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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What specialty within mediccine focues on the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the lungs
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pulmonology
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what are the 2 anatomical divisions of the respiratory system
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upper and lower respiratory tract
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what are the 2 functional divisions of the respiratory system
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conducting portion
respiratory portion |
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nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and phyarynx
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upper respiratory tract
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larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
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lower respiratory tract
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compononents of conducting portion
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nose
nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea primary bronchi-terminal bronchioles |
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components of respiratory portion
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respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts alveoli |
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stages of respiration
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ventilation
external respiration: exchange of gases within lungs internal respiration: exchange of gases within tissues cellular respiration: oxygen utilization by oxygen |
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stage of respiration directly involved with respiratory system
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ventilation and external respiration
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4 functions of rsp system
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gas conditioning
olfaction defense sound production DOGS |
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how is air conditioned as we breath it in
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warmed
moistened cleansed |
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how is sound produced and modified by resp system
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air forced through larynx-> vocal cords vibrate
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part of resp system in olfaction
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ephithelium in superior nasal cavity iscovered with olfactory receptors
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part of resp system that plays in the defense of the body
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lined with hairs
twisted passageways goblet cells -mucin traps bacteria and particles -lysozyme dhydrolizes bacterial cell walls |
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anatomical components of upper resp tract
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nose
nasal cavity paranasl sinuses pharynx |
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what bones form bridge of the nose
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nasal bones
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what are the external nares
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nostrils
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what structure is the nasal cavity continuous with posteriorly
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nasopharynx
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openings between nasal cavity and nasopharynx
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internal nares (choanae)
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region of nasal cavity near the nostrils
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vestibule
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structure divides nasal cavity into left and right portions
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nasal septum
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skeleteal elements make up nasal septum
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septal cartilage
ethomoid bone vomer |
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three bony projections on lateral walls of nasal cavity
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nasal conchae
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another name for nasal conchae
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turinates
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paranasal sinuses
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frontal
ethmoid maxillary sphenoid |
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tissue lines paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar (part of breathing and nothing else)
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tissue lines nasal vestibule
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keratinized stratified squamous ephithelium
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funnel shaped region that connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esophagus
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pharynx
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region of pharynx posterior to nasal cavity and superior to soft palate
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nasopharynx
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type of tissue lines nasopharynx
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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how is the middle ear cavity related to the nasopharynx
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connected by auditory tubes
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what lymphatic structure lies within the nasopharynx
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adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)
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region of pharynx lies btwn soft palate and level of the hyoid bone
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oropharynx
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tissue lines oropharynx
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non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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lymphatic structure lie within oropharynx
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palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils
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structures are surgically excised during sonillectomy
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palatine tonsils
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region of pharynx lies btwn level of the hyoid bone and superior border of the esophagus or the level of the inferior border of cricoid cartilage
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laryngopharynx
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tissue lines laryngopharynx
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non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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general structures make up the lower respiratory tract
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conducting airways
respiratory portion of respiratory system |
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tissue lines superior portion of larynx
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non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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tissue lines inferior portion of larynx
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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functions of larynx
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prevent swallowed material from entering lower respiratory tract
conducts air to lower respiratory tract produces sound |
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component of larynx forms anterior and lateral walls and the anterior projection known as the laryngeal prominence of "adams apple"
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thyroid cartilage
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ring shaped structure of larynx forms inferior base of this organ and connects it to the trachea
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cricoid cartilage
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band of dense connective tissues lies btwn cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and can be palpated
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cricothyroid ligament
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spoon or leaf shaped structure of the larynx folds over the laryngeal opening during swallowing to prevent food and drink from entering the larynx
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epiglottis
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opening between vocal cords
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rima glottidis
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rima glottidis plus vocal cords
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glottis
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tubular structure that extends from the larynx inferiorly
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trachea
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structure lies immediately posterior to the trachea
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esophagus
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structures keep trachea patent
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c shaped cartilage
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type of tissue lines trachea
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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level trachea bifurcates
