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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Respiration |
Brings oxygen to cells Removes CO2 from cells
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Respiration: Single Celled Organisms |
Can diffuse across a cell membrane |
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Respiration: Multi-cellular Organisms |
Most cells are too far from the external environment |
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External Respiration |
Oxygen being exchanged for CO2 in the lungs (air to blood) |
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Internal Respiration |
Oxygen being exchanged for CO2 in capillary beds (blood to cells/tissues) |
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Phonation |
Air travelling through the vocal cords, which stretch across the larynx |
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Body Temperature Regulation |
Blood Vessels in the nasal epithelium warm inspired air. Panting can dissipate heat |
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Acid-Base Balance |
CO2 lowers blood pH. Removing it via the lungs can alkalinize the blood |
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Smell |
Olfactory cells found in respiratory epithelium |
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Upper Respiratory System |
Nares Nasal Passages Pharynx Larynx Trachea |
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Nasal Passages |
(Nasal turbinate's) warms, filter, and humidify inspired air (only the large particles) Found between the nostrils and the pharnx Nasal Septum divides the 2 sides Filled with thin turbinates which divide nose into ventral, middle, and dorsal meatus' Cilia beat towards the pharynx |
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Pharynx |
(Throat) common passage way for both upper respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract Respiratory tract is dorsal to the oral tract until this point Eating and breathing are in the same area Reverse sneeze when there is an irritation |
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Larynx |
(Voice box, and vocal cords) Supported by the hyoid bone Aretynoid Cartilage- attachement of the vocal cords Thyroid Cartilage- looks like a saddle Circoid Cartilage Tightening vocal cords give high pitched sounds and prevents foreign material from entering the trachea |
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Epiglottis |
Covers the larynx during swallowing, not letting food enter the trachea into the lungs |
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Trachea |
(Windpipe) Extends from the larynx to the thorax and divides at the bifurcation Bifurcates at the level of the heart base C-shaped cartilages support the trachea Open part of the C is dorsal and bridged by smooth muscle Ciliated epithelium |
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Lower Respiratory System |
Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli
Bronchial Tree |
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Bronchi |
trachea branches primary, secondary and tertiary Are the only structure not in the lungs Smooth muscle allows dilation and constriction of air passages. Chemicals can cause spasm (asthma) |
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Histamines |
Spasm of the Bronchi |
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Bronchioles |
Smaller than the Bronchi |
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Alveoli |
Small air sacs in which most of the gas exchange occurs, small and grape-like in structure External respiration occurs here Thin walled and surrounded by capillaries |
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Right vs. Left Lung |
The right is always larger due to the positioning of the heart |
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Lung Lobes |
Segmented into 6 different lobes-4 on the right, and 2 on the left: Right Cranial Lobe Right Medial Lobe Right Caudal Lobe Accessory Lobe (RS) Left Cranial Lobe Left Caudal Lobe |
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Thorax |
Pleura covers the organs within this Visceral layer is against the organs Parietal layer is next to the chest wall Potential space in between The mediastinum contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and blood vessels |
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Inspiration |
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract due to the negative pressure in the chest compared to the atmospheric air |
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Expiration |
Internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles contract |
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Minute Volume |
is volume taken in 1 minute
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Residual Volume |
is what remains after expiration |
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Surfactant |
A slippery chemical coating the inside of the alveoli keeping them from collapsing |
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Circulation |
Lungs are fluid filled in utero Expand with first breath Lungs with air in them will float |
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Gas Exchange |
Diffusion from high to low gas concentrations Atmospheric air is 21% O2 and 0.03% CO2 Blood is low O2 and high CO2 Diffuses across 2 cell layers |
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Partial Pressure |
A certain pressure is created due to the contribution of each individual gas PO2 in alveolar air= 100 mm Hg PO2 in blood in pulmonary artery= 40 mm Hg PCO2 in alveolar air=40 mm Hg PCO2 in blood is 46 mm Hg |
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Mechanical control |
Via the stretch receptors in the lungs |
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Chemical Control |
Carotid and Aortic Bodies Monitor CO2 and O2 contents as well as pH |
