheres
- key role in motor control - involved in memory and emotional functions |
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hypothalamus
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forms part of the walls and floor of the third ventricle
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infundibulum
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stalk that attaches the pituitary glad to the hypothalamus
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functions of hypothalamus
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hormone secretion
autonomic effects thermoregulation food and water intake rhythm of sleep and walking memory emotional behavior |
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cerebrum
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largest and most conspicuous part of the human brain
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frontal lobe function
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voluntary motor functions, motivation foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgement aggression
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parietal lobe function
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receives and integrates general sensory information, taste and some visual processing
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occipital lobe function
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primary visual center of brain
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temporal lobe function
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areas for hearing, smell, learning memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion
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insula lobe function
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understanding spoke language, taste, and sensory information from visceral receptors
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cerebral cortex
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layer covering the surface of the hemispheres
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neocortex
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six layered tissue that constitutes about 90% of the human cerebral cortex
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basal nuclei
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masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter lateral to the thalamus
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limbic system
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important center of emotion and learning
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gratification
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sensations of pleasure or reward
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aversion
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sensations of fear of sorrow
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higher brain functions
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sleep, memory, emotion, sensation, motor control, language
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electroencephalogram (EEG)
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monitors surface electrical activity of brain waves
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brain waves
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rhythmic voltage change resulting from synchronized postsynaptic potentials at the superficial layer of the cerebral cortex
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sleep
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temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken stimulated
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sleep paralysis
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inhibition of muscular activity (sleep walking is due to lack of this)
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coma/hibernation
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states of prolonged unconsciousness where individuals cannot be aroused from those states by sensory stimulations
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cognition
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the range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge
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learning
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acquiring new information
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memory
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information and storage retrieval
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forgetting
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eliminating trivial information, as important as remembering
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amnesia
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defects in declarative memory
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declarative memory
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ability to describe past events
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procedural memory
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ability to tie your shoes
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anterograde amnesia
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cant add new information
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retrograde amnesia
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cannot recall things they knew before the injury
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hippocampus
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important memory forming-center
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memory consolidation
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the process of teaching the cerebral cortex until a long term memory is established
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百
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일백, 백
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hundred
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prefrontal cortex
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seat of judgement, intent and control over expression of emotions
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primary sensory cortex
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sites where sensory input is first received and one becomes conscious of the stimulus
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special senses
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limited to the head and employ relatively complex sense organs
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cognition
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the range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge
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learning
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acquiring new information
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memory
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information storage and retrieval
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forgetting
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eliminating trivial information
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amnesia
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defects in declarative memory
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declarative memory
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inability to describe past events
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procedural memory
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ability to tie your shoes
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feelings come from where
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hypothalamus and amygdala
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primary sensory cortex
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sites where sensory input is first received and one becomes conscious of the stimulus
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association area
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nearby to sensory areas that process and interpret that sensory information
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general senses
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distributed over the entire body and employ relatively simple receptors
- senses of touch, pressure, stretch, movement, heat, cold, and pain |
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sensory homunculus
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upside down sensory map of the contralateral side of the body
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somatotopy
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point for point correspondence between and area of the body and an area of the cns
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wernicke area
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permits recognition of spoken and written language and creates plan of speech
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broca area
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generates motor program for the muscles of the larynx and tongue cheeks and lips
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aprosody
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flat emotionless speech
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aphasia
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language deficit from lesions in same hemisphere (usually left)
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non fluent aphasia
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lesion in Broca area
- slow speech difficulty in choosing words |
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fluent aphasia
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lesion in Wernicke area
- speech is normal and excessive, but uses jargon that makes little sense - cannot comprehend written and spoken words |
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anomic aphasia
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speak normally, but cannot identify written words or pictures
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Cerebral lateralization
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the difference in the structure and function of the cerebral hemispheres
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Categorical hemisphere
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left hemisphere
- specialized for spoken and written language. -sequential and analytical reasoning (math and science) |
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representational hemisphere
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right hemisphere
-perceives information in a more integrated holistic way - seat of imagination and insight - musical and artistic skills |
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# of cranial nerves
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12, arise from the base of the brain and exit the cranium through foramina
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motor fibers of the cranial nerves begin in
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the nuclei of brainstem and lead to glands and muscles
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sensory fibers begin in receptors mainly in
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the neck and head and lead mainly to the brainstem
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cranial nerve classification
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sensory, motor, mixed
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sensory nerves
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C1, C2, C8
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Motor nerves
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C3,C4,C6, C11, C12
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Mixed nerves
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C5, C7, C9, C10
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olfactory nerve
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C1- Sense of Smell
- damage causes impaired sense of smell |
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Optic nerve
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C2- Provides Vision
-damage causes blindness in part of all of the visual field |
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oculomotor nerve
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C3- controls movement of eyes, iris, lens, and upper eyelid
- damage causing drooping eyelid, dilate pupil, double vision, inability to move eye in certain direction |
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Trochlear Nerve
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C4- eye movement (superior oblique muscle)
- damage causes double vision and inability to rotate eye inferolaterally |
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Trigeminal Nerve
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C5- sensory of face and mastification
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Abducens Nerve
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C6- provides eye movement (lateral rectus muscle)
- damage results in inability to rotate eye laterally and at rest eye rotates medially |
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Facial Nerve
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C7- facial expressions
-damage produces sagging facial muscles and disturbed sense of taste |
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Vestibulocochlear nerve
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C8- nerve for hearing and equilibrium
- damage produces deafness, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance and nystagmus |
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve
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C9-swallowing, salivation, gagging, control of BP and respiration
-damage results in loss of bitter and sour taste and impaired swallowing |
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Vagus Nerve
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C10- control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive and urinary function
- swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera -damage causes hoarseness or loss of voice, impaired swallowing and fatal if both are cut. |
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Accessory Nerve
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C11- swallowing, head, neck and shoulder movement
- damage causes impaired head neck shoulder movement, |
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Hypoglossal Nerve
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C12- tongue movements, food manipulation, and swallowing
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