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sternal angle
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bifurcations of the trachea
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1 degree bronchi
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highly branched system of air conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before entering the terminal bronchioles
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bronchial tree
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which primary bronchus is more likley to have foreign objects fall lodge in it
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right 1 degree bronchus
shorter wider more vertical |
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characterstics all bronchi share
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incomplete cartilage rings
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium complete smooth muscle ring |
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airways within lungs
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bronchioles
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small saccular oupocketings within lungs, provide surfaces for the diffusion of gases
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alveoli
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most inferior,keel shaped cartilage of trachea
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carina
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serous membranes cover luns and line the internal thoracic wall
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pleura
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specific serous membrane adhere to outer surfaces of lungs
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visceral pleura
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specific serous membrane lines the walls of the thorax cavity, the lateral surface fo the mediastinum and covers superior surface of diaphragm
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pareital cavity
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potential space btwn layers of serous membranes assoc with lungs
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pleural cavity
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genral shape of lungs
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conical
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portion of each lung is concave and lies on diaphragm
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base
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portion of each lung superior, blunt end
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apex
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how far superiorly does each lung extend
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slightly superior to the clavicle
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portion of each lung in contact with thoracic wall
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costal surface
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portion of each lung directed medially
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mediastinal surface
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portion of each lung directed medially, oriented vertically, indented and is the area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves pass
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hilum
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what are bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nevers passing into each lung called
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root
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indentation formed by the heart within the left lung
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cardiac impression
cardiac root |
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lobes of right lung
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superior
middle inferior |
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lobes of left lung
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superior
inferior |
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branch of medicine concerned with stomach and intestines
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gastroenterology
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primary function of digestive system
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breakdown and abosrption of nutrients
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2 categories of organs make up digestive system
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gastrointestinal tract
accessory digestive organs |
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oral cavit, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm and lg intestines
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digestive organs 9gastrointestinal tract)
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teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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accessory digestive organs
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6 functions of digestive system
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ingestion
digestion propulsion secretion absorption elimination |
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involves introduction of solid and liquid nutrients into the oral cavity
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ingestion
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breakdown of large food items into smaller structures and molecules
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digestion
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ingested material into smaller pieces of the same material
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mechanical digestion
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break down of molecules into their ocmponent parts
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chemical digestion
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medical term for chewing
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mastication
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process of muscular contraction that forms ripples along part of the GI tract and causes material to move further along the tract
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peristalsis
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churning and mixing of movement that occurs in sm intesting
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segmentation
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process of producing and releasing fluidproducts
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secretion
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passive/active transport of electrolytes, digestion products, vitamins and water across the GI tract epithelium and into GI tract blood and lymphatic vessels
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abosrption
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undigestable materials as well as waste products secreted by the accessory organs into the GI tract and discharged through the anus
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feces
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process of elimination by digestive system
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defecation
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anatomical term for mouth
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oral cavity
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type of tissue lines oral cavity
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non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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muscle lies within the cheek
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buccinator
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anterior terminations of the cheeks
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lips
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what is the anatomical term for the gums
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gingivae
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thin folds of mucosa on the midline attach the lips to the gums
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labial frenula
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forms roof of the mouth
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palate
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2 portions of palate
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hard and soft palate
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bones form hard palate
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maxillae
palatine bones |
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conical, median projection of the soft palate
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uvula
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opening btwn oral cavity and oropharynx
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fauces
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anterior and posterior boundaries of the opening btwn oral cavitya nd oropharynx
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glossopalatine arch-anterior
pharyngopalatine arch |
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accessory organ, lies on floor of the oral cavity and is composed of skeletal muscle covered with stratified squamous epithelium
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tongue
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thin, vertical mucous membrane attaches the floor of the tonuge to the floor of the oral cavity
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lingual frenulum
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how many pairs of multicellular salivary glands are there
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3
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salivary glands located anterior and inferior to the ar and partially cover the massater
