Anatomy And Biomechanics Chapter 1 Of Acsm Certification Review

Front 1

What is the purpose of the C-shaped cartilages of the trachea?

Back 1

1. To protect, support, and maintain an open airway.
2. To prevent overexpansion of the respiratory system.
3. To allow large masses of food to pass along the esophagus.

Front 2

What is the funtion or purpose of bones in the skeletal system?

Back 2

1. Provide structural support for the entire body.
2. Protect organs and tissues of the body.
3. Serve as levers that can change the magnitude and direction of forces generated by skeletal muscles.
3. Provide storage for calcium salts to maintain concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in the body.
4. Produce Blood cells.

Front 3

The muscle cell contains contractile proteins. What are they?

Back 3

1. Actin
2. Myosin

Front 4

A client in your exercise class was seen for low back pain and treated. No disc pathology noted. What type of stretches will benefit your client?

Back 4

1. Knee to chest stretch
2. Double-knee to chest
3. Lower Trunk rotation

Front 5

When discussing long bones, where are they located in the skeletal system?

Back 5

Appendicular skeleton

Front 6

What is the name of the central cylindrical shaft of the long bone?

Back 6

Diaphysis

Front 7

What does the diaphysis portion of the bone contain?

Back 7

1. Compact bone surrounding a thin layer of cancellous bone, within which lies the medullary cavity which is filled with yellow bone marrow.

Front 8

What is the term used for the end of long bones?

Back 8

Epiphysis

Front 9

What are the characteristics of the Epiphysis in long bones?

Back 9

1. Cancellous bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone.
2. Contains the Red bone marrow.

Front 10

Define hematopoiesis and where it occurs?

Back 10

1. Production of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
2. Occurs in the Red Bone marrow located in the Epiphysis of long bones.

Front 11

In immature long bones, the junction between the epiphysis and diaphysis is termed and what is its function?

Back 11

Epiphyseal Plate: Where growth of long bones occur.

Front 12

The arm as a whole is capable of making what motions?

Back 12

1. Flexion of the elbow
2. Extension of the elbow
3. Pronation of the wrist
4. Supination of the wrist
5. Circumduction of the shoulder.
6. Abduction of the shoulder
7. Aduction of the shoulder

Front 13

The prime movers for extension of the knee are?

Back 13

Quadriceps:
1. Rectus Femoris
2. Vastus Intermedius
3. Vastus Lateralis
4. Vastus Medialis

Front 14

The prime movers for flexion of the knee are?

Back 14

1. Biceps Femoris
2. Semimembranosus
3. Semitendinosus

Front 15

A baseball pitcher has been complaining of weakness in the lateral rotation motions of the shoulder. What muscles would you have him working on strengthening?

Back 15

1. Infraspinatus
2. Teres Minor

Front 16

What category of connective tissue would cartilage be considered?

Back 16

Supporting

Front 17

Describe the flow of a drop of blood throughout the body.

Back 17

1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the superior/inferior venae cavae.
2. Blood enters the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve.
3. Blood exits the right ventricle via the pulmonic valve enroute to the lungs.
4. Pulmonary arteries carry the blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
5. Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.
6. Blood enters the left ventricle via the bicuspid valve.
7. Blood exits the left ventricle via the aortic valve and pumped systemically via the ascending aorta.

Front 18

An abnormal curve of the spine with lateral deviation of the vertebral column is called?

Back 18

Scoliosis

Front 19

An exaggerated posterior thoracic curvature is called?

Back 19

Kyphosis

Front 20

An exaggerated anterior lumbar curvature is called?

Back 20

Lordosis

Front 21

What are the primary curves in the spine and why are they termed Primary?

Back 21

1. Thoracic and Sacral
2. Because they retain the same directional curvature as the spine in the fetus.

Front 22

What are the secondary curves in the spine and why are they termed Secondary?

Back 22

1. Cervical and Lumbar
2. Because they develop after birth as the infant progresses in weight bearing.

Front 23

What joints are considered ball-and-socket joints?

Back 23

1. Hip joint
2. Shoulder joint

Front 24

What term is used to identify the ability of a force to cause rotation of a lever?

Back 24

Torque

Front 25

What sites are used for the measurement of skinfolds?

Back 25

1. Chest/Pectoral: Diagnol fold, half the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple.
2. Midaxillary: Vertical fold, on the midaxillary line at the level of the xiphoid process.
3. Abdominal: Vertical fold, 2 cm to the right of the umbilicus.
4. Suprailiac: Diagnol fold, on the anterior axillary line immmediately superior to the natural line of the iliac crest.
5. Scubscapular: Diagnol fold, 1 to 2 cm inferior to and along the line of the inferior angle of the scapula.
6. Triceps: Vertical fold, on the posterior midline of the upper arm midway between the acromion and olecranon processes.
7. Biceps: Vertical fold, on the anterior arem over the belly of the muscle, 1 cm above the triceps brachii site.
8. Thigh: Vertical fold, on the anterior midline of the thigh midway between the inguinal crease and superior patellar border.
9. Medial calf: Vertical fold, at the midline of the medial border of the calf at the greatest circumference.

