Anatomy And Physiology 1 Ch.3

Front 1

3:1 cells are the basic units of the body

Back 1

. the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in the body

. cells are measured and micrometers (microns, um)

. cells that have developed specialize characteristics are said to be Differentiated

. cells vary in size and shape; structure and functions are inter-related

Front 2

3:2 A composite cell

Back 2

. There is no typical cell but a composite cell shows the components found in most cells

Front 3

About how many cells are there in the human body?

Back 3

There are 50 to 100 trillion cells in the human body

Front 4

What are the 3 major parts of the cell?

Back 4

1. Nucleus

2. Cytoplasm

3. Cell membrane

Front 5

What is cytoplasm and what does it consist of?

Back 5

. Cytoplasm consists of organelles, with specific functions suspended in a liquid called Cytosol

Front 6

. Outer boundary of the cell

. Maintain integrity of cell

. Selectively permeable: regulates entry and exit of substance

. Signal transduction: permits cell to receive and respond to messages

. Consists mainly of lipids and proteins, with some carbohydrates

Back 6

Cell (plasma) membrane

Front 7

. What structure of the cell membrane framework is phospholipid bilayer:

- water-soluble (hydrophilic) heads form surfaces

- water-insoluble (hydrophobic) tails form interior

Back 7

Cell membrane structure

Front 8

Cell membrane structure

What substances are permeable and impermeable to phospholipid bilayer?

Back 8

Lipid-soluble substances: permeable

Water-soluble substances: impermeable

Front 9

Cell membrane structure

What stabilizes the membrane and helps keep it impermeable to water-soluble substances?

Back 9

Cholesterol

Front 10

Cell membrane structure

Membrane proteins have many functions:

Back 10

. Pores, channels, receptors, enzymes, cell contact and identification, CAMs ( Cell Adhesion Molecules)

Front 11

Cell membrane structure

What role do carbohydrates play in the cell membrane?

Back 11

- cell recognition and interaction

- self markers

Front 12

. Guide cells on the move

. Selectins: coat White blood cells and anchor them by providing friction

. Integrins: Direct white blood cells through capillary walls toward infectious site

. Guide embryonic cells toward material cells to form placenta

. Establish connections between nerve cells

Back 12

Cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Front 13

Consists of networks of membrane and organelles suspended in cytosol

Back 13

Cytoplasm

Front 14

Cytoplasm

Define cytosol & organelles

Back 14

. Cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles

. Cytosol: fluid portion of the cytoplasm

. Organelles: tiny solid structures with specific functions in the cell

Front 15

Cytoplasm contains the _____, a supporting framework of protein rods and tubules

Back 15

Cytoskeleton

Front 16

Cytoplasmic organelles

. Composed of protein and RNA

. Free in cytoplasm or on RER

. Provide structural support and enzyme activity to link amino acid proteins synthesis

Back 16

Ribosomes

Front 17

. Membrane-bound sacs, canals, and vesicles

. Tubular transport system

. Rough ER contains ribosomes, conduct protein synthesis

. Smooth ER does not have ribosomes: conduct lipid synthesis

Back 17

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 18

. Membranous sacs

. Store or transfer substances

Back 18

Vesicles

Front 19

. Sacs flattened, membranous sacs

. Refines, packages, and delivers proteins made on the RER

Back 19

Golgi Apparatus

Front 20

. Membrane-bound fluid filled sacs

. House chemical reactions that extract energy from nutrients (cellular respiration, which produces ATP)

. Called the "powerhouse of the cell"

Back 20

Mitochondria

Front 21

. Small membranous sacs

. Contain enzymes that digest proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid, bacteria, debris, worn out cell parts

. "Garbage disposals" of cells

Back 21

Lysosomes

Front 22

. Membranous sacs similar to lysosomes

. Contain enzymes that's digest lipids, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide

Back 22

Peroxisomes

Front 23

. "Central body", consists of 2 centrioles

. In cytoplasm, near nucleus

. Centrioles are cylindrical, composed of microtubules

. Centrioles produce spindle fibers during cell division, which distribute chromosomes to form daughter cells

Back 23

Centrosomes

Front 24

. Motile extensions of cell membrane

. Consist of microtubules in cylindrical pattern

. Form a "fringe" on the surface of certain epithelial cells

. Shorter than flagella, but very abundant when present

. Beat back and forth in coordinated matter

. Propel muscles in respiratory tract, propel eggs toward uterus

Back 24

Cilia

Front 25

. Another type of motile extension from cell membrane

. Similar in structure to cilia, but much longer

. Flagellum causes the entire cell to move

. Tail of sperm is the only flagellum in a human cell

. Each cell only has 1 flagellum

Back 25

Flagella

Front 26

. Controls genetic material and controls cell activities

Back 26

Cell Nucleus

Front 27

. Porous, double-layered membrane

. Separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm

. Nuclear pores allow passage of certain substances

Back 27

Nuclear Envelope

Front 28

. Dense body of RNA and protein

. Site of ribosome production

Back 28

Nucleolus

Front 29

. Consists of cell's chromosomes, each containing DNA wound around proteins

. Stores information for protein synthesis

Back 29

Chromatin

Front 30

3.3 movements into and out of the cell

. Do not require ATP

. Diffusion

. Osmosis

. Facilitated diffusion

. Filtration

Back 30

Physical (Passive) Processes

Front 31

3.3 movements into and out of the cell

. Require ATP

. Active Transport

. Endocytosis

. Exocytosis

. Transcytosis

Back 31

Physiological (Active) Processes

Front 32

. Movement of atoms, molecules, or ions from region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration

. Occurs due to constant motion of atoms, molecules, or ions

. Only substances that the cell membrane is permeable to: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other lipid-soluble substances

. A dissolving sugar cube is an example of the diffusion

Back 32

Diffusion

Front 33

. Diffusion occurs across the cell membrane through ion channels or transporters

. Water-soluble substances (Na+, K+, Cl-, glucose, amino acids)

. Passive process; no ATP required

. Does not require energy but requires some form of chemical enegry

Back 33

Facilitated Diffusion

Front 34

. Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from region of higher water concentration to region of lower water concentration

. Water moves into region containing higher impermeant solute concentration

. Passive process; no ATP required

Back 34

Osmosis

Front 35

What's the difference between hypertonic & hypotonic?