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parotid salivary glands
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structure drains the largest salivary glands
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parotid ducts
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where parotid gland enters oral cavity
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near 2nd upper molar
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salivary glands lie inferior to the body of the mandible
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submandibular salivary glands
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structure drains salivary glands lying inferior to the body of the mandible
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submandibular ducts
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where do the ducts of the submandibular glands enter the oral cavity
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lateral to the lingual frenulum
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salivary glands named for their position inferior to the tongue
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sublingual salivary glands
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part of a toothe exposed and covered with enamel
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crown
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part of tooth lies within the gums
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neck
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part of tooth lies within the bone of the jaw
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root
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sockets that hold the roots of the teeth
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dental alveoli
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processes of what bones hold the teeth
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alveolar process
-maxillae and mandible |
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forms the primary mass of a tooth
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dentin
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material coves crown of a tooth
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enamel
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space lies within the center of a tooth
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pulp cavity
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fills the space within a tooth
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pulp-connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
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passage within a tooth opens into the connective tissue surrounding root and is continuous with the pulp cavity
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root canal
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opening btwn root canal of a tooth and the surrounding connective tissue
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apical foramen
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surface of a tooth closest to the midline
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mesial surface
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surface of a tooth farthest from the midline
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distal surface
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surface of a tooth adjacent to internal surface of cheek
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buccal surface
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surface of a tooth adjecent to internal surface of lip
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labial surface
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surface of tooth faces the tongue
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lingual surface
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surface of a tooth where the teeth from the opposing superior and inferior arches meet
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occlusal surface
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set of teeth erupt btwn 6 and 30 mos after birth and are eventually lost
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deciduous teeth
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set of teeth begin appearing at about six years of ageand remain through lifeteime
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permanent teeth
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how many deciduous teeth
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20
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how many permanent teeth
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32
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chisel-shaped teeth have only one root
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incisors
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teeth have a pointed tip for puncturing and tearing
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canines
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teeth have flat crowns with prominent ridges and may have one or two roots
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pemolars
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teeth are the thickest, have large, broad, flat crowns with distinctive cusps and three or more roots
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molars
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3 paris of skeletal muscles form the wall of the pharynx and take part in swallowing
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pharyngeal muscles
-superior, middle, inferior |
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type of membrane lines abdominopelvic cavity
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serous membrane
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part of membrane lining abdominopelvic cavity adheres to the wall
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parietal peritoneum
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part of membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity adheres to the surface of the internal organs
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visceral peritoneum
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potential space btwn the layers of the lining of the abdominopelvic cavity
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peritoneal cavity
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term describes abdominopelvic organs completely surrounded by vixceral peritoneum
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intraperitoneal
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term describes abdominopelvic organs that typically lie agains thte posterior abdominal wall and thus have only their anterior aspects covered with peritonem
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retroperitoneal
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double-layered folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize the intraperitoneal GI tract
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mesenteries
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extension of the peritoenum extends inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most of the abdominal organs
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grater omentum
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extension of the peritoneum extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver
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lesser omentum
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fan shaped fold of peritoneum suspends most of the small intesting from the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall
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mesenery proper
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fold of peritoneum attaches parts of lg intesting to the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall
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mesocolon
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type of mesentery attaches one organ to another organ or attaches an organ to anterior or lateral abdominal wall
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peritoneal ligament
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fold of peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior internal abdominal wall
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falciform ligament
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layerof tissue lines the lumen of the GI tract
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mucosa
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layer of GI tract is highly vascular, holds mucin-secreting glands an dhouses an extensive nerve plexus
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submucosa
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layer of GI tract typically contains two layers of muscle
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muscularis
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outer most tunic of the GI tract may be either of what two structures
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adventitia-retroperitoneal organs
serosa-intraperitoneal organs |
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branches of what three arteries supply the abdominal GI tract
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celica trunk
superior mesenteric artery inferior mesenteric artery |
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in sm intestine, each villus usually contains a single blind ended central lymphatic capillary. what is the anatomical term for this lymphatic capillary
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lacteal
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three autonomic plexuses assoc with GI tract
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celica
superior mesenteric inferior mesenteric |
