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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Pronate |
Palm down |
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Supinate |
Palm up |
Soup bowl |
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Caudal |
Towards feet |
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Tissues of Supportive System |
CT, cartilage, bone |
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Fascia |
Major loose CT separating muscles, organs conveying nerves & vessels. |
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Subcutaneous tissue |
(Superficial fascia) Immediately deep to the skin. Lots of adipose tissue. |
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Deep fascia |
Deep to subcutaneous. |
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Fascial planes |
Area b/w 2 fascial layers. (Surrounds 2 adjacent muscles) |
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Bursa |
Area b/w fascia covered structures with no interconnecting fibers. Therefore cavity with lubricating fluid |
Friction reducing |
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Ligament |
Connects bone to cartilage (or vice versa) |
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Tendon |
Muscle to bone or cartilage |
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Aponeurosis |
Broad flat tendon |
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Covers articular surfaces of bones in freely movable joints. Found in the costal cartilages, nose, bronchi, laryngeal cartilages, most of fetal skeleton. Long bones grow in length via centers of growing hyaline cartilage.
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Fibrocartilage
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Found in intervertebral discs. Higher fiber density.
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Elastic Cartilage
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Found in the external ear, auditory tube and some laryngeal cartilages. Rich in elastic fibers.
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Bone
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Strong due to inorganic salts. Avascular.
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Axial Skeleton
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Vertebral column, thorax, skull
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Limbs
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Sesamoid Bone
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Develops within a tendon. Patella.
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Periosteum
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The cells on the external surface of bones are in the deeper layer of a dense connective tissue covering.
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Epiphyseal Line
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Where epiphyseal plate was in growing bone.
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Tubercles, tuberosities or trochanters.
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Eminences which increase surface area for muscular or ligamentous attachments, lengthen leverarms or serve as pulleys.
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Fibrous Joint
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(Sutures of the skull). The bones are joined by a small amount of dense connective tissue and little or no motion is allowed.
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Cartilaginous Joint
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(Intervertebral discs & symphysis pubis). The bones are united by cartilage which allows a slight degree of mobility.
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Synovial Joint
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A space exists between the highly lubricated cartilage-covered ends of bones. These permit relatively free motion.
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Joint Capsule
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Surrounds the opposing articular surfaces, forming a closed joint cavity (synovial cavity). The capsule is composed of an outer fibrous layer (capsular ligament) for support, and an inner synovial layer (lubricates).
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Flexion
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Decreases angle b/w 2 bones.
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sagittal plane around a mediolaterally directed transverse axis.
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Extension
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Increases angle b/w 2 bones
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sagittal plane around a mediolaterally directed transverse axis.
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Abduction
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Moved away from the median plane
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Coronal Plane
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Adduction
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Moved toward the median plane
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Coronal Plane
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Internal or medial rotation
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Turning the anterior aspect of the part inward or medially
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External or lateral rotation
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Turning the anterior aspect of the part outward or laterally
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Origin
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The more proximal attachment and functionally "may" be the fixed end when a muscle contracts.
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Insertion
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The more distal attachment and "may" be the movable end.
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Muscle fiber
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Long muscle cell. Can contract to half it's length.
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Motor Unit
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Motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it supplies
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Parallel muscles
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Fibers are parallel with the long axis of the muscle and its tendons. Can shorten a greater percentage of their overall length than pennate muscles. Therefore, they produce a greater ROM, and per unit time a greater velocity of motion.
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Designed to produce great range and speed of motion
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Pennate muscles
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The fibers are obliquely oriented with respect to the long axis of the muscle and attach to the tendons at an angle. In muscles of equal volume the force a pennate muscle can generate is greater than a parallel muscle because the total cross-sectional area of the musclefibers in the pennate exceeds that of the parallel muscle
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Better designed for strength.
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Synergistic muscles
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Aid most motions in that they stabilize other (usually more proximal) joints or neutralize undesirable actions of the prime movers at the joint of interest.
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Shortening (isotonic or concentric) contraction
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Muscle force exceeds the load (weight of the forearm and hand) causing the entire muscle to shorten and the joint motion to occur.
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Static or isometric contraction.
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Muscle force just equals the load
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The muscle is now producing tension but there is no change in the overall length of the muscle.
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Lengthening (eccentric) contraction
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Load exceeds the muscle force.
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Gravity is prime mover
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Ganglion
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Cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
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Nucleus
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Group of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS
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Dorsal root ganglion
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Swelling where dorsal and ventral roots fuse to form spinal nerve
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Dorsal root
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Nerve fibers transfer impulses from the periphery to the CNS and are called afferent or sensory fibers.
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Ventral root
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Most of the fibers conduct impulses away from the CNS and are designated as efferent or motor fibers.
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Mixed Nerves
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The spinal nerve and all of its branches are mixed nerves, i.e., they contain both motor and sensory fibers
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Dorsal rami
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Supply the skin of the medial two-thirds of the back from the top of the head to the coccyx, the deep (intrinsic) muscles of the back, the intervertebral facet joints and spinal ligaments posterior to the intervertebral foramen.
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Ventral Rami
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Supply the rest of the trunk walls, anterolateral neck and limbs. All ventral rami except those from spinal nerves T2 through T11 form plexuses.
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Multisegmental peripheral nerves
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Nerves emerging from a plexus typically contain fibers from more than one spinal cord segment.
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Unisegmental peripheral nerves
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Branches of all dorsal rami and of ventral rami T2 through T11 contain fibers from only one spinal cord segment.
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Functional component
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Each fiber type is called a functional component, the naming of which is based on the direction of conduction (afferent or efferent) and the specific structures innervated.
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Somatic
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Refers to the body wall and limbs and includes bones, joint structures, muscles, tendons, fasciae and skin.
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Visceral
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Include the internal organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and smooth muscle and glands anywhere in the body.
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General Functional Components
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All functional components of spinal nerves are described as general since these functions are widely dispersed throughout the body.
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Special Functional Components
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Restricted to the cranial nerves and refers to the special senses of the head and to the gill (branchial) arch derived musculature.
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