Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are 3 functions of the spinal cord?
|
1-It processes reflexes
2-It's the site for integration of EPSP and IPSP 3-It's a conduction pathway for sensory and motor nerve impulses |
|
|
Where does the sensory neuron enter the spinal cord?
|
through the dorsal root
|
|
|
Where does the motor neuron exit the spinal cord?
|
through the ventral root
|
|
|
What are 3 protective structures of the spinal cord?
|
1-Bony vertebrae
2-Cerebral spinal fluid 3-Tough connective tissue meninges |
|
|
In what way does the CSF protect the spinal cord?
|
it cushions the spinal cord on the exterior and interior
|
|
|
the spinal meninges and the cranial meninges are or are not continuous with each other?
|
ARE
|
|
|
Name the 3 spinal meninges
|
1-Dura mater
2-Arachnoid mater 3-Pia mater |
|
|
What is the most superficial meningeal layer?
|
dura mater
|
|
|
What is the middle meningeal layer?
|
arachnoid mater
|
|
|
What is the deepest meningeal layer?
|
pia mater
|
|
|
What is the dura mater's tissue composed of?
|
dense irregular connective tissue
|
|
|
Which meningeal layer has an avascular covering?
|
arachnoid mater
|
|
|
What type of tissue is in the pia mater?
|
shiny and thin connective tissue
|
|
|
Define epidural space
|
space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal
|
|
|
What is the Epidural space filled with?
|
adipose tissue
|
|
|
Define subdural space
|
it's space between he dura mater and arachnoid mater that is filled with interstitial fluid
|
|
|
Define Denticulate Ligaments
|
Thickenings of the pia mater that project laterally and fuse with the arachnoid and dura mater
|
|
|
Define Subarachnoid space
|
Space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that is filled with CSF
|
|
|
How far does the spinal cord extend down the vertebrae in adults?
|
to the 2nd lumbar vertebra
|
|
|
How far does the spinal cord extend in infants?
|
To the 3rd or 4th lumbar region
|
|
|
Define filium terminale
|
extension of pia mater that holds up spinal cord to saccrum
|
|
|
Where are the cervical enlargements found?
|
from 4th cervical vertebrae to 1st thoracic vertebrae
|
|
|
Where can the lumbar enlargements be found in the spinal cord?
|
from the 9th thoracic vertebrae to the 12th thoracic vertebrae
|
|
|
Which vertebrae have no plexuses?
|
The thoracic vertebrae
|
|
|
Define the Reflex Arc
|
Very rapid response involving skeletal muscles to remove body from obnoxious stimulus
|
|
|
Give the 5 steps for the reflex arc
|
1-Sensory receptors
2-sensory neurons 3-integrating center in gray matter 4-motor neuron 5-effector |
|
|
What are the 4 important somatic spinal reflexes?
|
1-Stretch reflex
2-Tendon reflex 3-flexor reflex 4-crossed extensor reflex |
|
|
describe the stretch reflex
|
-monosynaptic
-ipsilateral |
|
|
describe the tendon reflex
|
-polysynaptic
-ipsilateral |
|
|
Describe the flexor reflex
|
-polysynaptic
-intersegmental and ipsilateral |
|
|
Describe Crossed extensor reflex
|
-polysynaptic
-intersegmental and contralateral |
|
|
Define Tracts
|
Nerves in the spinal cord
|
|
|
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
|
31
|
|
|
How are the spinal nerves classified?
|
according to the segment from which they arise
|
|
|
How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?
|
8
|
|
|
How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there?
|
12
|
|
|
How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there?
|
5
|
|
|
How many sacral nerves are there?
|
5
|
|
|
How many coccygeal nerves are there?
|
1
|
|
|
What are spinal roots?
|
Bundles of axons that connect spinal nerves to the spinal cord
|
|
|
Which type of neuron enters the dorsal root?
|
Sensory neuron (and axon)
|
|
|
Which type of neuron exits the ventral root?
|
Motor neuron (axon)
|
|
|
Where does the ventral root send it's impulses to and from?
|
from the CNS to the effectors
|
|
|
Where does the dorsal root get it's impulses from?
|
the PNS
|
|
|
What does the dorsal root ganglion contain?
|
it contains cell bodies of sensory neurons
|
|
|
What are the 3 horns of the gray matter in the spinal cord named?
|
1-Anterior gray horns
2-Posterior gray horns 3-Lateral gray horns |
|
|
What do the anterior gray horns contain in the spinal cord?
|
cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
|
|
|
What do the posterior gray horns contain in the spinal cord?
|
somatic and autonomic sensory nuclei.
|
|
|
What is the job of the posterior gray horns in the spinal cord?
|
it's in charge of information processing, relaying, and decision-making.
|
|
|
Where are the lateral gray horns found in the body?
|
only in the thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral segments of the spinal cord
|
|
|
What do the lateral gray horns contain in the spinal cord?
|
cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
|
|
|
What are the regions called that separate the white matter into sections?
|
columns
|
|
|
Define columns in reference to white matter
|
Bundles of tracts
|
|
|
What are the 3 pairs of white matter columns called?
|
1-anterior or ventral white columns
2-posterior or dorsal white columns 3-lateral white columns |
|
|
Define Tracts
|
Bundles of axons of nerve cells that extend long distances and are continuous with the brain
|
|
|
Which way do sensory tracts go?
|
up
|
|
|
Which way do motor tracts go?
|
down
|
|
|
What are the 2 principle functions of the spinal cord?
|
1-Nerve impulse propagation
2-information integration |
|
|
What are the information integration reflexes?
|
1-Spinal
2-cranial 3-somatic 4-autonomic |
|
|
Is a nerve and organ?
|
Yes; an organized organ
|
|
|
Where is the perineurium?
|
surrounding the individual fascicle
|
|
|
Where is the endoneurium
|
Surrounding the axon
|
|
|
Where is the Epineurium?
|
Surrounding entire nerve
|
|
|
Define Rami
|
Branches that pass through the intervertebral foramen.
|
|
|
Describe the posterior or dorsal ramus
|
It supplies the deep muscles and skin of the dorsal surface of the trunk
|
|
|
Describe the anterior or ventral ramus
|
It supplies muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs and the skin of the lateral and ventral surfaces of the trunk.
|
|
|
Describe the meningeal branch
|
It re-enters the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramen and supplies the vertebrae, ligaments, blood vessels, and meninges.
|
|
|
The ________ rami does NOT go directly to the body structures
|
anterior
|
|
|
What are the five spinal plexuses?
|
1-cervical
2-lumbar 3-sacral 4-coccygeal 5-brachial |
|
|
Name the 7 spinal cord transections
|
C1-C3
C4-C5 C6-C7 T1-T3 T4-T9 T10-L1 L1-L2 |
|
|
Define dermatomes
|
Area of skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via the posterior roots of one pair of spinal nerves or via the cranial nerve V
|
|
|
Which nerve does NOT have a dermatome?
|
C1
|
|
|
What are Shingles?
|
an acute infection of the PNS; herpes zoster; skin blisters
|
|
|
What is polio?
|
Attack on PNS/cell bodies of motor neurons that causes paralysis; loss of some somatic reflexes; fever, headaches, stiff neck and back
|
|
|
What is meningitis?
|
Infection of the meninges; can be spinal or cranial; can be fatal or mild; usually treated with antibiotic
|
|
|
What are the 3 homeostatic imbalances in reference to infections?
|
1-shingles
2-polio 3-meningitis |
|
|
Where is the arbor vitae?
|
in the cerebellum
|
