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217 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What specialty within mediccine focues on the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the lungs
pulmonology
what are the 2 anatomical divisions of the respiratory system
upper and lower respiratory tract
what are the 2 functional divisions of the respiratory system
conducting portion
respiratory portion
nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and phyarynx
upper respiratory tract
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
lower respiratory tract
compononents of conducting portion
nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
primary bronchi-terminal bronchioles
components of respiratory portion
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
stages of respiration
ventilation
external respiration: exchange of gases within lungs
internal respiration: exchange of gases within
tissues
cellular respiration: oxygen utilization by oxygen
stage of respiration directly involved with respiratory system
ventilation and external respiration
4 functions of rsp system
gas conditioning
olfaction
defense
sound production
DOGS
how is air conditioned as we breath it in
warmed
moistened
cleansed
how is sound produced and modified by resp system
air forced through larynx-> vocal cords vibrate
part of resp system in olfaction
ephithelium in superior nasal cavity iscovered with olfactory receptors
part of resp system that plays in the defense of the body
lined with hairs
twisted passageways
goblet cells
-mucin traps bacteria and particles
-lysozyme dhydrolizes bacterial cell walls
anatomical components of upper resp tract
nose
nasal cavity
paranasl sinuses
pharynx
what bones form bridge of the nose
nasal bones
what are the external nares
nostrils
what structure is the nasal cavity continuous with posteriorly
nasopharynx
openings between nasal cavity and nasopharynx
internal nares (choanae)
region of nasal cavity near the nostrils
vestibule
structure divides nasal cavity into left and right portions
nasal septum
skeleteal elements make up nasal septum
septal cartilage
ethomoid bone
vomer
three bony projections on lateral walls of nasal cavity
nasal conchae
another name for nasal conchae
turinates
paranasal sinuses
frontal
ethmoid
maxillary
sphenoid
tissue lines paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity
pseudostratified ciliated columnar (part of breathing and nothing else)
tissue lines nasal vestibule
keratinized stratified squamous ephithelium
funnel shaped region that connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esophagus
pharynx
region of pharynx posterior to nasal cavity and superior to soft palate
nasopharynx
type of tissue lines nasopharynx
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
how is the middle ear cavity related to the nasopharynx
connected by auditory tubes
what lymphatic structure lies within the nasopharynx
adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)
region of pharynx lies btwn soft palate and level of the hyoid bone
oropharynx
tissue lines oropharynx
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
lymphatic structure lie within oropharynx
palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils
structures are surgically excised during sonillectomy
palatine tonsils
region of pharynx lies btwn level of the hyoid bone and superior border of the esophagus or the level of the inferior border of cricoid cartilage
laryngopharynx
tissue lines laryngopharynx
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
general structures make up the lower respiratory tract
conducting airways
respiratory portion of respiratory system
tissue lines superior portion of larynx
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
tissue lines inferior portion of larynx
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
functions of larynx
prevent swallowed material from entering lower respiratory tract
conducts air to lower respiratory tract
produces sound
component of larynx forms anterior and lateral walls and the anterior projection known as the laryngeal prominence of "adams apple"
thyroid cartilage
ring shaped structure of larynx forms inferior base of this organ and connects it to the trachea
cricoid cartilage
band of dense connective tissues lies btwn cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and can be palpated
cricothyroid ligament
spoon or leaf shaped structure of the larynx folds over the laryngeal opening during swallowing to prevent food and drink from entering the larynx
epiglottis
opening between vocal cords
rima glottidis
rima glottidis plus vocal cords
glottis
tubular structure that extends from the larynx inferiorly
trachea
structure lies immediately posterior to the trachea
esophagus
structures keep trachea patent
c shaped cartilage
type of tissue lines trachea
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
level trachea bifurcates
sternal angle
bifurcations of the trachea
1 degree bronchi
highly branched system of air conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before entering the terminal bronchioles
bronchial tree
which primary bronchus is more likley to have foreign objects fall lodge in it
right 1 degree bronchus
shorter
wider
more vertical
characterstics all bronchi share
incomplete cartilage rings
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
complete smooth muscle ring
airways within lungs
bronchioles
small saccular oupocketings within lungs, provide surfaces for the diffusion of gases
alveoli
most inferior,keel shaped cartilage of trachea
carina
serous membranes cover luns and line the internal thoracic wall
pleura
specific serous membrane adhere to outer surfaces of lungs
visceral pleura
specific serous membrane lines the walls of the thorax cavity, the lateral surface fo the mediastinum and covers superior surface of diaphragm
pareital cavity
potential space btwn layers of serous membranes assoc with lungs
pleural cavity
genral shape of lungs
conical
portion of each lung is concave and lies on diaphragm
