Anatomy

Front 1

2. Haversian Canal

Back 1

hollow tube that runs down center of osteon; contains blood vessels and nerves

Front 2

3. canaliculi

Back 2

– tiny canals that run through thelamellae, connecting osteocytes (bone cells)with each other and the Haversian Canals

Front 3

Volkmann's Canals

Back 3

horizontal channels that connect the Haversian Canals with each other

Front 4

circumferential lamellae

Back 4

matrix that exists between osteons and rim of bone

Front 5

cancellous bone (spongy appearance)

Back 5

a. latticework of bony struts
b. struts aligned along the stress lines of the bone
c. where this is found, the stress on the bone is less than where compact bone is found; this gives the bone the strength it needs with a lighter weight

Front 6

Structure of Long Bones
1. diaphysis

Back 6

shaft of bone; hollow cylinder; structure provides a strong structure with a moveable weight

Front 7

2. medullary cavity

Back 7

hollow part of diaphysis; contains yellow marrow in adult

Front 8

3. epiphyses

Back 8

bulbous ends of bone; consists of cancellous bone surrounded by compact bone;
– epiphyseal plate – line of cartilage that runs through epiphyses (bone growth takes place here,
lengthening the bone); bulbousness of bone
provides for more stability at joints and more
surface area for ligament and tendon attachment

Front 9

4. articular cartilage

Back 9

covers ends of bones; has consistency of firm rubber; acts as a protective device at joints

Front 10

5. periosteum

Back 10

fibrous membrane that covers the bone; some fibers penetrate the bone to anchor it; fibers of periosteum and fibers of ligaments andtendons interweave, producing a seamless juncture

Front 11

Structure of Short-Flat-Irregular-Sesamoid Bones

Back 11

All have cancellous bone surrounded by compact bone; in adult, some have red marrow

Front 12

Bone Dynamics
Preliminary Definitions
1.Osteoblasts
2. Osteoclasts

Back 12

1. bone forming cells (lay down matrix)
2. bone destroying cells (take matrix away)

Front 13

CNS (central nervous system)

Back 13

brain, spinal cord

Front 14

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

Back 14

nerves

Front 15

functions of nervous system

Back 15

1. produces consciousness
2.2. Rapid communication system responsible for sensory reception and coordination and control of body functions (detects changes in the internal and external environments, evaluates the information, and then possibly sends impulses out to the muscles and glands).

Front 16

Neuron

Back 16

Nerve cell

Front 17

Types of Neuron

Back 17

a. sensory
b. motor
c. interneuron

Front 18

Sensory (neuron)

Back 18

transmits impulses from periphery to CNS

Front 19

Motor (neron)

Back 19

transmits impulses from CNS to muscle or glands

Front 20

Interneuron (neron)

Back 20

a relay neuron located soley within the CNS

Front 21

three featrues of axon(part of a neuron)

Back 21

1. rope-like structure
2. Vary from neuron to neuron in terms of length: could be a few millimeters or up to a whole meter
3. Vary from neuron to neuron in terms of diameter; larger the diameter, the faster impulses travel through the axon

Front 22

axonterminals

Back 22

a.Filaments that emanate at end of an axon
b.In motor neuron, they attach to muscles or glands
c.In sensory neuron, they attach to interneuron within CNS

Front 23

Nerves

Back 23

1.Consists of bundles of sensory and motor axons
2.Allows for two-way communication within each nerve

Front 24

(nerves) Reflex arc

Back 24

fast, automatic reaction to a stimulus that takes place without thought; (touching and pulling way from a hot stove); sensory and motor impulses travel within the same nerve

Front 25

(nerves) 31 spinal nerves come off of spinal cord

Back 25

a. 8 cervical
b. 12 thoracic
c. 5 lumbar
d. 5 sacral
e. 1 coccygeal

Front 26

sciatic nerve

Back 26

i.Largest nerve in body both in terms of length and diameter
ii.Runs from hip area down whole leg
iii.Technically not a spinal nerve; emanates from sacral plexus

Front 27

dermatome

Back 27

i.Each spinal nerve services a specific skin surface area
ii.Body is mapped out so a physician can:
1.Pinprick a skin area to erect nerve abnormalities
2.Inject an anesthetic into a specific spinal nerve to anesthesize a specific area of the body

Front 28

shingles

Back 28

i.Viral infection of a spinal nerve
ii.Results is red splotches on dermatome of affected spinal nerve
iii.It is a delayed reaction to chicken pox