Anatomy

Front 1

What is the purpose of the urinary system?

Back 1

-to remove metabolic wastes
-to balance blood chemistry

Front 2

What are part of the urinary system?

Back 2

-2 kidneys
-2 ureters
-bladder
-urethra

Front 3

What does adipose tissue do for the kidneys?

Back 3

-anchors them to the body wall

Front 4

Where are the kidneys located?

Back 4

-high in the abdominal cavity (not close to the bladder)
-outside the peritenal cavity
-"retroperiteneal"

Front 5

Why is the left kidney higher than the right?

Back 5

-because the liver is above the right

Front 6

What is the fibrous capsule of the kidneys?

Back 6

-fibrous tissue made of callangenous fibers

Front 7

What is the order of the parts of the kidney from external to internal?

Back 7

-fibrous capsule
-cortex
-medulla

Front 8

What are the pyramids of the liver?

Back 8

-sections of liver separated by renal columns

Front 9

What do renal columns of the kidneys do and what are they made of?

Back 9

-give stability to the kidneys
-made of

Front 10

How does urine travel through the urinary system?

Back 10

-apex of pyramids-->to minor calyx of each pyramid-->major calyx-->renal pelvis-->ureter-->bladder for storage

Front 11

How does the circulatory system travel through the kidneys?

Back 11

-rneal arteries enter kidneys
-renal veins exit kidneys
-very vascular (1200ccs of blood/minute)
-nephrons surrounded by circulatory networks

Front 12

What are the nephrons of kidneys?

Back 12

-filtration untis of the kidneys
-suroounded by capillaries

Front 13

What are the parts of the nephron?

Back 13

-renal capusle (corpuscle and glomerular)
-glomerulus
-proximal convoluted tubule
-nephron loop
-distal convolute tubule
-collecting ducts
-renal papilla

Front 14

What is the renal capsule?

Back 14

-hollow ball that contains capillaries called glomerulus

Front 15

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

Back 15

-close to capsule
-has tiwsting nad turning

Front 16

Where does the papillary duct lead out to?

Back 16

-to the apex of pyramid

Front 17

How many nephrons do we have? Why?

Back 17

-almost 2 million in each kidney
-the more you have, the more effient urination will be
-having too little will elad to kidney failure

Front 18

What fluid exists in the renal capsules?

Back 18

-blood and plasma

Front 19

What fluid exists in the nephron tubules and collecting duct?

Back 19

-filtrate

Front 20

What is the fluid that exists the collecting duct?

Back 20

-urine

Front 21

What do nephrons do?

Back 21

-filters blood

Front 22

What is significant about the blood entering the renal capsules?

Back 22

-mostly red
-very little oxygen is lost

Front 23

How does blood enter and leave the renal capsules?

Back 23

-enters by afferent arteriole
-leaves by efferent arteriole

Front 24

What do the capillaries of the renal capsules contain and why?

Back 24

-perforations called fenestrations
-filtration component of the kidneys

Front 25

What get filtered in the kidneys?

Back 25

-1/4 of all plasma
-all molecules small enough to fit through holes and leave blood into capsules
-includes proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, nucleic acids, eletrolytes, vitamins, enzymes, and water

Front 26

What do pedocytes do and why?

Back 26

-wrap around capillaries with pedicils
-for reinforcement without covering holes (Contains cracks for molecules to pass)
-for capillaries to withstand 40mLHG of pressure`

Front 27

What lines convoluted tubules?

Back 27

-simple cuboidal cells lined with microvilli

Front 28

How do you get molecules back?

Back 28

-filtrate goes to proximal convoluted tubule and gets reabsorbed by cuboidal cells

Front 29

What happens after molecules are reabsorbed?

Back 29

-nephron loop balances blood chemistry
-calcium out of filtrate if needed
-sodium out of blood if too much
-you want most waste to be filtered, not all for balance

Front 30

What are the 3 sections of the ureters?

Back 30

-mucosa
-muscularis
-adentitia

Front 31

What is the mucosa of the ureters made of?

Back 31

-transitional epithelium

Front 32

What muscles are in the muscularis of the ureters? What are they used for?

Back 32

-longitudinal
-circular
-peristalsis of urine movement to bladder
-contains flaps to prevent urine backup into kidneys

Front 33

Why must you keep urine away from kidneys?

Back 33

-waste is toxic and can damage in large quantities

Front 34

What is significant about the adentitia?

Back 34

-does not produce serous fluid

Front 35

What does the bladder do?

Back 35

-can hold a liter of urine
-can hold more during sympathetic actions

Front 36

What does the lumen of the bladder consist of and why?

Back 36

-rugae for expansion

Front 37

What is significant about the trigone?

Back 37

-no rugae
-area b/t openings of ureters and urethra
-can;t be stretched or ureters will be backed up and urethra will be blocked

Front 38

What does the mucosa tunic of the bladder consist of?

Back 38

-transitional epithelium

Front 39

What does the submucosa tunic of the bladder consist of?

Back 39

-have stretch receptors and neurons
-needs extensive vascukarity to protect bladder

Front 40

What are women with short urethras prone to?

Back 40

-urinary tract infection

Front 41

What muscles does the bladder have and do?

Back 41

-detrusor muscle (so bladder is uniformly emptied)
-internal urethal spincter (skeletal muscles for release of urine)
-external urethral spincter (smooth muscles in body wall to finish urination)

Front 42

How do you wipe yourslef after you go to the bathroom?

Back 42

-wipe anterior to posterior