Anatomy

Front 1

Functions of Skeletal System

Back 1

1)protects organs

2)supports organs

3)works as leverage in movement interactions between bones, joints and muscles.

4)acts as storage for calcium and phosphate.

5)Blood cell production hemopoesis, occurs in red bone marrow

Front 2

Bone Cells (Osteoprogenitor)

Back 2

located in the endosteum and periosteum osteogenic layer, they are mitotic and can develop into osteoblasts

Front 3

Bone Cells (Osteoblasts)

Back 3

bone forming cells that form or build the organic material of matrix. deposit or dissolve salts from the matrix. Located in peristeum and endosteum

Front 4

Bone Cells (Osteocytes)

Back 4

Mature cells, surrounded by matrix in their lacuna. Neighbooring cells connect via gap junctions. Regualte calcium into and out of matrix. keep matrix in a healthy state.

Front 5

Bone Cells (Osteoclasts)

Back 5

Dissolve or reabosrb matrix when it is not needed. dervived from stem white blood cells. located in periosteum and endosteum.

Front 6

Compact bone

Back 6

Dense and hard bone tissue found as an outer layer on most bones and along diaphysis of long bones. Strong and dense bone tissue.

contains osteons

Front 7

concentric lamellae

Back 7

haversian system

Front 8

interstital lamellae

Back 8

old haversian system

Front 9

circumfirential lamellae

Back 9

surrounds the outside of bone

Front 10

Spongy bone

Back 10

light and open bone tissue found within bone epihysises of long bones.

Front 11

Trabeculae

Back 11

networks of bone

Front 12

Diaphysis Long bone

Back 12

the shaft in the center

Front 13

epiphyses Long bone

Back 13

the ends

Front 14

Articular cartilage Long bone

Back 14

covers the surface at the moveable joint

consists of hyaline cartilage

Front 15

Medullary cavity Long bone

Back 15

cavity contains yellow marrow (adipose) in adult.

Front 16

Endosteum

Back 16

lines inside of spongy bone and medullary cavity. 3 different types of bone cells. osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts.

Front 17

Periosteum

Back 17

thick membrane that covers the enitre bone except at the articular cartilage. involved in bone growth, repair, nurtrition, and for ligament and tendon support. Sharpeys fibers extend into the marix of bone

Front 18

Outer layer of periosteum

Back 18

dense irregular conn tissue that contains fibroblasts, blood vessels, nerve receptors

Front 19

inner layer of periosteum

Back 19

osteogenic and contains 3 types.

Front 20

gross anatomy of short bone

Back 20

compact bone, spongy bone, endosteum, periosteum, articular cartilage.

Front 21

Intramembrous ossification

Back 21

least common. develops from embryonic mesechyme.

Ex- Face bones, clavicle , frontal parietals

Occurs rapidly

Front 22

Endochondral ossification

Back 22

occurs in most bone from a cartilagenous template . slow process.

Front 23

Bone Growth Dietary requirements

Back 23

calcium, phosphate, vitamen D, vitamen A, vitamen C

Front 24

hormones

Back 24

calcitonin. parathyroid horomone, growth hormone, thyroxine, sex hormone

Front 25

injury and repair

Back 25

1) bleeding and blood clot formation

2)external and internal calluses

3)external calluses replaced by bony calluses

4)bone remodeling

Front 26

Osteopenia

Back 26

loss of bone density

Front 27

osteoporosis

Back 27

loss of bone density and microstructure.

Front 28

Long bones

Back 28

length longer than width. leg, arm, used as levers

Front 29

short bones

Back 29

equal length on both sides, ankle, and wrist bones. Limited motion

Front 30

flat bones

Back 30

flat thin or curved, scapula, sternum cranium. Muscle attatchment and proteection

Front 31

irregular

Back 31

facial bones verterbrae bones

Front 32

sesmoid

Back 32

bones that are embedded with tendons. Patella

Front 33

pneumatic

Back 33

bones with air cavities and sinuses.

Front 34

Assescory

Back 34

extra bones, wormian bones.

