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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the JGA
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Place where afferent arteriole touches the distal convoluted tubule
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all chemical reaction w/i body
provides energy balance between cat and anab |
metabolism
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decomposition of larger molecules to smaller ones
exergonic produces ATP for anabolism |
catabolism
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synthesis of larger molecules
endergonic requires atp |
anabolism
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Net reaction of cellular metabolism
C6H12O6+6O2+36ADP's+36Pi yields |
6CO2+6H20+ATP+heat
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Glycolysis occurs.....
in the .......... |
occurs anaerobically in the cytoplasm
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pyruvic acid is
and yields |
end product of glycolysis
lactic acid when no O2 present |
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pyruvic acid yields________with 02
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Acytyl Coenzyme A
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oxidation is the ___________ from a molecule
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removal of electrons and H+ ions
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lactic acid back to pyruvic
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example of oxidation and release of ATP
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reduction is the ____________ from a molecule
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addition of electrolns and H+ ions
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pyruvic back to lactic acid
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example of reduction reaction with the addition of H+ ions to turn back to lactic
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Redox reactions
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are always coupled. Examples are digestive reactions with carbs, fats and protein metabolism
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oxidation of food causes
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body heat and large quantities of energy
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hunger and satiety center located
satiety center is hunger center is |
in hypothalamus
inhibits hunger center constantly turned on |
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food intake mostly regulated by
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blood glucose levels
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blood glucose levels act upon what center
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hunger or satiety centers
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fatty acids act upon
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satiety center to inhibit eating
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body temp
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affects metabolism and eating habits
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stretching of GI tract
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decreases eating
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CCK decreases
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eating
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phychological factos: anorexia etc
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decrease eating
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chemical substances by which we derive energy and help form body components
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nutrients
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glycogen stored in 2 places
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skeletal muscle(80%) and liver (20%)
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part of enzyme systems which catalyze metabolic reactions
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minerals and vitamins
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coenzymes needed in order to utilize nutrients
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vitamins
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acts as a solvent, in hydrolytic reactions, coolant, lube and maintain body temp
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water
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oxidation of glucose is also called
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cell respiration
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electron transport chain is in the
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mitochondria of cells
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oxidation of glucose is the
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chief source of energy
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2 ATP in glycolysis
2 ATP in Krebs 34 in electron transport chain |
what 1 M glucose yields
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during digestion process, glycogen is stored
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in the liver
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many glucose come to form glycogen is called_________ and stim'd by_______
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glycogenesis; insulin
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breakdown of glycogen in liver to put more sugar in blood is called_______ and stim'd by__________
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glycogenolysis; glucagon
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making of glucose from sources other than carbs. Making new glucose
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gluconeogenesis
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largest reserve of energy
produce 131M apt |
lipids
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digestion into amino acids to make new body proteins for growth and repair
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protein metabolism
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amino acids are deaminated in liver to ketoacids,glucose and fatty acids
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They then enter Kreb's with CO enz. A
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Metabolism regulated and controlled by
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controlled by enzymes and regulated by hormones
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BMR
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rate at which heat is produced
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exercise, nervous system, ingestion of proteins, age, gender, climate, sleep or malnourised, surface area to vol. ratio
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factors affecting BMR
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bowmans capsule and glomerulus
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make up renal corpuscle
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afferent arteriole,
bowman's capsule, prox. conv. tub, des loop of henle, asc. loop of henle, dist. conv. tub that drains into collecting duct |
flow of urine through nephron
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blood vessels in order through kidney
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1)Renal artery
2)segmental artery 3) interlobar artery 4) arcuate artery 5) interlobular artery 5) afferent arteriole 6) glomerular capillary 7) efferent arteriole 8) peritubular capillary 9) interlobular veins 10) arcuate veins 11) interlobar veins 12)renal veins |
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Main fx of kidney is to_________
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filter blood of toxic wastes
control blood conc and vol by removing selective amounts of water and solutes regulates pH of blood |
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kidneys unit of structure is
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nephron
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epithelium in nephron
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is simple cuboidal except for bowman's capsule(simple squamous) and loop of henle (low cuboidal)
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aff. art is larger than eff. art. Why?
