Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
242 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Operculum |
Set of bones that covers the gills |
|
|
Coelom |
Cavity; in fishes, trunk or abdominal cavity that houses the internal organs |
|
|
Pericardial cavity |
Subdivision of the coelom that contains the heart |
|
|
Snout |
From the eye to the anterior tip of the upper jaw |
|
|
Cheek |
Between the eyes and the operculum |
|
|
Branchiostegal membrane |
Below the operculum |
|
|
Mentum |
Chin |
|
|
Lachrymal |
Region below the anterior edge of the eye |
|
|
4 Mouth Forms |
Inferior (sturgeons, elasmobranchs) Subterminal (dace) Terminal (trout) Superior (sandfishes) |
|
|
Pre-maxillae |
Lower jaw bones |
|
|
Maxillae |
Paired upper jaw bones |
|
|
Supramaxillary |
Bones attached to the maxillae |
|
|
Frenum |
Continuous bridge of skin that binds lips or jaws to the snout or chin |
|
|
Barbels |
Fleshy, elongate structures that carry tactile and chemosensory receptors that are sometimes present around the nostrils and the mouth and on chins |
|
|
Cirri |
Various flaps of skin on the lips or other parts of the head |
|
|
Fimbria |
Jawless sucking disc found in lampreys |
|
|
Spiracle |
Opening found behind the eye, remnant of a full gill slit, that has been reduced in size to serve as a supersensory apparatus for the mandibular arch |
|
|
Sensory canals |
Rows of sensory pores or open grooves in the skin |
|
|
Fusiform |
Body form that is a streamlined configuration with an elliptical to round cross-section and a narrow caudal peduncle just in front of the caudal fin For fast-swimming, open-water fishes Tunas and mackerels |
|
|
Compressiform |
Body form; fusiform fishes that are more laterally compressed Pacific salmons, sunfishes, snappers, porgies, flounders Latter 4 are deep-bodied species that may not be in constant motion, but are capable of quick bursts or sharp turns |
|
|
Depressiform |
Body form of fishes that are flattened dorsoventrally Skates, rays, angel sharks, toadfishes, goosefishes Bottom of the water |
|
|
Anguilliform |
Eel-shaped fishes |
|
|
Filiform |
Thread-shaped Snipe eels |
|
|
Taeniform |
Ribbon-like shape Gunnels, prickelbacks, hairtails, cutlassfishes |
|
|
Sagittiform |
Arrow-like shape Pikes, gars |
|
|
Globiform |
Big, extremely round shape Rotund lumpsuckers |
|
|
Chimaeriform |
Large head and forebody with a tapering afterbody and tail Chimaeras, grenadiers, poachers, spiny eels |
|
|
Occiput |
Posterior terminus of the skull |
|
|
Nuchal region |
Dorsal surface just behind the occiput |
|
|
Isthmus |
The most anterioventral part of the body |
|
|
Breast |
Posterior to the isthmus |
|
|
Belly |
Posterior to the breast |
|
|
Caudal peduncle |
Narrow part of the body of the fish just anterior to the caudal fin |
|
|
Lateral line system |
A continuation of the next work of sensory canals on the head |
|
|
Rays |
Structures that stiffen fins and may be soft and flexible or rigid spines |
|
|
Median or unpaired fins |
Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins |
|
|
Paired fins |
Pectoral and pelvic (ventral) fins |
|
|
Adipose fin |
Small, fleshy, rayless fin on the dorsal part of the caudal peduncle |
|
|
Finlets |
Small fins that, together, make up one big fin |
|
|
Gonopodium |
Anal fin that is modified into an intromittent organ |
|
|
Homocercal |
Caudal fin type that appears to be symmetrical but, internally, it is asymmetrical Most familiar bony fishes |
|
|
Hererocercal (epicercal) |
A symmetrical fin structure in which the fin is actually borne ventrally near the end of the tail Sharks, sturgeons |
|
|
Abbreviate heterocercal |
Intermediate stage of a heterocercal caudal fin that is only slightly asymmetrical externally Gars, bowfin |
|
|
Fulcra |
Series of modified, elongate scales Gars, sturgeons |
|
|
Isocercal |
Symmetrical tail Cods, hakes |