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tubular organ extending from pharynx to stomach
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esophagus
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esophagus passes through what opening in the diaphragm
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esophageal hiatus
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esophagus lies immediately anterior to what structures
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vertebral bodies
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2 sphincters assoc with esophagus
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superior and inferior esophageal sphincter (phyaryngoesophageal and esophagealgastric)
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where is stomach located
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LUQ
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he stomach attached to esophagus
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cardia
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domeshaped region of the stomach
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fundus (lt side)
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largest region of stomach
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body
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region of stomach funnel-shaped and attached to the duodenum
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pylorus
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circular muscle of stomach regulates the material entering the sm intesting
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pyloric sphincter
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inferior convex border of stomach
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greater curvature
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superior concave border of stomach
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lesser curvature
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internal folsd of stomach
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gastric folds (rugae)
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another term for sm intesting
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small bowel
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first segment of sm intestine
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duodenum
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bile and pancreatic juice enter sm intestine through what structure
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duodenal papilla
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second segment of sm intesting
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jejunum
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3rd segment of sm intesting
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ileum
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circuluar muscle controls flow of material from small intesting to lg intesting
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ileocecal valve
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synonym for lg intesting
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lg bowel
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1st region of lg intestine and location
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cecum
rlq |
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thin, hollow, fingerlike sac lined by lymphocyte-filled lymphatic nodules is attached to the first region of the large intestine
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vermiform appendix
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segment of lg intesting extends from the ileocecal valve superiorly along the rt lateral border of the abdominal cavity
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ascending colon
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bend in colon occurs near inferior surface of liver
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right colic (hepatic) flexure
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segment of lg intesting projects horizontally across the anterior region of the abdominal cavity
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transverse colon
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bend in colon occurs near the spleen
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left colic (splenic) flexure
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segment or lg intesting lies along the left side of the abdominal cavity
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descending colon
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segment of lg intestine is s shaped and turns inferomedially into the pelvic cavity
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sigmoid colon
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segment of the lg intestine is straight and lies on the posterior wall fo the true pelvis
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rectum
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terminal section of lg intestine
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anal canal
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2 circular muscles regulate passage of feces from the anal canal
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internal and external anal sphincters
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posterior opening of the alimentary canal
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anus
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three, thin, distinct, longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle on the exterior of the lg intestine
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teniae coli
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many pouches that the lg intestine is divided into
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haustra
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the lobules of fat hanging off the external surface of lg intestine
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epiploic appendages
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liver location
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urq
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2 major lobes of liver
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r and l
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separates teh 2 major lobes of liver
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falciform ligament
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remnant of the fetal umbilical vein is assoc with the liver
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ligamentum teres
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2 minor lobes of the liver
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caudate and quadrate
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lobe of liver adjacent to inf vena cava
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caudate
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lobe of liver adjacent to gallbladder
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quadrate
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area where blood and lymphatic vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter the liver
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porta hepatis
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saclike organ attached to inf suface of liver
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gallbladder
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structure fills and drains gallbladder
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cystic duct
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retroperitoneal organ has both exocrine and endorine functions and extends horizontally from the edge of the duodenum toward the left side abdominal cavity, touching the spleen
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pancreas
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portion of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the duodenum
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head
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central, elongated portion of pancreas extending toward the left lateral abdominal wall
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body
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portion of the pancreas approaches the spleen
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tail
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structure within the pancreas drains pancreatic juice and bicarbonate the dudodenum
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main pancreatic duct
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system of ducts carries bile fromt he liver and gallbladder to the dudodenum
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biliary apparatus
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structures drain bile from the l and r lobes of the liver
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l and r hepatic ducts
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structures draining the l and r lobes of liver merge to form this
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common hepatic duct
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structure carries bile to and from gallbladder
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cystic duct
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union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct forms this
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common bile duct
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enlargement in post abdominal wall where common bile duct and pancreatic duct merge
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hepatopancreatic ampulla
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bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum via what structure
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major duodenal papilla
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