Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy
|
The structure of the Human Body
|
|
Physiology
|
Function of the Human Body
|
|
The Characteristics of Life
|
1. Growth
2. Reproduction 3. Digestion 4. Respiration 5. Assimilation 6. Excretion 7. Metabolism |
|
Needs of an Organism
|
1. Water
2. Oxygen 3. Food 4. Heat 5. Pressure (atmospheric pressure) |
|
Hypoxia
|
Insufficient amount of Oxygen
|
|
Homeostasis
|
Maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body
|
|
Hyperthermia
|
Above normal body temperature
|
|
Hypothermia
|
Below normal body temperature
|
|
Heat related illness
|
1. Heat Stress
2. Heat Exhaustion 3. Heat Stroke |
|
Homeostatic Mechanisms
|
Sweating (vasodilation)
No sweating (vasoconstriction) Shivering |
|
Levels of Organization
|
1. Subatomic Particles
2. Atom 3. Molecule 4. Macromolecule 5. Organelle 6. Cell 7. Tissue 8. Organ 9. Organ System 10. Organism |
|
Glucagon
|
Hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes the release of glucose from glycogen (raises blood sugar level)
|
|
Gluconeogenesis
|
The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate materials, such as amino acid molecules.
|
|
Glucose
|
A monosaccharide (simple sugar, 6-carbon sugar) found in the blood that serves as the primary source of cellular energy.
|
|
Glycerol
|
An organic compound that serves as a building block for fat molecules
|
|
Glycogen
|
A polysaccharide that functions to store glucose in the liver and muscles
|
|
Glycogenesis
|
The formation of glycogen from glucose in the liver and muscles
|
|
Glycogenolysis
|
The conversion of glycogen to glucose
|
|
Glycolysis
|
The conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid during cellular respiration (anerobic respiration).
|
|
Glycoprotein
|
A substance composed of a carbohydrate combined with a protein
|
|
Stages of Mitosis
|
I - interphase
P - prophase M - metaphase A - anaphase T - telaphase |
|
Passive Transport
|
No energy required
Lesser concentration to greater concentration (with the concentration gradient) Does not require carriers except for facilitated diffusion |
|
Types of Passive Transport
|
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Hydrostatic pressure/filtration |
|
Active Transport
|
Requires Energy
Lesser concentration to greater concentration (against the concentration gradient) Requires protein carriers |
|
Types of Active Transport
|
Endocytosis - into
Exocytosis - exit Phagocytosis - cell eating Pinocytosis - cell drinking Receptor-mediated Endocytosis |
|
Development
|
Zygote to Adult
1. Growth: an increase in size 2. Differentiation: specialization of cells and tissues 3. Morphogenesis: shaping of the adult body |
|
Polysaccharides
|
Complex carbs - storage of energy - glycogen
|
|
Disaccharides
|
Transport energy - sucrose
|
|
Nucleic Acids
|
DNA contains genetic information
RNA copy information from DNA and synthesize proteins |
|
Monosaccharides
|
Simple/single sugars - quick energy - glucose
|
|
Essential Nutrient
|
Is a nutrient that the body cannot produce or produce enough of so it must come from the diet
|
|
Nutrients
|
Organic
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Vitamins 5. Nucleic Acids Inorganic 6. Minerals 7. Water |
|
Inorganic
|
Do not have both Carbon and Hydrogen
Electrolytes |
|
Organic
|
Must contain Carbon and Hydrogen
Non-electrolytes |
|
Buffer Systems (Homostatic Systems)
|
Changes a strong acid or a strong base in to a weak acid or a weak base
|
|
Catalyst
|
Substance that speeds up a reaction, but does not become part of the product
|
|
Exchange Reaction
|
AB + CD ------> AC + BD
Raw material ------> product |
|
Reversible Reaction
|
A+B <------> AB
Raw material <------> product |
|
Decomposition Reaction
|
AB ------> A+B
Raw material ------> product |
|
Synthesis Reaction
|
A+B ------> AB
Raw material ------> product |
|
Enzyme
|
Globular protein that lowers "activation energy" so that chemical reactions can occur at normal body temperature.