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V:Q mismatch |
the ratio of the amount of air reaching the alveoli to the amount of blood reaching the alveoli "V"= ventilation- the air that reaches the alveoli "Q"= perfusion- the blood that reaches the alveoli These determine the blood oxygen concentration |
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Apnea |
Absence of breathing
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Dyspnea |
Difficult or labored breathing |
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Bradypnea |
Abnormally slow respiratory rates |
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Tachypnea |
Abnormally rapid respiration rates |
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Hyperventilation |
Abnormally rapid respiration rates |
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Agonal Breathing |
Respirations near death or during extreme suffering |
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Tidal Volume |
the volume inspired in 1 breath |
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Neoplasia |
Abnormal growth |
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Elongated Soft Palate |
Causes difficulties breathing, snorting/snoring sounds, exercise intolerance and other complications |
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Collapsing Trachea |
Chronically progressive weakening of the cartilage rings that form the trachea |
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Collapsing Trachea: Clinical Signs |
Goose Honk Worse with activity, hot humid weather Inspiratory difficulty Exercise intolerance Bluish mucous membranes Fainting |
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Collapsing Trachea: Treatment |
Oxygen severe Cool, ow-humid environment Keep calm, sedate if needed Anti-tussives Weight loss Surgical correction in severe cases Plastic rings attached to trachea to reform round shape |
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Feline Asthma |
Airway inflammation causing thickening and excess mucus production Leads to dyspnea Causes: allergies, environmental irritants, heartworm disease, other parasites. |
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Feline Asthma: Clinical Signs |
Mild to severe coughing Respiratory distress Increased effort to breath Open-mouth breathing Cyanosis |
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Feline Asthma: Treatment |
Oxygen Avoid stress Steroids Bronchodilators Avoid inciting causes Inhaler therapy NO cure- control and minimize the severity |
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Primary Cancer of the Lungs |
Cancer starts in one of the lung lobes or airways |
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Secondary Cancer of the Lungs |
Cancer starts somewhere else in the body and spreads to the lungs via the bloodstream |
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Pulmonary Edema |
Fluid accumulation in the alveoli and lung tissues Cardiogenic vs Non-cardiogenic Cardiogenic is due to failure of the heart to pump blood through the lungs Blood and fluid pool into the lungs |
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Non-cardiogenic Edema |
Caused by: Electrocution Head trauma Low body proteins |
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Non-Cardiogenic Edema: Clincal signs |
Cough- moist, deep, productive Cyanosis Dyspnea, increases rate and effort of breathing Crackles in the lungs Exercise intolerance Poor pulse quality, temp may be low |
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Non- Cardiogenic Edema: Treatment |
Oxygen Rest Diuretics Treat the underlying cause |
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Tracheobronchitis: Kennel Cough |
A highly infectious upper respiratory and bronchial infection that is a combination of a viral and bacterial or fungal infection Common in shelters, breeding kennels, clinics, dog groomers, dog shows |
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Tracheobronchitis: Clinical Signs |
Cough Gagging, retching Nasal discharge Possible fever, anorexia Ocular discharge Fever Depression Sneezing |
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Tracheobronchitis: Treatment |
Antibiotics for Bordatella Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections Viruses CANNOT be treated Fluid therapy if required Monitor appetite Monitor hydration Bronchodilators Expectorants Rest |
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Tracheobronchitis: Prevention |
Avoid exposure to infected dogs Vaccination: Parainfluenza virus, Canine Hepatitis Virus, Canine Distemper Virus, Bordetella |
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Upper URI |
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection of Cats Similar to kennel cough in dogs Common in shelters, breeding kennels, and cat shows |
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Upper URI Causes |
Herpes virus (Feline Phinotracheitis) Calici virus Chlamydia Bordetella |
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Upper URI: Clinical Signs |
Nasal discharge Sneezing Ocular discharge Possible Fever Anorexia |
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Upper URI: Treatment |
Antibiotics for Chlamydia and secondary bacterial infections Clean nose, eyes Ecourage appetite Humidify air Monitor hydration Herpes virus and calici virus can become chronic infections Recurrences during stress, intermittent periods |
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Upper URI: Prevention |
Vaccination for: Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis Felien Calici Virus Chlamydia Avoid contact with infected cats Handwashing Clean objects that can transmit viruses Isolation |
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Non-Infectious Tracheobronchitis Causes |
Smoke inhalation Allergies Environmental Collapsing trachea Cardia disease |