|
|
Leptocercal |
Long, tapering, or whip-like tails |
|
|
Diphycercal |
Symmetrical tails that come to a more abrupt point Lungfishes |
|
|
Gephyrocercal |
Caudal portion of the body is absorbed during development, so that the dorsal and anal fins bridge over the posterior terminus of the body Molas or ocean sunfishes |
|
|
Hypocercal |
Notochord runs to the lower lobe of the caudal fin Fossils of extinct fishes |
|
|
Brachiopterygium |
Arm-like pectoral fin |
|
|
Orbital cartilages |
Cartilages that extend forward from the otic capsules |
|
|
Nasal capsules |
Capsules that form anteriorly from their respective cartilages |
|
|
Polar cartilages |
Pair of cartilages that forms between the trabeculae and joins them at the parachordal cartilages, so that three paired elements together contribute the formation of the cranial floor |
|
|
Parachordal cartilages |
Pair of cartilages that, when together with polar cartilages and the trabeculae, contributes to the formation of the cranial floor |
|
|
Trabeculae |
Two prechordal cartilages that form the anterior part from the neural crest, the posterior part from mesoderm |
|
|
Synotic tectum |
Cartilage that forms over the posterior part of the brain |
|
|
Otic capsules |
Capsules that unite with the basal plate and occipital arch cartilages and form around the inner ears |
|
|
Occipital arch |
Developed by the basal plate by enlarging over the hindbrain |
|
|
Basal plate |
Formed by parachordal cartilages by fusing around the notochord |
|
|
Neural crest |
Forms neurocranium in embryonic development |
|
|
Chondrocranium |
Elasmobranch neurocranium A.K.A. chondroneurocranium or endocranium |
|
|
Splanchnocranium |
Supports gills and from which jaws and hyoid arches are derived A.K.A. branchiocranium |
|
|
Neurocranium |
Supports brain and sensory organs A.K.A. braincase |
|
|
Syncranium |
The skull |
|
|
Radii |
Lines that often lead outward from the focus toward the edge of the scale |
|
|
Focus |
The innermost part of the scale that is the original locus of formation in the larval fish |
|
|
Annuli |
Year marks on the fish |
|
|
Circuli |
Ridges that represent growth increments during the life of the fish |
|
|
Ctenoid |
Scales with minute spines on the exposed portions of the scales or in a comb-like row on the posterior margin Derived teleosts |
|
|
Cycloid |
Smooth-rimmed scale that is nearly circular in shape and lack spines or projections on the surface or posterior margin Soft-rayed actinopterygians |
|
|
Palaeoniscoid |
Scale that has the cosmine layer perforated by tubules and is underlain by a vascular area of transverse canals Bichirs and reedfishes |
|
|
Ganoin |
Outer layer of a ganoid scale with a cosmine-like dentine layer beneath it |
|
|
Ganoid |
Scale with a rhomboid shape with an anterior, peg-like extension overlapping the scale in front Gars, bichirs, reedfish Modified on the caudal fin of sturgeons and paddlefishes |
|
|
Elasmoid |
Scales of extant lungfishes |
|
|
Isopedine |
Layer below the cosmine layer that is thin and made up of laminar bone |
|
|
Cosmoid |
Scales with a layer of noncellular cosmine that lies beneath a very thin outer layer of vitrodentine slightly different from that of the placoid scale Extinct lobe-finned fishes |
|
|
Vitrodentine |
Hard outer layer of dermal denticles |
|
|
Placoid |
A.K.A. dermal denticles Scales that contain a basal plate, containing bone cells, that is buried in the skin with a raised portion exposed Sharks and relatives |
|
|
Scutes |
Modified scales that are bony plates Armored catfish, stickelbacks, poachers, sturgeons |
|
|
Stratum compactum |
Deeper dermis layer |
|
|
Stratum spongiosum |
Layer of dermis just below the epidermis |
|
|
Photophores |
Light-producing organs seen in deepwater fish |
|
|
Nupital tubercles |