Front 26

What sites are used for the measurement of circumferences?

Back 26

1. Abdomen: Level of the umbilicus.
2. Calf: Between the knee and ankle, at the maximum circumference.
3. Forearm: At the maximum forearm circumference.
4. Hips: At the maximum circumference of the hips/buttocks, above the gluteal fold.
5. Arm: Midway between the acromion and olecranon process.
6. Waist: At the narrowest part of the torso, inferior to the xiphoid process and superior to the umbilicus.
7. Thigh: At the maximum circumference between the knee and ankle joint.

Front 27

The most common site used for measurement of the pulse during exercise is the?

Back 27

Radial pulse

Front 28

Blood from the peripheral anatomy flows to the heart through the superior and inferior venae cavae into what part of the heart?

Back 28

Right Atrium

Front 29

Arteries are large-diameter vessels that carry blood away from the heart. As they course through the body, they progressively decrease in size until they become?

Back 29

Arterioles

Front 30

Arterioles then connect to what part of the vascular system and why?

Back 30

-Capillaries
-The exchange of nutrients and waste products occur at this level.

Front 31

Define the law of inertia?

Back 31

States that a body will maintain its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless acted on by an external force.

Front 32

Running is a locomotor activity similar to walking but with some differences. In comparison to walking, running requires greater?

Back 32

-Balance: The absence of a double support period and the presence of the "flight phase" when both feet are out of contact with the supporting surface.
-Muscle strength: More muscles required to contract more rapidly and with greater force.
-Range of Motion: Because of greater joint angles at the extremes of the movement.

Front 33

Describe the fuction of Intervertebral Disks?

Back 33

They unite the vertebral bodies and serve as shock absorbers.

Front 34

Describe the term 'Line of Gravity (LOG)'?

Back 34

Line of gravity is the downward direction of the force of gravity on an object (vertically toward the center of the earth).

Front 35

Define the term "Center of Gravity (COG)"?

Back 35

-Is the point of exact center around which the body freely rotates.
-Is the point around which the weight is equal on all sides.
-Is the point of intersection of the three cardinal body planes.
-Lies approximately anterior to the second sacral vertebra when all segments of the body are combined and the body is considered to be a single, solid object (in anatomic position).

Front 36

Define the term "Base of Support (BOS)"?

Back 36

Base of support is the area of contact between the body and the supporting surface.

Front 37

Define balance and stability...

Back 37

-Balance is maintained when the COG remains over the BOS.
-Stability is firmness of balance; the COG must fall within the BOS.

Front 38

How do we increase our stability?

Back 38

-The COG is closest to the BOS.
-The COG should be placed over the center of the BOS.

Front 39

Which type of musculoskeletal lever is most common?

Back 39

Third-class lever

Front 40

What is a lever?

Back 40

A rigid bar that revolves around a fixed point or axis (fulcrum).

Front 41

What is the purpose of a lever?

Back 41

Used with force to overcome a resistance.

Front 42

How many types of levers and what are they?

Back 42

-3 types
-First-class
-Second-class
-Third-class

Front 43

What are the parts of a lever?

Back 43

-Axis: the pivot point between the force and the resistance.
-Force arm: the distance from the axis to the point of application of force.
-Resistance arm: the distance from the axis to the resistance.

Front 44

Describe the first class lever?

Back 44

The axis is between the force and the resistance arm, and the force arm may be greater than, smaller than, or equal to the resistance arm.

Front 45

Describe the second-class lever?

Back 45

The resistance lies between the effort force and the axis of rotation, and the force arm is greater than the resistance arm.
Example: Wheel Barrel

Front 46

Describe the third-class lever?

Back 46

The effort force lies closer to the axis of the lever than the resistance, and the force arm is smaller than the resistance arm.
Example: Lifting something with a shovel.

Front 47

How does the lever system apply to the human body?

Back 47

The joint serves as the axis and the contraction of skeletal muscles act as the force, and the weight being the resistance.

Front 48

Orientation of the anatomy and the human body: Proximal?

Back 48

Nearest to the body center, joint center, or reference point.

Front 49

What happens to a joint with flexion?

Back 49

Movement that decreases the joint angle. It occurs in a sagittal plane around a mediolateral axis.

Front 50

Describe the sagittal plane?

Back 50

Makes a division of the human body into right and left portions.

Front 51

Name the two parts of a skeleton?

Back 51

1. Axial skeleton
2. Appendicular skeleton

Front 52

How many vertebrae in the human spine?

Back 52

33

Front 53

What are the two phases of the Gait cycle?

Back 53

1. Stance phase
2. Swing phase

Front 54

Slapping of the foot during heel strike and increased knee and hip flexion during the swing are characteristic of what?

Back 54

Weakness in the dorsiflexors.
Explained: Dorsiflexor weakness leads to foot drop during heel strike and, to ensure that the toe does not catch the walking surface, increased knee and hip flexion during swing.