base
portion of each lung superior, blunt end
apex
how far superiorly does each lung extend
slightly superior to the clavicle
portion of each lung in contact with thoracic wall
costal surface
portion of each lung directed medially
mediastinal surface
portion of each lung directed medially, oriented vertically, indented and is the area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves pass
hilum
what are bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nevers passing into each lung called
root
indentation formed by the heart within the left lung
cardiac impression
cardiac root
lobes of right lung
superior
middle
inferior
lobes of left lung
superior
inferior
branch of medicine concerned with stomach and intestines
gastroenterology
primary function of digestive system
breakdown and abosrption of nutrients
2 categories of organs make up digestive system
gastrointestinal tract
accessory digestive organs
oral cavit, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm and lg intestines
digestive organs 9gastrointestinal tract)
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
accessory digestive organs
6 functions of digestive system
ingestion
digestion
propulsion
secretion
absorption
elimination
involves introduction of solid and liquid nutrients into the oral cavity
ingestion
breakdown of large food items into smaller structures and molecules
digestion
ingested material into smaller pieces of the same material
mechanical digestion
break down of molecules into their ocmponent parts
chemical digestion
medical term for chewing
mastication
process of muscular contraction that forms ripples along part of the GI tract and causes material to move further along the tract
peristalsis
churning and mixing of movement that occurs in sm intesting
segmentation
process of producing and releasing fluidproducts
secretion
passive/active transport of electrolytes, digestion products, vitamins and water across the GI tract epithelium and into GI tract blood and lymphatic vessels
abosrption
undigestable materials as well as waste products secreted by the accessory organs into the GI tract and discharged through the anus
feces
process of elimination by digestive system
defecation
anatomical term for mouth
oral cavity
type of tissue lines oral cavity
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
muscle lies within the cheek
buccinator
anterior terminations of the cheeks
lips
what is the anatomical term for the gums
gingivae
thin folds of mucosa on the midline attach the lips to the gums
labial frenula
forms roof of the mouth
palate
2 portions of palate
hard and soft palate
bones form hard palate
maxillae
palatine bones
conical, median projection of the soft palate
uvula
opening btwn oral cavity and oropharynx
fauces
anterior and posterior boundaries of the opening btwn oral cavitya nd oropharynx
glossopalatine arch-anterior
pharyngopalatine arch
accessory organ, lies on floor of the oral cavity and is composed of skeletal muscle covered with stratified squamous epithelium
tongue
thin, vertical mucous membrane attaches the floor of the tonuge to the floor of the oral cavity
lingual frenulum
how many pairs of multicellular salivary glands are there
3
salivary glands located anterior and inferior to the ar and partially cover the massater
parotid salivary glands
structure drains the largest salivary glands
parotid ducts
where parotid gland enters oral cavity
near 2nd upper molar
salivary glands lie inferior to the body of the mandible
submandibular salivary glands
structure drains salivary glands lying inferior to the body of the mandible
submandibular ducts
where do the ducts of the submandibular glands enter the oral cavity
lateral to the lingual frenulum
salivary glands named for their position inferior to the tongue
sublingual salivary glands
part of a toothe exposed and covered with enamel
crown
part of tooth lies within the gums
neck
part of tooth lies within the bone of the jaw
root
sockets that hold the roots of the teeth
dental alveoli
processes of what bones hold the teeth
alveolar process
-maxillae and mandible
forms the primary mass of a tooth
dentin
material coves crown of a tooth
enamel
space lies within the center of a tooth
pulp cavity
fills the space within a tooth
pulp-connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
passage within a tooth opens into the connective tissue surrounding root and is continuous with the pulp cavity
root canal
opening btwn root canal of a tooth and the surrounding connective tissue
apical foramen
surface of a tooth closest to the midline
mesial surface
surface of a tooth farthest from the midline
distal surface
surface of a tooth adjacent to internal surface of cheek
buccal surface
surface of a tooth adjecent to internal surface of lip
labial surface
surface of tooth faces the tongue
lingual surface
surface of a tooth where the teeth from the opposing superior and inferior arches meet
occlusal surface
set of teeth erupt btwn 6 and 30 mos after birth and are eventually lost
deciduous teeth
set of teeth begin appearing at about six years of ageand remain through lifeteime
permanent teeth
how many deciduous teeth
20
how many permanent teeth
32
chisel-shaped teeth have only one root
incisors
teeth have a pointed tip for puncturing and tearing
canines
teeth have flat crowns with prominent ridges and may have one or two roots
pemolars
teeth are the thickest, have large, broad, flat crowns with distinctive cusps and three or more roots
molars
3 paris of skeletal muscles form the wall of the pharynx and take part in swallowing
pharyngeal muscles
-superior, middle, inferior
type of membrane lines abdominopelvic cavity
serous membrane
part of membrane lining abdominopelvic cavity adheres to the wall
parietal peritoneum
part of membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity adheres to the surface of the internal organs
visceral peritoneum
potential space btwn the layers of the lining of the abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneal cavity