A.K.A. pearl organs Tubercles that roughen the skin and provide friction during contact by breeding fishes |
|
|
Cuticle |
Nonliving secretion of the epidermis that covers the squamous cells |
|
|
Germinative layer |
Layer of squamous cells next to the dermis |
|
|
Squamous cells |
Cells that make up the epidermis |
|
|
Branchial arch: 4 parts |
Primitive, undifferentiated From dorsal to ventral: pharyngobranchial, epibranchial, ceratobranchial, hypobranchial |
|
|
Basibranchial |
Single, median, ventral element of the branchial arch |
|
|
Mandibular arch |
The first or anteriormost arch in living fishes Contributes to the formation of the primary upper and lower jaws |
|
|
Palatoquadrate cartilages |
Upper elements of the mandibular arch |
|
|
Mandibular cartilages |
A.K.A. Meckel's cartilages Lower elements of the mandibular arch |
|
|
Quadrate |
Posterior ossification of the palatoquadrate cartilage |
|
|
Articular |
Ossification of Meckel's cartilage |
|
|
Hyoid arch |
Second arch in the series |
|
|
Hyomandibular cartilage |
Upper element on each side of the hyoid arch Sensory structure |
|
|
Spiracle |
Remnant of the upper part of a full primitive gill slit Located between the mandibular and hyoid arches |
|
|
Ceratohyal cartilage |
Lower element of the hyoid arch |
|
|
Basihyal cartilage |
Median of the hyoid arch |
|
|
Branchial arches |
Visceral arches that typically support the gills |
|
|
Ceratobranchial |
Element of the 5th branchial arch of bony fishes that is modified to bear pharyngeal teeth |
|
|
Dermatocranium |
Dermal component of the skull |
|
|
Lingual apparatus |
Rasping organ in hagfishes |
|
|
Branchial basket |
Cartilage that develops just beneath the skin of lampreys that supports the gill region |
|
|
Rostrum |
Anterior to the olfactory capsule in elasmobranchs |
|
|
Occipital condyles |
Posteriorly, forms a surface for articulation with the vertebral column |
|
|
Foramen magnum |
Allows passage of the spinal cord |
|
|
Anterohyal |
Lower part of the hyoid arch |
|
|
Gill rays |
Slender cartilaginous rods that strengthen the interbranchial septa from which gill tissue projects as lamellae |
|
|
Hyostylic |
Condition in which the palatoquadrate cartilage is free from the braincase and is buttressed posteriorly by the hyoid arch Most sharks and rays |
|
|
Amphistylic |
Condition in which the palatoquadrate is attached to both the neurocranium and the hyomandibular |
|
|
Autostylic |
Vertebrates in which the upper elements of jaws are fused to the cranium |
|
|
Holostylic |
Palatoquadrate cartilage is entirely fused to a cartilaginous neurocranium Chimaeras |
|
|
Perichondral and endochondral cartilages |
Ossifications forming around and replacing cartilage, respectively |
|
|
Membrane (dermal) bones |
Formed in the dermis and are not preceded by a cartilage model |
|
|
Basioccipital bone |
Ventral, unpaired bone that usually forms the occipital condyle, which articulates with the vertebral column |
|
|
Exoccipital bones |
Lateral paired bones that contribute to the occipital condyle, forming a tripartite structure that articulates with the first vertebra |
|
|
Supraoccipital bone |
Dorsal median bone that forms part of the cranial roof and furnishes an anterior attachment surface for the epaxial trunk muscles |
|
|
Otic capsule |
The posterior part of the teleost skull where 5 endochondral bones form |
|
|
Prootic bones |
Paired bones that are anterior to the basioccipital and constitute a considerable portion of the lateral floor of the cranium in many species |
|
|
Sphenotic bone |
Dorsal to the anterior part of the prootic that is part of the posterior boundary of the orbit |
|
|
Hyomandibular bone |
Bone that supports the jaws and articulates with the sphenotic |
|
|
Pterotic bones |
Bones that ossify around the lateral semicircular canals and combine with a dermal element to produce a compound bone |
|
|
Orbitosphenoid bone |
