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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many cranial bones are there?
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8
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Name the 8 cranial bones
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- frontal
- parietal - temporal (2) - occipital - sphenoid - ethmoid |
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How many facial bones are there?
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14
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Name the 14 facial bones
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-zygomatic (2)
- lacrimal (2) - nasal (2) - inferior nasal conchae (2) - palatine bones (2) - maxillae (2) - vomer - mandible |
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The mandible is comprised of two processes. Name them
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- condyloid process
- coronoid process |
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This mandibular process is found posteriorly
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condyloid
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This mandibular process is found anterior
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coronoid
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Coronal suture is between what?
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frontal and parietal bones
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Lamboid suture is between what?
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parietal and occipital bones
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Sagittal suture
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shared by two parietal bones and runs along the midsagittal plane from frontal bone to occipital bone
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Squamous suture is between what?
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temporal and parietal bones
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Name the 12 cranial nerves
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(Olaf opted occasionally to touch and feel very good velvet at home)
- olfactory - optic - oculomotor -trochlear -trigeminal - abducent -facial - vestibulocochlear - glossopharyngeal - vagus - spinal accessory - hypoglossal |
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What are the three divisions of the trigeminal n.
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-ophthalmic
-maxillary -mandibular |
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Frontalis m. action
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draws scalp anteriorly
raises eyebrows wrinkles forehead |
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Occipitalis m. action
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draws scalp posteriorly
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Orbicularis Oculi m action
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closes the eye
winking m. |
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Orbicularis Oris m action
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closes and protrudes lips
puckering m |
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THe muscles of facial expression are all innervated by what n.?
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facial nerve (CN 7)
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Platysma m action
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Draws out part of lower lip inferiorly and posteriorly as in pouting
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Buccinator m action
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- keeps food between teeth and away from cheeks when chewing
- presses cheeks against teeth and lips, as in whistling, blowing, and sucking |
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The muscles of mastication are all innervated by what n.?
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CN V3- mandibular division of trigeminal n
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Masseter m action
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elevates mandible
protrusion retrction lateral grinding and chewing |
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Masseter attachments
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-zygomatic bone and arch
- angle and lateral surface of ramus of mandible |
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Temporalis attachments
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-temporal fossa
- coronoid process of mandible |
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Temporalis action
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elevates
retracts mandible lateral grinding and chewing |
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Medial pterygoid attachments
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-medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
- medial surface of the ramus of mandible |
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Medial pterygoid actions
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acts with masseter to elevate mandible
unilateral activity produces grinding protrusion |
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Lateral pterygoid attachments
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-lateral side of the lateral pterygoid plate and sphenoid
- condyloid process of mandible and also the joint capsule and articular disc of TMJ |
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Lateral pterygoid actions
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protrudes mandible
depresses chin unilateral activity produces grinding and swings jaw toward contralateral side |
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Borders of infratemporal fossa
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lateral: ramus of mandible
medial: lateral pterygoid plate anterior: posterior maxilla posterior: mastoid process superior: greater wing of sphenoid bone inferior: attachment of medial pterygoid m |
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Contents of infratemporal fossa
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maxillary a
CN V3- mandibular |
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What are the two primary spinal curvatures
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thoracic
sacral |
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What are the two secondary spinal curvatures
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cervical
lumbar |
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Which vertebrae is the largest?
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L5
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What do thoracic vertebrae have that other vertebrae do not?
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costal facets that articulate with ribs
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Which vertebrae have bifid spinous processes and transverse formina?
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cervical
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Which cervical vertebrae has no body or spinous process?
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C1 (atlas)
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Which vertebrae is the most prominent?
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C7
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What is the name of the unique structure on C2 (axis)?
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dens
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What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid?
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-mastoid process and superior nuchal line
- manubrium and middle 1/3 of clavicle |
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What is the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid?
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accessory nerve (CN XI)
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Sternocleidomastoid action?
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- unilateral: tilts head to same side and rotates face superiorly to opposite side
- bilateral: extends the neck |
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What are the borders of the lateral cervical region?
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-anterior: SCM m.