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larger due to larger vol with higher pressure. Eff. is smaller due to less pressure and maintainance of pressure inside nephron
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Glo filt contains
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water and dissolved blood components in plasma
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hydrostatic pressure in ________and is highest and promotes GFR due to it's high pressure
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afferent arteriole
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myogenic ass. with
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smooth muscle stim'd by symp. nervous sys response
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myogenic causes smooth muscle to
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vasoconstrict afferent and efferant art. which decrease b/p and GFR
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Function of JGA is to
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regulate diameter of afferent arteriole and hence, renal blood pressure by detecting low Cl levels when b/p decreases
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What uptake of fluid from kidney tubules is called
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water reabsorption
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hydrostatic pressure- capsular pressure- colloidal pressure =
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net filtration pressure
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In nephron, most reabsorption of substances take place in what part of nephron?
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proximal conv. tubule by active transport
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Facilitative reabsorption in collecting duct and distal conv.tubule affected by
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ADH
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principal cells in distal conv. tubule respond to
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ADH and aldosterone for Na reabsorption for nerve and muscle action potential
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permeability of collecting ducts regulated by
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ADH
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Normal daily vol of urine
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1,000-1,200cc/day
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direction of H20 movement of fluid compartments determined by
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various osmotic pressures exerted by various ions and proteins
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what area stim's desire to drink
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thirst center in the hypothalamus
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how ADH saves water?
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by making dist. conv. tubule and collecting ducts more permeable so that the movement of H20 is reabsorbed back to blood. This keeps more H20 in the system
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cation necessary for conduction of action potential and maintaining osmotic pressure
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Na+
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cations
anions |
are positive
are negative |
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Primary intracellular ions are
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K, phosphate and protein
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In tissues, CO2 goes out and HCO3 goes out of RBC
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and Cl goes in
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In lungs, CO2 goes out of RBC and HCO3 goes in RBC
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and Cl goes out
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What weak acids,
sodium bicarb + HCL yield? |
sodium chloride and carb. acid
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What strong base
Carb. acid + sodium hydroxide yield? |
sodium bicarb and water
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Acid is a
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donor of H+ ions
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How H+ ions are eliminated by body?
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through urine
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Levels of Na in extracellular fluid regulated by what hormone
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aldosterone
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testosterone produce where?
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in testes, near seminiferous tubules are the Leydig cells that produce it.
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Why testes are in scrotum outside the body?
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because spermatogenesis needs to take place in lower than body temp.
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spermatogonium located
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in the seminiferous tubules inside the testes
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spermatogonium divides by mitosis with
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4 stages and diploid # chromosomes
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1 spermatogonium differentiates into primary spermatocyte (2n) to
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two secondary spermatocytes(n)
This is meiosis I (reduction division) |
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when there are two secondary spermatocytes (n) they differentiate into
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4 spermatatids(n) by Meiosis II (equatorial division)
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spermiogenesis is where
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spermatids develop into spermatozoa. Takes place in epididymis
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Final maturation of sperm occurs in
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epididymis
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FSH in male does what?
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initiates spermatogenesis and sertoli cells secrete inhibin to inhibit it
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LH in male does what?
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increases testosterone production by leydig cells
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seminal vesicle adds
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fructose to semen for ATP energy for sperm motility
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Oocyte moves through ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium in fallopian tube by
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peristalsis
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epithelium of vagina is
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nonkeratinized stratified squamous with mucus glands
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Endometrium is the thickest during
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postovulatory stage (secretory phase)
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When LH at highest levels
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during ovulation
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when progesterone at highest level
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luteal phase, secretory phase or postovulatory phase
whatever you want to call it |
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function of progesterone
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continued development of endometrium during secretory phase
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what happens to corpus luteum if fertilization doesn't occur?
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it stops production of prog. and estrogen and desintegrates into a corpus albicans
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