Median bone of the trabecular section of the cranium that forms a bony interorbital septum |
|
|
Epiotic bone |
Bone that ossifies in part around the posterior semicircular canal Reorganized as a process between the pterotic and supraoccipital |
|
|
Intercalar bone |
Ossification of a ligament that appears on the back wall of the cranium between the pterotic bone and the exoccipitals |
|
|
Opisthotic |
Endochondral bone that replaced the intercalar bone, but has been lost by most fishes |
|
|
Pterosphenoid bones |
Bones that form part of the posterior wall of the orbit, connecting with the prootic bones posteriorly |
|
|
Interorbital septum |
Bony structure in which olfactory nerves pass in more primitive bony fishes |
|
|
Basisphenoid bone |
Median bone in the posterior part of the orbit |
|
|
Ethmoid bones |
Paired, lateral bones anterior to the orbit that are of endochondral origin |
|
|
Prefrontals |
A complex with dermal elements formed from lateral ethmoids that are sites of attachment of the paired, dermal lachrymal bones |
|
|
Parietal bones |
The most posterior dermal bones of the skull |
|
|
Frontal bones |
Bones anterior to the parietal bones that make up most of the cranial roof |
|
|
Supraethmoid, dermal mesethmoid |
Unpaired ethmoid bone that roofs the snout in front of the frontals |
|
|
Nasal bones |
Paired bones that develop around cephalic sensory canals and are located on each side of the ethmoid |
|
|
Vomer |
Ventrally, forms the anterior part of the neurocranium and is often attached to the ethmoid in higher teleosts |
|
|
Parasphenoid |
Long bone that forms the ventral midline of the cranium, extending between the vomer and the basioccipital |
|
|
Infraorbitals |
A.K.A. circumorbitals Partially surround the orbit, although the number and extent of them are reduced in many fishes |
|
|
Quadrate bone |
Bones that form in the palatoquadrate cartilage at the posterior end |
|
|
Metapterygoid |
Bone attached to the quadrate dorsally that is another ossification of the palatoquadrate cartilage |
|
|
Endopterygoid |
Dermal bone anterior to the quadrate and metapterygoid that stiffens the roof of the mouth |
|
|
Ectopterygoid |
Dermal bone anterior to the quadrate and metapterygoid |
|
|
Autopalatine |
The name for the palatine bone if the dermal component is lacking |
|
|
Palatine |
Anterior part of the roof of the mouth, just behind and lateral to the head of the vomer Has both endochondral and dermal components |
|
|
Premaxillary and maxillary |
Bones that make up the secondary upper jaw and usually constitute the main tooth-bearing (dentigerous) surface |
|
|
Mentomeckelian |
Anterior element of Meckel's cartilage within the lower jaw |
|
|
Articular |
Posterior element of Meckel's cartilage within the lower jaw |
|
|
Dentary |
The major tooth-bearing bone of the lower jaw |
|
|
Angular or anguloarticular bone |
Bone between the dental and the quadrate from which the lower jaw is suspended |
|
|
Retroarticular bone |
Bone consisting of endochondral and dermal elements |
|
|
Prearticulars |
Inner surface of the lower jaw of nonteleost bony fishes |
|
|
Coronoids |
Tooth-bearing bone on the upper edge of the lower jaw of nonteleost bony fishes |
|
|
Splenoids and postsplenials |
Just ventral to the dentary of the lower jaw in nonteleost bony fishes |
|
|
Supraangulars |
Posterior part of the lower jaw of nonteleost bony fishes |
|
|
Symplectic |
Peg-like bone that extends from the bottom of the hyomandibular to the quadrate |
|
|
Interhyal |
Bone that attaches to the hyomandibular just behind the symplectic and suspends the remainder of the hyoid arch |
|
|
Bones that make up the hyoid arch |
Posterohyal (epihyal), anterohyal (ceratohyal), hypohyal bones, basihyal (glossohyal) bone |
|
|
Urohyal |
Unpaired bone that extends backward from the basihyals into the isthmus and constitutes the firm ventral connection between the head and trunk |
