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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the electrocardiograph (ECG) indicate?
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how the nodal system of the heart is working
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The P-wave of the ECG represents...
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depolarization of atria and contraction
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The QRS-complex of the ECG represents...
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depolarization of ventricles and contraction
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The T-wave of the ECG represents...
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ventricular repolarization
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The "lub" sound of the heart corresponds to...
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the closing of AV valves and start of systole
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The "dup" sound of the heart corresponds to...
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the closing of SL valves
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Heart murmur
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abnormal heart sounds
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Cardiac output
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amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute
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Stroke volume
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amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction
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A cardiac cycle lasts...
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1 heart beat
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Arrhythmias
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uncoordinated atrial/ventricular contractions
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Fibrillation
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rapid, irregular contractions where rhythm is taken away from SA node by rapid activity in other regions
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pacemaker of the heart
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sinoatrial (SA) node
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Ectopic focus
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when SA node is defective; abnormal pacemaker takes over
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True or false: the heart depends on the nervous system to function
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false
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Nodal system
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special tissue for initation and distribution of impulses
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Tricuspid valve
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prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium
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Pulmonary semilunar valve
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prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle
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Mitral valve
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prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium
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Aortic semilunar valve
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prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle
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Valves are held in place by...
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chordeae tendinae
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True or false: when blood enters the pulmonary circuit, it is low in oxygen
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true
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How does the heart receive nourishment (blood)?
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coronary arteries branch from the base of the aortic arch; arterial supply through branching varies greatly
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Angina
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pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery (ischemia)
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Location of the heart
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thorax between the lungs- mediastinum
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Parietal pericardium
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outside layer of the heart
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What fills the space between the layers of pericardium?
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serous fluid
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Pericardium: definition
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a double serous membrane (moist membrane, simple squamous and areolar tissue)
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Pericardium: function
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protects, anchors the heart; prevents from overfilling
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What does the Heart Wall consist of?
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epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
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Valves: function
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allow blood to flow in only one direction
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What myocardium is made up of
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cardiac muscle
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Endocardium: def, func
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inner layer, lines chambers
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Hemostasis
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prevention of blood loss by 1. vascular spasm, 2. platelet plug formation, 3. coagulation, 4. clot retraction, 5. fibrinolysis
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Erythropoeisis
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production of red blood cells (RBC)
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Leukopoeisis
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production of white blood cells (WBC)
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Hematopoeisis: def, how much per day?
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blood cell formation, 1 oz
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Dead RBCs cleaned out by...
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spleen and liver
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Platelets: func
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blood clotting
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Platelets: def
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cytoplasmic fragments made by megakaryocytes, regulated by thrombopoetin
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Blood: func
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distribution (oxygen, hormones, wastes), regulation (body temp, pH), and protection (prevent blood loss and infection)
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Plasma is made up of...
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water, solutes, nutrients, ions, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, cell products, plasma proteins, albumin
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Albumin: func
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maintains water in bloodstream
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Monocytes
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active with chronic infections, phagocytes which become macrophages within tissues, "clean up" crew, fight viruses and bacterial parasites
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T-lymphocytes: func
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fight tumors and viral filled cells
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B-lymphocytes: func, loc
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produce antibodies, lymph nodes
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pH of blood
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7.35-7.45
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Tropic hormones
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hormones that are activated by release of other hormones
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Humoral stimuli
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change in blood levels of certain ions
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Neural stimuli
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nerve impulses, control of sympathetic nervous system
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True or false: hypothalamus is an exocrine gland
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true
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True or false: pituitary is an exocrine gland
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false, it is an endocrine gland with two functional lobes (ant and pituitary)
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Growth Hormone: target
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bone/skeletal muscle
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Growth Hormone: effects
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growth, protein production, breakdown of fat for energy
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Hypo Growth Hormone
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dwarfism, progeria
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Hyper Growth Hormone
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gigantism, acromegaly
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Prolactin: target
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mammary glands
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Prolactin: effects
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milk production following childbirth
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Hypo Prolactin
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no milk
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Hyper Prolactin
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in appropriate milk production, impotence in males
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Follicle Stimulation Hormone: target
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ovaries, testes
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Follicle Stimulation Hormone: effects
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regulates hormonal activity, makes eggs ready for ovulation, sperm production
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Hypo Follicle Stimulation Hormone:
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failure to mature sexually
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Lutenizing Hormone: target
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ovaries, testes
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Lutenizing Hormone: effects
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triggers ovulation, sperm production
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Hypo Lutenizing Hormone
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sterility
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: target
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thyroid
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: effects
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stimulates growth and thyroid activity
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Hypothyroidism
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cretinism, myxedema, goiters
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Hyperthyroidism
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Grave's disease (weight loss, exophthalmos, elevated met rate)
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: target
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adrenal cortex
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Effects of hormones
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changes in plasma membrane permeability, protein synthesis, activation/in of enzymes, mitosis stimulation
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How are hormone levels maintained?
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negative feedback loop
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Exocrine: def
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possess ducts, secrete nonhormonal products
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examples of endocrine glands
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salivary, mammary, ceruminous, sweat
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Endocrine: def
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ductless, secrete hormones into tissue fluid
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examples of endocrine organs that secrete hormones (not part of endocrine system)
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heart, GI, kidney, placenta, skin
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How many pairs of spinal nerves?
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31 pairs
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Afferent nerves: func
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carry impulses towards CNS, sensory neurons
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Efferent nerves: func
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carry impulses away from CNS, motor neurons
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Wernicke's area: func
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sounding out unfamiliar words
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Limbic system
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emotional brain, memory
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Visceral assoc area
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conscious perception of organ sensation- stomach areas, full bladder
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Vestibular cortex
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equilibrium, awareness of position of head in space
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Reticular formation
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maintains alertness in cerebellum, filters out weak and repetitive signals
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Medulla oblongata: controls
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coughing, sneezing, swallowing, hiccuping, vomiting, resp rhythms, heart rate, BP regulation
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Pineal gland
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mood, sleep-wake cycle
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Choroid plexus
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forms cerebrospinal fluid
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