term describes abdominopelvic organs completely surrounded by vixceral peritoneum
intraperitoneal
term describes abdominopelvic organs that typically lie agains thte posterior abdominal wall and thus have only their anterior aspects covered with peritonem
retroperitoneal
double-layered folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize the intraperitoneal GI tract
mesenteries
extension of the peritoenum extends inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most of the abdominal organs
grater omentum
extension of the peritoneum extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver
lesser omentum
fan shaped fold of peritoneum suspends most of the small intesting from the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall
mesenery proper
fold of peritoneum attaches parts of lg intesting to the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall
mesocolon
type of mesentery attaches one organ to another organ or attaches an organ to anterior or lateral abdominal wall
peritoneal ligament
fold of peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior internal abdominal wall
falciform ligament
layerof tissue lines the lumen of the GI tract
mucosa
layer of GI tract is highly vascular, holds mucin-secreting glands an dhouses an extensive nerve plexus
submucosa
layer of GI tract typically contains two layers of muscle
muscularis
outer most tunic of the GI tract may be either of what two structures
adventitia-retroperitoneal organs
serosa-intraperitoneal organs
branches of what three arteries supply the abdominal GI tract
celica trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery
in sm intestine, each villus usually contains a single blind ended central lymphatic capillary. what is the anatomical term for this lymphatic capillary
lacteal
three autonomic plexuses assoc with GI tract
celica
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
tubular organ extending from pharynx to stomach
esophagus
esophagus passes through what opening in the diaphragm
esophageal hiatus
esophagus lies immediately anterior to what structures
vertebral bodies
2 sphincters assoc with esophagus
superior and inferior esophageal sphincter (phyaryngoesophageal and esophagealgastric)
where is stomach located
LUQ
he stomach attached to esophagus
cardia
domeshaped region of the stomach
fundus (lt side)
largest region of stomach
body
region of stomach funnel-shaped and attached to the duodenum
pylorus
circular muscle of stomach regulates the material entering the sm intesting
pyloric sphincter
inferior convex border of stomach
greater curvature
superior concave border of stomach
lesser curvature
internal folsd of stomach
gastric folds (rugae)
another term for sm intesting
small bowel
first segment of sm intestine
duodenum
bile and pancreatic juice enter sm intestine through what structure
duodenal papilla
second segment of sm intesting
jejunum
3rd segment of sm intesting
ileum
circuluar muscle controls flow of material from small intesting to lg intesting
ileocecal valve
synonym for lg intesting
lg bowel
1st region of lg intestine and location
cecum
rlq
thin, hollow, fingerlike sac lined by lymphocyte-filled lymphatic nodules is attached to the first region of the large intestine
vermiform appendix
segment of lg intesting extends from the ileocecal valve superiorly along the rt lateral border of the abdominal cavity
ascending colon
bend in colon occurs near inferior surface of liver
right colic (hepatic) flexure
segment of lg intesting projects horizontally across the anterior region of the abdominal cavity
transverse colon
bend in colon occurs near the spleen
left colic (splenic) flexure
segment or lg intesting lies along the left side of the abdominal cavity
descending colon
segment of lg intestine is s shaped and turns inferomedially into the pelvic cavity
sigmoid colon
segment of the lg intestine is straight and lies on the posterior wall fo the true pelvis
rectum
terminal section of lg intestine
anal canal
2 circular muscles regulate passage of feces from the anal canal
internal and external anal sphincters
posterior opening of the alimentary canal
anus
three, thin, distinct, longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle on the exterior of the lg intestine
teniae coli
many pouches that the lg intestine is divided into
haustra
the lobules of fat hanging off the external surface of lg intestine
epiploic appendages
liver location
urq
2 major lobes of liver
r and l
separates teh 2 major lobes of liver
falciform ligament
remnant of the fetal umbilical vein is assoc with the liver
ligamentum teres
2 minor lobes of the liver
caudate and quadrate
lobe of liver adjacent to inf vena cava
caudate
lobe of liver adjacent to gallbladder
quadrate
area where blood and lymphatic vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter the liver
porta hepatis
saclike organ attached to inf suface of liver
gallbladder
structure fills and drains gallbladder
cystic duct
retroperitoneal organ has both exocrine and endorine functions and extends horizontally from the edge of the duodenum toward the left side abdominal cavity, touching the spleen
pancreas
portion of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the duodenum
head
central, elongated portion of pancreas extending toward the left lateral abdominal wall
body
portion of the pancreas approaches the spleen
tail
structure within the pancreas drains pancreatic juice and bicarbonate the dudodenum
main pancreatic duct
system of ducts carries bile fromt he liver and gallbladder to the dudodenum
biliary apparatus
structures drain bile from the l and r lobes of the liver
l and r hepatic ducts
structures draining the l and r lobes of liver merge to form this
common hepatic duct
structure carries bile to and from gallbladder
cystic duct
union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct forms this
common bile duct
enlargement in post abdominal wall where common bile duct and pancreatic duct merge
hepatopancreatic ampulla
bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum via what structure
major duodenal papilla