|
|
Branchiostegals |
Important dermal bones that connect with the posterohyal and anterohyal |
|
|
Opercle |
The largest bone in the operculum |
|
|
Preopercle |
Bone that carries a sensory canal, usually attaches along the hyomandibular for much of its length |
|
|
Interopercle |
Bone below the preopercle |
|
|
Subopercle |
Bone that lies ventral to the opercle |
|
|
Arcualia |
Primordial ventral elements of lampreys that flanks the notochord |
|
|
Vertebral centra |
Cartilaginous tissue that constricts the notochord in elasmobranchs |
|
|
Amphicoelus |
Biconcave centra |
|
|
Cyclospondylous |
Single calcified cylinder formed within the centrum |
|
|
Tectospondylous |
Two or more concentric cylinders |
|
|
Asterospondylous |
Calcified cylinder with calcified radiating lamellae extended from it |
|
|
Basapophyses |
Ventrolateral transverse process |
|
|
Neural spine |
Surrounds the neural canal |
|
|
Neural canal |
Canal where the spinal cord runs through |
|
|
Intercalary plates |
Plates in the neural arches that alternate with basal dorsal plates |
|
|
Hemal arches |
Arches in the tail region that contain spines |
|
|
Diplospondyly |
Condition in which there are two vertebrae in each body segment in the posterior section of the vertebral column |
|
|
Ophisthocoelus |
Vertebrae that are concave posteriorly and convex anteriorly |
|
|
Parapophyses |
A.K.A. basapophyses Bones that are present in eels, but might not be fused to the centra |
|
|
Zygapophyses |
Bones that can occur both anteriorly and posteriorly on the centra |
|
|
Pleural ribs |
Ventral ribs that usually attach to the vertebral basapophyses |
|
|
Intermuscular bones |
Bones that extend into the horizontal skeletogenous septum Often called dorsal ribs |
|
|
Epineurals |
Bones that lie in the myosepta (intermuscular) borne on the neural arch |
|
|
Epicentrals |
Intermuscular bones borne on the centra |
|
|
Epipleurals |
Intermuscular bones borne on the ribs |
|
|
Pleomerism |
"Many divisions" Among related species, those that grow to a larger body size tend to have more vertebrae |
|
|
Urostyle |
Upturned portion of the last vertebral column |
|
|
Hypural |
Bones in the supporting structure below the urostyle that appear to be modified hemal spines |
|
|
Uroneurals |
Bones above the vertebral column |
|
|
Basal cartilages |
Support the median fins of elasmobranchs and are often segmented into proximal, middle, and distal elements |
|
|
Pterygiophores |
Internal skeletal elements |
|
|
Interspinous bones |
Proximal pterygiophores Elongate, tapered bones set deeply into the medial skeletogeneous septum, usually between the neural or hemal spines |
|
|
Interneurals |
Bones supporting the dorsal fin |
|
|
Interhemals |
Bones of the anal fin |
|
|
Scapular |
Upper element of the cartilaginous girdle supporting the pectoral fins |
|
|
Coracoid |
Lower element of the cartilaginous girdle supporting the pectoral fins |
|
|
Suprascapular cartilage |
Cartilage that may be present in elasmobranchs |
|
|
3 basal cartilages |
Propterygium (anterior), mesopterygium (middle), metapterygium (posterior) |
|
|
Radials |
Joints that attach to the basal cartilages and bear the final rays at their distal ends |
|
|
Actinosts |
Articular surface for the radials |
|
|
Cleithrum |
Largest of the series of actinosts |
|
|
Postcleithra |
Present in most teleosts |
|
|
Supracleithrum |
Attaches to the cleithrum and extends forward |
|
|
Posttemporal bone |
Forked bone that is attached to the supracleithrum |
|
|
Mesocoracoid |
Bone that forms a brace between the coracoid and the cleithrum |
|
|
Basipterygia |
Plate-like bones, one for each pelvic fin |
|
|
Ceratotrichia |
"Horn-like" Structures that are horny rays arising from the dermis composed mostly of keratin |
|
|
Actinotrichia |
