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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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besides lymph what does lymph transfer?
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transports cell debris, pathogens, cancer cells, and plasma proteins.
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What are lacteals?
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lacteal are specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa which absorbs digested fat and delivers chyle to the blood.
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Name 2 major collecting vessels and where do they empty into circulation?
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Right lymphatic duct: drains the upper right arm and the right side of the head and thorax- emptying into the right subclavian vein.
Thoracic duct: arises from the cisterna chyli and drains the rest of the body- emptying into the left subclavian vein. |
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Discuss lymphedema
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is a blockage of lymph drainage from a lymph causing swelling and interfering with immune function.
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what are 3 types of lymphocytes and what is their function?
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NK: attack and destroy viruses, infected cells, and cancer cells [immunological surveillance cells]- non specific.
T cells: manage the immune response, attack and destoroy foreign bodies. B cells: produce plasma cells which secrete antibodies. antibodies immobilize antigens. they are activated by T cells and indirectly kill the antigen. |
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NK cells
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attack and destroy viruses, infected cells, and cancer cells [immunological surveillance cells]- non specific.
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T cells
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manage the immune response, attack and destoroy foreign bodies.
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B cells
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produce plasma cells which secrete antibodies. antibodies immobilize antigens. they are activated by T cells and indirectly kill the antigen.
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Where are lymphocytes produce?
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Red bone marrow
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Lymphopoiesis
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the formation of lymphocytes differentiating into B&T cells.
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What hormones differentiate B cells and T cells?
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B cells differentiate with exposure to the hormone interleukin 7
T cells differentiate with exposure to several thymatic hormones. |
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Basic structure of lymph node
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- cortex contains follicles with germinal centers containing b cells.
- dendritic cells encapsulate follicles - body's APC -the deep cortex houses T cells in transit - T cells circulate the blood, lymph nodes, and lymphatic stream continuously -meduallary cords extend from cortex which contains B cells, T cells and plasma cells. |
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What is a dendritic cell?
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spiny looking lymphoid cell. they bodies number one APC. activated by T cells and phagocytize foreign substances.
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What are 3 functions of the spleen?
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1. site of lymphocyte proliferation
2. immune surveilence response. 3. cleanses the blood |
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What is Red pulp?
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the remaining spenic tissue concerned with disposing of worn out RBC's and blood born pathogens.
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What is white pulp?
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containing mostly lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibers and involved in immune functions.
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what kind of tissue makes up the spleen?
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reticular connective tissue
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What hormones are in the Thymus?
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Thymosin and thymopoietin
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what are Hassal's Corpuscles?
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they are in the medulla - where T cell destruction occurs
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What are the 7 types of non specific responses?
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-physical barriers
-phagocytc barriers - immunological surveilence - inflammation -interferon -complement -fever |
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What is MALT?
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Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue.
protects the digestive and respiratory tracts from foreign matter. |
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what structures make up MALT?
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-Peyers patches, tonsils and the appendix [digestive system]
-lymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi [respiratory system] |
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Name the tonsil and where they are located
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-palentine: either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity.
-linguinal: at the base of the tongue -pharengeal: posterior wall of the nasopharynx -tubal: surround the openings of the auditory tube into the pharynx. |
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describe the Innate [nonspecific] system of defense
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consists of:
-first line of defense: skin and mucosa prevent entry of microorganisms -second line of defense: antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells +inhibit the spread of invaders throughout the body +inflammation (most important mechanism) |
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describe the Adaptive [specific] system of defense
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contains the third line of defense: mounts attack against particular foreign substances
contains 2 seperate arms -humoral: antibody mediated immunity -cellular: cell mediated immunity |
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what are the four properties of immunity?
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-specificity: activated by and responds to a specific antigen
-versatility: ready to confront at any antigen and any time -memory: "remembers"any antigen it had encountered -tolerance: responds to foreign substances but ignores normal tissues. |
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what does MHC do?
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-binds fragments of foreign antigens, which play a crucial role in mobilizing the immune system.
-mark a cell as self. |
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What is MHC?