Front 55

Why does low back pain occur most commonly in the lubar region?

Back 55

1. Lumbar vertebrae are the least mobile.
2. Lumbar disks are subject to the most pressure.
3. Lumbar vertebrae support much of the body weight.

Front 56

Abduction, eversion, and dorsiflexion of the foot is indicative of what?

Back 56

Pronation

Front 57

Away from the body center, joint center, or reference point?

Back 57

Distal

Front 58

Above, toward the head.

Back 58

Superior (cranial)

Front 59

Lower than, toward the fee?

Back 59

Inferior (Caudal)

Front 60

Toward the front?

Back 60

Anterior (Ventral)

Front 61

Toward the back?

Back 61

Posterior (Dorsal)

Front 62

Closer to the midline?

Back 62

Medial

Front 63

Away from the midline?

Back 63

Lateral

Front 64

The field of study concerned with the principles of physics related to energy and force as they apply to the human body?

Back 64

Biomechanics

Front 65

The body has how many cardinal planes?

Back 65

Three

Front 66

Define the frontal plane?

Back 66

Makes a division into anterior and posterior portions.

Front 67

Define the transverse plane?

Back 67

Makes a division into upper and lower portions.

Front 68

Is movement opposite to flexion and increases the joint angle. It occurs in a sagittal plane around a mediolateral axis.

Back 68

Extension

Front 69

Is movement toward the midline of the body in a frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis?

Back 69

Adduction.

Front 70

Is movement away from the midline of the body in a frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis?

Back 70

Abduction.

Front 71

Is movement around a longitudinal axis and in the transverse plane, either toward the midline or away from the midline?

Back 71

Rotation

Front 72

Is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Back 72

Circumduction

Front 73

Rotational movement at the radioulnar joint in a transverse plane about a longitudinal axis that results in the palm facing downward?

Back 73

Pronation

Front 74

The axial skeleton includes the bones of the?

Back 74

1. Skull
2. Vertebral column
3. Ribs
4. Sterunum

Front 75

How many cervical vertebrae?

Back 75

7

Front 76

How many thoracic vertebrae?

Back 76

12

Front 77

How many lumbar vertebrae?

Back 77

5

Front 78

How many sacral vertebrae?

Back 78

5 (fused into one bone)

Front 79

How many coccygeal vertebrae?

Back 79

4 (fused into one bone)

Front 80

How many pairs of ribs does the body have?

Back 80

12

Front 81

There are 12 pairs of ribs, how many are considered true ribs and why?

Back 81

1. 7 pairs.
2. The costal cartilage articulates directly with the sternum.

Front 82

How many pair of floating ribs does the body have?

Back 82

2 pairs.

Front 83

Explain how ribs 8, 9, & 10 attach to the body?

Back 83

The costal cartilage of ribs 8, 9, and 10 articulates with the costal cartilage of the adjacent superior rib (7).

Front 84

The sternum lies in the midline of the chest and has three parts. What are they?

Back 84

1. Manubrium (superior)
2. Body (middle)
3. Xyphoid Process (inferior)

Front 85

Your knee and elbow are considered what type of joint?

Back 85

Hinge Joint

Front 86

The forces influencing movement cab be classified as reaction, friction, and muscular. What would be an example of reaction?

Back 86

Ground reaction force: In accordance with Newton's law of reaction:
-As a body applies a force to the ground, the ground applies an equal and opposite force to the body.

Front 87

The forces influencing movement cab be classified as reaction, friction, and muscular. What would be an example of friction?

Back 87

-When two objects interact, friction acts parallel to the surface contact of the objects in a direction opposite to motion or impending motion.

Front 88

The forces influencing movement cab be classified as reaction, friction, and muscular. What would be an example of muscular?

Back 88

-To move body segments, muscular forces must be present. Muscles provide a pulling force on bone.

Front 89

How much ground reaction force is applied to the body while walking?

Back 89

1 to 1.2-fold the body weight.

Front 90

How much ground reaction force is applied to the body while running?

Back 90

Between 2 to 3-fold the body weight.

Front 91

Describe a herniation of the disk?

Back 91

-The nucleus pulposus of the disk breaks through the surrounding fibrocartilagnious annulus fibrosus and protrudes beyond the intervertebral space.
-Disk protrusion often occurs in a posterior direction.
-This protrusion causes pressure on the nerves in the disk wall and nerve roots.
-Most commonly, the nerve running down the back of left leg is affected.
-This pain radiating down the leg is often referred to as radiculopathy.

Front 92

Turning the sole of the foot away from the midline (outward)?

Back 92

Eversion

Front 93

Turning the sole of the foot toward the midline (inward)?

Back 93

Inversion

Front 94

What is an example of a gliding joint?

Back 94

Ankle

Front 95

Muscle classification: A _________ is responsible for producing a particular movement?

Back 95

Prime Mover (Agonist)

Front 96

A __________ is a prime mover that opposes the agonist?

Back 96

Antagonist

Front 97

A ____________ assists the prime mover, but is not the primary muscle responsible for the action?

Back 97

Synergist