"Rod hairs" Other rays of a horny nature, composed of elastoidin fibers |
|
|
Comptotrichia |
Fin rays in lungfishes that are composed of an outer layer of flexible, fibrous bone over calcified interior |
|
|
Lepidotrichia |
Dermal fin rays of bony fishes |
|
|
Smooth muscle |
Muscle associated with the digestive tract and other visceral structures |
|
|
Cardiac muscle |
Myocardial component of the heart |
|
|
Striated muscle |
Predominant tissue of the body in terms of total mass |
|
|
Musculoskeletal system |
Striated muscle and skeletal elements that work together |
|
|
Pyloric caeca |
Blind sacs beyond the distal end of the stomach, just past the pyloric sphincter |
|
|
Typhlosole |
Longitudinal fold in lampreys that enhances the absorptive surface area of the intestinal lumen |
|
|
Spiral valve |
Internal coil or helix in the large intestine of elasmobranchs |
|
|
Cloaca |
In elasmobranchs
Where the gut empties into and also receives the ducts from the urogenital system |
|
|
Swim bladder |
A.K.A. gas bladder Organ associated with the alimentary canal derived from the digestive system and remains attached to it by a tube in soft-rayed fishes |
|
|
Pneumatic duct |
Tube that attaches the swim bladder to the digestive system |
|
|
Physostomus |
"Bladder mouth" Soft-rayed fishes that have the swim bladder attached to the digestive system |
|
|
Physoclistous |
Closed connection between the swim bladder and the digestive system |
|
|
Head kidney |
Anterior part of the bony fish kidney that is specialized for blood cell formation |
|
|
Urogenital sinus |
Where the urinary and reproductive ducts join |
|
|
Tubal bladder |
Bladder that forms as a posterior swelling of the urinary duct |
|
|
Elasmobranch heart chambers |
Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and conus arteriosus |
|
|
Bony fish heart chambers |
Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and bulbus arteriosus (conus is reduced to a small, valve-bearing structure associated with an expansive basal section of the aorta |
|
|
Ducts of cuvier |
Where the blood is that the sinus venosus receives |
|
|
Neural crest |
Epidermal thickening of the margins of the dorsal groove that gives rise to gill arches |
|
|
Thread cells |
Cells in slime glands of hagfishes that produce protein filaments that serve to reinforce the slime layer |
|
|
Meroblastic |
Large egg that the hagfishes develop from |
|
|
Pharyngocutaneous duct |
Duct on the left side of the pharynx in hagfishes that is apparently homologous with the gills and communicates with the left branchial duct |
|
|
Caudal hearts, cardinal vein hearts, and a portal vein heart |
Hearts other than the primary heart in hagfishes |
|
|
Nasohypophyseal |
Unpaired opening between the eyes of lampreys that leads to a blind pouch adjacent to the pituitary gland, but lacks communication with the orobranchial chamber |
|
|
Cephalic field |
Seen in Class Cephalaspidomorphi Shallow depression in the dorsal surface; horseshoe-shaped |
|
|
External branchial arches |
In agnaths Branchial arches that surround and enclose the gill pouches |
|
|
Tesserae |
Small tesselated plates, like scales In placoderms |
|
|
Paleostylic |
In agnaths Arch elements are not directly associated with the skull in a manner that would enable them to function as jaws |
|
|
Autodiastylic |
Hyoid arch is not involved in jaw suspension, but it has developed elements (cerato and epihyal) to support a soft opercular covering |
|
|
Orbitostylic |
Possess an orbital process on the palatoquadrate and show an attachment to the orbit |
|
|
Holostyly |
Upper jaw is broadly fused to the cranium |
|
|
Pelvic claspers |
On male elasmobranchs Inserted into the oviduct during copulation |
|
|
Ceratotrichia |
Horny rays that stiffen the fins |
|
|
Cephalic fins |
Impression of horns ("devil" rays) seen in Order Myliobatiformes |