Front 35

Bone markings (Processes)

Back 35

tendon and ligament attatchemetns

Front 36

condyles

Back 36

large knuckles increased surface area for articulations, reduce amt of pressure at joints

Front 37

depressions

Back 37

indented for blood vessels, nerves muscle

Front 38

foramina

Back 38

carry vessles, nerves

Front 39

verterbral curvatures

Back 39

add spring and resislacny for walking, balancing

Front 40

arches of the foot

Back 40

absorb shock .

two longitudinal arches one transvers

Front 41

Pectoral girdle

Back 41

built for mobillity. support comes from muscle and ligaments

Front 42

pelvic

Back 42

built for support. provides attatchemnt for muscle, transvers body weight to the legs. supports and protects organs within the pelvic cavity

Front 43

synarthrosis

Back 43

Immovable joints.

A)fibrous- tightly joined fibrous conn tissue

1)suture- immovable joint of skull

2)gomphosis- teeth and bone sockets

B)Cartilgious- Hylaine at the joint

A) synchondrosis- epiphseal plate

Front 44

Amphiarthrosis

Back 44

slightly moveable joints

A) Fibrous- Interosseus ligaments Joint is located in the radius- ulna and inferior tibia- fibula

B)Cartilaginous

Fibro cartilage at joint

joint is located in the pubic symphysis and interverterbral disc.

Front 45

Diarthrosis

Back 45

freely moveable - synovial

Monoaxial, biaxial, triaxial

Front 46

Sacromere

Back 46

z lines, i band, A band, H zone

Front 47

I band

Back 47

pure thin filament that includes non overlapped part of think filament actin Isotropic

Front 48

A band

Back 48

Length of thick filament anisotropic

Front 49

H zone

Back 49

pure myosin in center of A band

Front 50

Muscle contraction

Back 50

sacromere shorteing

Front 51

Z lines

Back 51

functional unit of muscle contraction, located in center of light band, boundary of sacromere

Front 52

Myofilaments

Back 52

Inside the myofibrils

Thick filaments- mysoin protein

Thin- actin proteins with tropomyosin, troponin

Front 53

Fiber or cell

Back 53

100mm in diameter and 30- 40cm in length

Front 54

Sarcolemma

Back 54

flesh of body

Front 55

transverse tubules

Back 55

across the cell physically part of the sarcolemma

Front 56

Myofibrils

Back 56

length of the cell , speaclized organelles

Front 57

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 57

Terminal cisternae- swelling of SR holds calcium ions

Front 58

triads

Back 58

transverse tubule plus two terminal cisternae

Front 59

Excitability

Back 59

the ability to recieve and respond to stimuli

Front 60

contracitility

Back 60

ability to shorten due to excitation

Front 61

exstensibility

Back 61

abilityto be stretched or extend

Front 62

elasticty

Back 62

ability to return to its original shape after being stretched

Front 63

Hinge joints

Back 63

monoaxial- elbows, ankle, kneee

Front 64

pivot

Back 64

monoaxial- atals and axis jpint and the proximal radioulnar joint

Front 65

ellipsoidal

Back 65

biaxial-metacarpels pharyngeal joint (except thumb)

Front 66

saddle

Back 66

biaxial- carpal metacarpal joint of thumb

Front 67

gliding

Back 67

triaxial- slight motion between vertebrae and wrist and foot

Front 68

ball and socket

Back 68

triaxial- shoulder and hip joints

Front 69

Endochondrial ossification

Back 69

process is slow, occurs in most bones in the body and from a cartiligenous template

Front 70

Step 1 of Endochondrial Ossification

Back 70

Cartilage enlarges by utilizing both aposition and intersitial growth

Front 71

step 2 of EO

Back 71

on area within the cartilage has chondrocytes that start to secrete alkaline phosphates that cause hypertrophy of the cells and enlargement of their lacuna. The reamining martix becomes minerlized into spicles

Front 72

Step 3 EO

Back 72

the mineralized matrix blocks the diffusion of nutrients to the chondocytes that begin to die leaving large spaces

Front 73

Step 4 EO

Back 73

A Periosteun forms outside the dying cartilage and its blood vessles will invade the cavities bring both osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblats into this primary site of ossification

Front 74

Step 5 E O

Back 74

Osteoblasts start to deposit bone matrix next to cartilaginous spicules. The spicules finally dissolve.