Back 35

Hypertonic - more solid in water

Hypotonic - less solid in water

Front 36

Osmotic pressure

. Ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water

. Osmotic pressure increase as the concentration of impermeant solutes increases

Back 36

Osmotic pressure

Front 37

. Same osmotic pressure cells in an isotonic solution have no net gain or loss of water

Back 37

Isotonic Solution

Front 38

. Higher osmotic pressure cells in a hypertonic solution lose water

Back 38

Hypertonic Solution

Front 39

. Lower osmotic pressure cells in a hypotonic solution gain water

Back 39

Hypotonic Solution

Front 40

. Process that forces molecules through membranes by exerting pressure

. Used to separate solids from water, or small particles from large ones

. Example: when blood plasma leave capillaries, water and small solutes are filtered; but large plasma proteins are not

. Passive process; No ATP required

Back 40

Filtration

Front 41

. Movement of substances across a membrane from region lower concentration to region of higher concentration (against concentration gradient)

. Uses carrier molecules in cell membrane

. Active process; require ATP energy

. Examples; sugars, amino acids, Ca+2, H+, Na+/K+ pump

Back 41

Active Transport

Front 42

. Movement of a substance into the cell inside a vesicles

. Substances too large to enter by other methods can enter cell this way

Back 42

Endocytosis

Front 43

3 Types of endocytosis:

Back 43

Pinocytosis - Membrane engulfs droplets of liquid

Phagocytosis - Membrane engulfs solid particles

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis - Membrane engulfs specific substances, which have bound to receptor proteins on the membrane

Front 44

. Release of substances/particles from the cell

. Vesicle containing particles fuse with cell membrane and release contents

. Example: release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells

Back 44

Exocytosis

Front 45

. Involves receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by exocytosis

. Quickly transports substances from one end of cell to the other

. Moves substances across barriers formed by highly connected cells

. Example: transport of HIV across lining of anus or vagina

Back 45

Transcytosis

Front 46

3:4 the cell cycle

Series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides

Back 46

Cell Cycle

Front 47

3:4 the cell cycle

Stages:

Back 47

- Interphase

- Mitosis

- Cytokinesis

Front 48

. A very active period in cell cycle

. Cell grows

. Cell maintains normal functions

. Cell replicates genetic material (DNA) to prepare for mitosis (Nuclear division)

. Cell synthesizes organelles, membranes, and biochemicals to prepare for cytokinesis (Division of cytoplasm

Back 48

Interphase

Front 49

phases:

What are the the stages of the cell cycle?

Back 49

S (synthesis) phase: DNA is replicated

G1 and G2 (growth or gap) phases: structures other than DNA are replicated and cell grows

Front 50

. Produces two daughter cells from an original somatic cell

Back 50

Mitotic Cell Division

Front 51

. Division of the nucleus

Back 51

Mitosis

Front 52

. Division of the Cytoplasm and Division of Cytoplasmic division

Back 52

Cytokinesis

Front 53

Phases of Mitosis:

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse

Back 53

Prophase

Front 54

. Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers, and align midway between centrioles

Back 54

Metaphase

Front 55

. Chromosomes separates and move in opposite directions, toward centrioles

Back 55

Anaphase

Front 56

. Chromosomes return to chromatin structure, nuclear envelope forms, nucleoli become visible

Back 56

Telophase

Front 57

3:5 control of cell division:

What 2 Frequency of cell division is strictly regulated, and varies by cell type:

Back 57

- skin cells, intestinal cells, and blood-forming cells divide often and continually

- neurons divide a specific number of times, then cease

Front 58

3:5 control of cell division

Back 58

. Chromosomes tips (telomeres) that shorten with each Mitosis provide a mitotic clock

. Fluctuating levels of certain proteins in cell control cell cycle

. Cells divide to provide a more favorable surface area to volume relationship

. Hormones and growth factors are external control for cell division

Front 59

3:5 control of cell division:

Healthy cells stop dividing when they become crowded

Tumors can result from a loss of control over frequency of mitosis

Back 59

Contact Inhibition

Front 60

Tumors

2 types of tumors:

Back 60

Benign: remains in local area

Malignant: invasive, cancerous, can spread or metastasize

Front 61

Tumors:

2 major types of genes cause cancer:

Back 61

Oncogenes: abnormal forms of genes that control cell cycle, but are overexpressed

Tumor suppressor: normally limit mitosis, but if inactive/removed cannot regulate mitosis cancer cell called "immortal", since they do not stop dividing after 40 - 60 divisions

Front 62

3:7 cell division

. Programmed cell death

. Normal part of development

. A continuous, stepwise process

. Remove webbing between fetal fingers and toes

. Protective peels away damaged skin cells after sunburn

This is called?

Back 62

Apoptosis

Front 63

3:7 cell death

. Cell death from damage

. Not a normal process

Example: gangrene

Back 63

Necrosis