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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 Basic Tissue Types |
Epithelium, Connective, Muscular, Nervous |
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Where can you find Epithelium |
Covering and lining, and glands It is the interface between 2 different environments -skin: air -gut tube: gut lumen -trachea:air |
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Where can you find Connective tissue |
Bone, cartilage |
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Classification criteria for epithelium |
Number of cells in the layer- simple(one) stratified(more then one) Shape of the cells- squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
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Specific functions of Epithelium tissue |
Protection, secretion and absorption, excretion, sensory reception |
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Simple squamous |
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Simple cuboidal |
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Simple columnar and simple ciliated columnar |
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Psuedostratified columnar and psuedostratified ciliated columnar |
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Stratified squamous |
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Stratified columnar |
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Transitional |
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Apical Specializations |
Microvilli (do not move) Cillia (move back and forth) |
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Juctions |
Junctional complexes -hold cells together all the way around the cell Gap junctions-exist between two cells. They are like a tunnel between them that allow things to travel from one cell to the next |
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Basement membrane |
Basal lamina. Exist below the cells. It is what the cells attach to |
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Exocrine glands |
Secrete enzymes into ducts that lead to target tissue Unicellular Ex: goblet cells |
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Endocrine |
Secretes products such as hormones directly into the blood |
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Common characteristics of connective tissue |
Extensive intercellular matrix Derived from mesenchyme( embryonic tissue) |
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Locations of connective tissues |
-virtually all other tissues are embedded in it -underlies all epithelium -surrounds all muscles -lies within muscles -connects individual muscle fibers together -surrounds all blood vessels -surrounds all nerves that lie outside the CNS-surrounds and penetrates all glands NS-surrounds and penetrates all glands -surrounds and penetrates all glands |
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Functions of connective tissue |
-support -convey body fluids -defense |
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Loose connective tissue proper structures used for support |
-collagen fibers(keep from being pulled apart) -reticular fibers(provide support for things traveling through connective tissue) -elastic fibers(bend ex is ear) -fibroblasts( produce other fibers) |
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Loose connective tissue proper structures used to convey body fluids |
Ground substance (hold tissue fluid in place) |
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Loose connective tissue proper structures used for defense |
-histiocytes (eat and destroy) -plasma cells(antibodies) -mast cells (heparin and histamine) Eosinophils and neutrophils) |
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Irregular Dense connective tissue proper |
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Regular dense connective tissue proper |
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Fatty connective tissue proper |
Adipose tissue |
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Cartilage characteristics |
-firm intercellular matrix -chondrocytes (need oxygen and nutrients that are transported by diffusion through the capillaries that come up to the perichon) -lacunae -perichondrium( encloses cartilage) -avascular -no nerves |
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Types of cartilage |
-hyaline cartilage -elastic cartilage -fibrocartilage |
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Hyaline cartilage |
We have a lot more of it when we are younger The entire fetal skeleton vs. adult trachea,medial ends of ribs, and larynx(voice box) |
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Elastic cartilage |
The ear can bend and stretch and returns back |
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Fibrocartilage |
More collagen Found in the vertebrae to act as shock absorbers, in articulation between left and right pubic bone |
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Bone |
Matrix -65% inorganic crystals -35% organic crystals Gross structure -compact bone(make up outer wall) -spongy bone(inside of bone) -articular cartilage -medullary cavity -periostium(around the bone falls off when dry) -endostium |
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Microscopic structures of bones |
-osteocytes -lacunae -canaliculi -osteoblasts -osteoclasts |
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Bone development |
Intramembranous(simple) -membrane bone(mesenchyme, woven bone,lamellar) Endochondral ossification(complex) -endochondral bone |
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Bone growth |
-zone of cartilage deposit -zone of calcification -zone of erosion |
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Vascular tissue |
Plasma Formed elements -erythrocytes -leucocytes -thrombocytes(platelets) |