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-Major Histocompatibility Complex
- a genetic mechanism |
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what are the 2 classes of MHC?
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class I: found on virtually all body cells; ex. virus infected body cells
Class II: found on certain cells in the immune response. T cells, B cells, APC, and macrophages |
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what are two fixed macrophages and their location?
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Kupffer cells [liver]
microglia cells [brain] |
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Discuss antigen recognition.
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-immunocompetent T cells are activated when the V regions of their surface receptor binf to a recognized antigen.
-t cells must simultaneously recognize the antigen and a MHC protein of a body cell. - provides a key for the immune system to recognize the presence of intracellular microorganism. -MHC acts as antigen holders - form the self part of the self anti-self complex recognized by only T cells. |
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Functions of cytokines
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-stimulate T cell division (produce memory T cells, accelerate cytotoxic T cell maturation)
-attract and stimulate Macrophages -attract and stimulate NK cells -promote activation |
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How is a B cell activated and sensitized? then what happens?
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-antigen IgD receptors bind to antigen [becomes sensitized]
-brings antigen into the cell -B cell presents antigen on MHC II -activated helper T cell binds -CD4 stabilizes MHC complex -co stimulation occurs with cytokines IL-4 and IL 13. -Divides and clones, memory cells differentiates into plasma cells and makes antibodies. |
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IgD
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monomer, important in B cell activation [these are B cell receptors], on the surface of B cells
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IgM
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pentameter, released by plasma cells during primary immune response [1st on the scene, great at forming immune complexes, ABO antibodies]
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IgG
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monomer, most abundant and diverse antibody; crosses the placenta and confers passive immunity [remembers Rh antibody and causes HDN]
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IgA
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dimer, helps prevent attachment of pathogens to epithelial surfaces [found in body fluids]
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IgE
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monomer, causes histamine to be released; binds to mast and basophils
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complete antigen
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includes foreign protein, nucleic acid, some lipids and large polysaccharides
-immunogenicity: ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibody production -reactivity: ability to react with product of activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released in response to them. |
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incomplete anntigens
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-small molecules, such as peptides, nucleotides, and many hormones, that are not immunogenic but are reactive when attached to protein carriers
-if they link up with the body's protein, the adaptive immune system may recognize them as foreign and mount a harmful attack -hapten are found in poison ivy, dander, some detergents and cosmetics |
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what is autoimmunity?
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-loss of the immune systems ability to distinguish self from non self.
-body produces autoantibodies and sensitized cytotoxic T cells that destroy own tissues. |
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What is SCID
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Severe combined immunodeficiency disorder
-marked deficit in B and T cells -abnormalties in interluekin receptors +fatal if untreated; treatment is done with a bone marrow transplant |
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Hodgkins Disease
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cancer of the lymph nodes lease to immunodeficiency by depressing the lymph nodes
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AIDS
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cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of helper T cells (CD4)
-characterized by severe weight loss, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes -infections occur pnumonia and kaposi sarcoma |
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what is anaphylaxis?
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an initial allergen contact is asympmtomatic but sensitizes the person
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anaphylaxis shock
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response to allergen that directly enters the blood. A systemic histamine release may result it constriction of bronchioles, sudden vasodilation and fluid loss from the blood stream, or hypotensive shock and death. Treatment is usually the drug epinephrine
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CD 3, CD 4, CD 8, CD 28
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CD 3= t cell receptor
CD 4= stabilizes MHCII complex CD 8= stabilizes MHCI complex CD 28= found on helper T cells and bind to b7 on APC |
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Functions of regulator T cells
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dampens the immune syste response if:
-direct contact -inhibiting cytokines prevents autoimmune disease: keeps B and T cells from being activated |
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Functions of Memory T cells
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generate primary response
-exist in body for years. allowing it to respond quickly and efficiently to subsequent antigens |
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List the 7 functions of Ag-Ab complexes
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neutralization
opsinization agglutination precipitation complement fixation attraction of phagocytes stimulation of inflammation |
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Negative and positive selection of T cells
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negative: in Thymic development: eliminates T cells that are strongly anti-self
positive: selects T cells with a weak response to antigen so they become immunocompetent and self- tolerant. |
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immunocompetence
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the ability to recognize and combine
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immunogenicity
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ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibody production
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Alpha interferon
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produce leukocytes
stimulate NK cells |
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Beta interferons
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secreated by fibroblasts
slow inflammation |
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Gamma interferons
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secreted by T cells and NK cells
stimulate macrophage activity |
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4 cardinal signs of inflammation
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reddness
heat swelling pain |
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exudate causes edema
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-helps dilate harmful substances
-brings in large quantities of 02 and nutrients needed for repair -allows entry for clotting proteins, which prevent the spread of bacteria |
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chemotaxis
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inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injury site
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diapedesis
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neutrophils squeeze through capillary wall and begin phagocytosis
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In the spleen, what does the red pulp contain?