- posterior: trapezius m - inferior: middle 1/3 of clavicle - roof: investing fascia -floor: prevertebral fascia and mm |
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What are the contents of the lateral cervical region?
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-spinal accessory n.
-roots of brachial plexus - lesser occipital n. (C2) - great auricular n. (C2&C3) -transverse cervical n. (C2&C3) -supraclavicular nn. (C3&C4) - branches of subclavian a. - occipital a. - subclavian v. and external jugular v. |
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How many parts are there in the subclavian a?
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3 parts
- 1st: vertebral a, thyrocervical trunk, internal thoracic a. - 2nd: costocervical trunk - 3rd: dorsal scapular a |
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Borders of the anterior cervical region?
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- anterior: median line of neck
- posterior: SCM - superior: inferior mandible - floor: pharynx, larynx, thyroid - roof: platysma |
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Mylohyoid action?
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-elevates hyoid, floor of mouth and tongue during swallowing and speaking
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Geniohyoid action?
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-pulls hyoid anterosuperiorly
- shortens floor of mouth - widens pharynx |
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Stylohyoid action?
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- elevates hyoid
- retracts hyoid |
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Digastric m. action?
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- working with infrahyoid mm
- depresses mandible against resistance - elevates and steadies hyoid during swallowing and speaking |
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Sternohyoid m. action?
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- depress hyoid after elevation during swallowing
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Omohyoid m. action?
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- depresses hyoid
- retracts and steadies hyoid |
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Sternothyroid m. action?
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- depresses hyoid and larynx
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Thyrohyoid m. action?
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- depresses hyoid
- elevates larynx |
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How many branches are there of the external carotid a. ?
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6
-ascending pharyngeal a. - occipital a. - posterior auricular a. - superior thyroid a. - lingual a. - facial a. |
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Longus colli attachments?
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- anterior tubercle of C1; bodies of C1-C3 and TP of C3-C6
- bodies of C5-T3; TP of C3-C5 |
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Longus colli innervation?
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anterior rami of cervical spinal nn. (C2-C6)
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Longus colli action?
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- bilateral: flexes neck
- unilateral: opposite rotation |
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Longus capitis attachments?
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- basilar part of occipital bone
- anterior tubercles of C3-C6 TP |
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Longus capitis innervation
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anterior rami of cervical spinal nn. (C1-C3)
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Longus capitis action?
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flexion of head at atlanto-occipital joint
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Rectus capitis anterior and Rectus capitis lateralis attachments?
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- occipital
- C1 |
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Rectus capitis anterior and Rectus capitis lateralis innervation?
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anterior rami of cervical
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Rectus capitis anterior and Rectus capitis lateralis action?
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- unilateral: lateral flexion of head
- bilateral: flexes head - Lateralis helps stabilize head |
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Anterior scalene attachments?
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- TP of C3-C6
- 1st rib |
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Anterior scalene innervation
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anterior rami of cervical spinal nn. (C4-C6)
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Anterior scalene action
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flexes neck laterally
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Middle scalene attachments?
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- TP of C5-C7
- 1st rib |
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Middle scalene innervation?
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anterior rami of cervical
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Middle scalene action?
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flexes neck laterally
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Posterior scalene attachments?
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- TP of C5-C7
- 2nd rib |
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Posterior scalene innervation?
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anterior rami of cervical spinal nn. (C7-C8)
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Posterior scalene action?
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flexes neck laterally
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What is the name of the injury when the SCM m. is contracted causing twisting of the neck?
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torticollis
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True or false: there are intervertebral discs between C1 and C2
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False
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What movement does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent?
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hyperextension of vertebral column
(only ligament to do this) |
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What movement does the ligamentum flavum prevent?
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Limits flexion of column and helps maintain normal curvatures
(bind lamina of adjacent vertebraes) |
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What movement does the posterior longitudinal ligament prevent?
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- weakly resists hyperflexion and helps prevent herniation of IV discs
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Which ligament is stronger:
supraspinaous ligament or interspinous ligament? |
supraspinous ligament
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Atlanto-occipital joint does what motion ?