|
|
Types of Bonds
|
1. Covalent - sharing of electrons
2. Ionic - held together by charges 3. Hydrogen Create a bond your store energy Break a bond you release energy |
|
Compound
|
Two or more different elements (two atoms)
|
|
Molecule
|
Two or more atoms put together with a bond
|
|
Atomic Number
|
The number of protons in the atoms of a particular element
|
|
Isotopes
|
Atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic weights (differ in neutrons they contain)
|
|
Atomic Weight
|
The number of protons plus the number of neutrons
|
|
Responsiveness/irritability
|
The ability of an organism to sense changes taking place inside or outside it's body
|
|
Excretion
|
The removal of wastes from the body of an organism
|
|
Organs
|
Groups of different tissues form structures
|
|
Atoms
|
The composition of an element
|
|
Ionic Bond
|
A bond that forms between two charged atoms or ions
|
|
Water soluble Vitamins
|
B and C
|
|
Fat soluble Vitamins
|
A, D, E, and K
|
|
Electrolytes
|
Substances that release ions in water
|
|
Cell Membrane
|
1. Structure/shape
2. protection 3. regulates what goes in and out or enters/leaves |
|
Bi-layer of phospholipids
|
Cell Membrane
cholesterols (LDL/HDL) integral Proteins |
|
Osmosis
|
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
from greater water concentration to lesser water concentration |
|
Isotonic
|
The same
|
|
Hypotonic
|
Less then
|
|
Hypertonic
|
More then
|
|
RBC's (0.9% NaCl) - Plasma (0.9% NaCl)
|
RBC's and Plasma are Isotonic
RBC's do not shrink or swell |
|
RBC's (0.9% NaCl) - Plasma (2.0% NaCl)
|
Plasma is hypertonic to RBC's
Water will leave RBC's by osmosis and RBC's will shrink known as Crenation |
|
RBC's (0.9% NaCl) - Plasma (0.5% NaCl)
|
Plasma is Hypotonic to RBC's
Water will enter RBC's by osmosis and RBC's will swell and burst known as Hemolyze |
|
Mitosis
|
Division of cell into 2 genetically identical daughter cells
|
|
Meiosis
|
Cutting the number of chromosomes in half
|
|
2n - Diploid Cell
|
Somatic Cells
Body Cells 46 Chromosones |
|
n - Haploid Cells
|
One set of Chromosones
23 Chromosones Sperm Cells Egg Cells Gamete or Sex Cells |
|
Acidic
|
H+ ions is greater then the OH- ions
|
|
Base
|
OH- ions are greater then the H+ ions
|
|
Neutral
|
H+ ions equals the OH- ions
|
|
4 Primary living elements
|
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) |
|
Carbohydrates
|
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides Polysaccharides |
|
Proteins
|
Used for structure
Amnio acids - total of 20 only 8 are essential Known as polypeptide |
|
Nucleotides
|
Phosphate group: unit of nucleic acid
|
|
Organelles
|
Nucleus
Nucleolus ER or Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus Vessicle Vacuole Peroxisome Lysosome Cytoskeleton |
|
Nucleus
|
Controls cell activity
Contains and protects the DNA Allows mitosis to occur |
|
Nucleolus
|
Produces ribosomes
|
|
Ribosomes
|
Protein and RNA (are the only organelle that has no membrane)
|
|
Mitochondria
|
Cristae produces ATP
|
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
Packaging and distribution
|
|
Vessicle
|
Transport materials
|
|
Vacuole
|
Storage of Materials
|
|
Peroxisome
|
Trash collector, contain lytic enzymes, takes hydrogen peroxide down to usable form (o2 and h2O)
|
|
Lysosome
|
Contains Hydrolytic enzymes
|
|
Cytoskeleton
|
Strips of proteins
|
|
Microtubules are:
|
Long and Hollow
|
|
Intermediate filaments are:
|
Intermediate length and semi-solid
|
|
Actin Filament are:
|
Short and solid
|
|
Interphase
|
Longest phase where DNA replication occurs
|
|
Prophase
|
chromatids; nuclear membrane disappears
|
|
Metaphase
|
Chromatids line up in the center of cell, spindle forms
|
|
Anaphase
|
Fastest phase, chromatids broken apart through centromere
|
|
Telaphase
|
Nuclear envelopes begin to reassemble around two daughter cells and cytokinesis occurs (division of the cytoplasm
|
|
Fat molecule
|
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
|
|
Nucleic acids are composed of
|
Nucleotides
|
|
Ribosomes
|
Composed primarily of protein and RNA
|
|
Gap Junctions
|
Tubular channels between and connecting cardiac muscle cells
|
|
Where are ribosomes produced?
|
Nucleolus
|
|
Exocytosis
|
The movement of material out of a cell in a vessicle
|
|
Cytokinesis
|
Division of the cytoplasm
|
|
Anaplasia
|
Appearance of abnormalities in cellular structure
|
|
Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
|
Protein production
|
|
Smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
|
Lipid Production
|
|
Ribose
|
5-Carbon sugar in RNA
|
|
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
|
The genetic material; a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides, each containing a phospate group, a nitrogenous base, and the sugar deoxyribose
|
|
Hyperplasia
|
Means increase in number of cells/proliferation of cells. It may result in the gross enlargement of an organ.
|
|
Metastasis
|
Is the spread of a cancer from one organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part.
|