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Erythrocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes.
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In the spleen, what does white pulp contain?
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Lymphocytes.
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Where are peyer's pathches located?
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in the lining of the intestine.
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What cells function in pathogen immunity?
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Lymphocytes
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Where do T-cells mature?
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The thymus.
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Where do B-cells mature?
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The bone marrow
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Where do B and T cells reside?
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The lymphatic organs
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When in contact with a pathogen, what chemical does the T-Helper cell release to activate the T-Cytotoxic cell?
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Interleukan II.
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What chemical does an antigen-bearing macrophage release to activate a T-Helper cell?
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Interleukan I.
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What chemical released by a T-Cytotoxic cell lyses, or splits, a foreign cell?
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Perforin, lymphotoxins, and gamma interferons
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What is the function of memory cells?
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To retain antigen information to respond in the future to the same pathogen. IMMUNITY.
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What type of cell kills many types of cancer cells and viral infected cells by using perforin to destroy the plasma membrane?
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Natural killer cells.
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What is another (longer) name for an antibody?
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Immunoglobulin.
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What three types of antibodies have very similar structure? .
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IgG, IgD, IgE
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On an antibody, what does the constant region identify?
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The class of antibody.
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What is the difference between active and passive immunities?
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Active immuinty means you acquire the ANTIGENS from getting a pathogen or a vaccination. Passive immunity means the ANTIBODIES are transferred directly to you (you don't MAKE your own.)
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What is the difference between naturally acquired and artificially acquired immunity?
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It was obtained naturally (pathogen contraction) and adminstered artificially (vaccination).
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What happens in agglutination?
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Large numbers of antigens close together. Antibodies can then create large complexes.
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What is attracted by antigens covered with antibodies?
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Phagocytes
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Antigens are easier to engulf when you coat them with what?
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Opsonins, a complement protein.
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Chemotaxis attracts what to an area where antigens are located?
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Macrophages (neutrophils and eosinophils)
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What two chemicals do basophils and mast cells release during inflammation faciliated by a complement protein?
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Histamine (vasodilator), heparin (blood thinner)
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What type of antibody defends against bacteria, viruses, bacterial toxins, and comprises 80% of all the antibodies in the body?
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IgG.
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What is a cytokine?
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Chemical produced by macrophages and T-Helper cells.
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What type of antibody is found in mucus and teras and attacks pathogens before they enter body tissue?
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IgA.
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What type of antibody attacks those bacteria not sensitive to type IgG and is also responsible for blood type incompatability?
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IgM
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What type of antibody plays a role in B cell activation and it bonds antigens in extracellular fluid to B cells? .
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IgD
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What type of antibody binds to surfaces of most cells and stimulates the release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals, and is important in allergic responses? .
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IgE
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What are plasma cells?
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-The most common type of B-lymphocytes
-They produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies -They have a life span of 4-5 days |
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what are antibodies?
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Soluble proteins that bind to and -immobilize a foreign agent, either damaging it or identifying it to other elements of the immune system
-Also called immunoglobulins |
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What are antigens?
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-Any substances perceived as abnormal to the body
-Examples include bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells |
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What is the difference between afferent lymphatic vessels and efferent lymphatic vessels?
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Afferent lymphatic vessels bring lymph to lymphatic organs called lymph nodes where it is filtered for foreign material.
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