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Embryonic development |
Differentiation |
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Body tube |
-skin -coelom -serous membrane -body wall |
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Gut tube |
Serous membrane. Runs down middle of body |
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Dorsal body wall midline |
-vertebrae -nerve cord |
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Embryonic period |
By 8 weeks outlines a person but nothing is functioning |
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Fetal period |
Baby grows and develops systems closer to function |
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Dorsal body wall lateral |
Kidneys Retroperitoneal |
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Adult body plan limbs |
Skin Muscle Bones |
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Early events in embryonic development |
Ovulation Fertilization Cleavage Implantation |
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Ovulation |
Ovum |
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Fertilization |
Sperm -head(dna) -tail(flagellum) Zygote -2 cell -4 cell -8 cell -16 cell |
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Late cleavage |
Morula(solid ball or cells) Blastocyst(hallow ball of cells) -trophoblast -blastocoel (the space in the middle) -inner cell mass (ICM) |
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Implantation |
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What is the integument system made of |
Epidermis -ectoderm Dermis -mesoderm Hypodermis |
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Integument functions |
Protection Temperature regulation Vitamin D production Protection from UV Excretion Sensory reception |
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Layers of the epidermis |
5 layers. Oldest on top youngest on bottom. All are produced by the bottom layer -stratum corneum( constantly shedding these cells) -stratum lucidum -stratum grandulosum( layer where cells die) -stratum spinosum -stratum basale |
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Melanocytes |
Melanin Neutral crest |
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Tanning |
More melanin/melanocytes |
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Dermis |
2 layers -papillary layer(dermal ridges, finger prints) -reticular layer(lots of collegin) Muscles -arrector pili( goose bumps) -striated muscles |
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Epidermal derivatives |
Hair follicle Sebaceous gland -sebum Sweat gland Nails -stratum corneum -stratum lucidum |
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Articulation |
Any place where 2 or more bones meet May be freely moveable, slightly moveable, or immovable Classifications -functional -structural |
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Fibrous joint |
No movement, joints are locked together Ex: suture |
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Cartilaginous joint |
Held together with cartilage Ex: synchondrosis(hyaline cartilage in ribs) symphysis (fibrocartilage intervertebral disks) |
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Synovial joint |
Allows for controlled movement Ex: nonaxial (gliding), axial (uni, bi, tried) |
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Uniaxial |
Hinge joints. Move in one direction |
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Biaxial |
2 directions Can move in a circle(circumduction) Ex:fingers, wrist |
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Triaxial joint |
Ball and socket 3 directions Ex: hip, shoulder |
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Structure of synovial joints |
Joint capsule Articular cartilage Synovial membrane Synovial fluid |
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Blood and Nerve supply to joint |
Very rich in blood supply Proprooreception(sensory info about positioning and pressure in joints. It's how your brain knows how to move limbs where you want them to go) Bursae -bursitis( most common in places like the knee) |
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What are muscles |
Move bones and are found lying alongside and attached to bones Move hollow organs and are found embedded in the walls of hollow organs |
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What do muscles consist of |
-connective tissue -blood vessels -nerves -muscle tissue |
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Myofilaments |
Thick filament -myosin Thin filament - actin |
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Different types of muscle tissue |
Striated muscle(skeletal muscle) Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle |
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Smooth muscle fibers arrangement |
-fascicles -sheets |
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Smooth muscle fibers size |
1-40 mm in length 1-40 mm in diameter |
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Sarcomere |
Z- line I- band A- band |
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Sarcomere contraction |
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
Calcium ions (Ca -2) -chemical for the reaction Transverse tubules (t- tubules) are in a 1/2 ratio with the lateral sacs Triad No energy is used to start muscle contraction An electrical impulse is sent, travels along t-tubules, which changes permiability for calcium and contraction happens Energy is needed to stop contraction since you are moving backwards along the concentration gradient |
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Arrangement of fibers in striated muscle |
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Cardiac muscle |
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