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"yes" joint
flexion-extension |
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Atlanto-axial joint does what motion ?
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"no" joint
rotation |
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What is the continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament called?
(Part of atlanto-axial joint) |
Tectorial membrane
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What motion does the alar ligament prevent?
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excessive rotation
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Levator scapulae attachments?
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- TP of C1-C4
- superior part of medial border of scapula |
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Levator scapulae innervation?
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dorsal scapular n. and cervical spinal nn.
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Levator scapulae action?
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elevates scapula and tilts its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula
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Splenius capitis attachments?
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- inferior 1/2 of nuchal ligament and SP of superior 6 thoracic vertebrae
- lateral aspect of mastoid process and lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line |
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Splenius capitis innervation?
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posterior rami of middle cervical spinal nn.
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Splenius capitis action?
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- laterally flexes and rotates head and neck to same side
- bilaterally: extends head and neck |
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Serratus posterior superior attachments?
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- SP of C7- T3
- ribs 2-4 |
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Serratus posterior superior innervation?
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intercostal nn. T2-T5
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Serratus posterior superior action?
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elevates ribs
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Serratus posterior inferior attachments?
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- SP of T11-L2
- ribs 8-12 |
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Serratus posterior inferior innervation?
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intercostal nn. T9-T12
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Serratus posterior inferior action?
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depresses ribs
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In general, what do the superficial extrinsic back mm. do?
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Control upper limb movements
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In general, what do the intermediate extrinsic back mm. do?
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Help with respiration
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In general, what do the intrinsic back mm. do?
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Maintain posture and control movements of vertebral column
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Splenius attachments?
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- nuchal ligament and SP of C7-T4
* splenius capitis m: to mastoid process * splenius cervicis m: to TP of C1-C4 |
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Splenius innervation?
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posterior rami of spinal nn.
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Splenius action?
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-unilateral: flex neck laterally and rotate neck to same side
- bilateral: extend head and neck |
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What are the 3 mm. that make up erector spinae m?
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- ilicostalis (lateral)
- longissimus (intermediate) - spinalis (medial) (I LOVE SPAGHETTI) |
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Erector spinae attacments?
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- inferior tendon from iliac crest, sacrum, and SP of lumbar vertebrae
- *Iliocostalis (lumborum, thoracic, and cervicis): lower ribs and cervical TP of C4 -*Longissimus (thoracic, cervicis, and capitis): TP in thoracic and cervical regions to mastoid process -*Spinalis (thoracic, cervicus, and capitis): SP in upper thoracic region and to cranium |
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Erector spinae innervation?
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posterior rami of spinal nn.
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Erector spinae action?
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-unilateral: flex vertebral column laterally
-bilateral: extend vertebral column and head |
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Transversospinales mm. include which 3?
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- semispinalis
- multifidus - rotatores |
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Semispinalis attachments?
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(Capitis, cervicis, thoracic)
- TP of C4-T12 to SP (4-6 at a time) |
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Semispinalis innervation?
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posterior rami of spinal nn.
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Semispinalis action?
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-extends vertebral column
- rotates to opposite side |
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Multifidus attachments?
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- sacrum and TP of C4-T3
- SP (2-4 at a time) |
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Multifidus innervation?
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posterior rami of spinal nn.
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Multifidus action?
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-stabilizes vertebrae
- rotates to opposite side |
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Rotatores attachments?
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-TP to
-SP and lamina (1-2 at a time; brevis and longus) |
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Rotatores innervation?
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posterior rami of spinal nn.
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Rotatores action?
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- stabilize vertebrae
-local extension and rotation |
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Interspinales attachments?
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- connect SP of adjacent vertebrae in C and L
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Interspinales innervation?
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posterior rami of spinal nn.
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Interspinales action?
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-extension
- rotation of colum |
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Intertransversarii attachments?
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Connect TP of adjacent vertebrae in C and L
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Intertransversarii innervation?
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posterior rami of spinal nn.
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Intertransversarii action?
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lateral flexion of column
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Levatores costarum attachments?
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- TP of C7-T11
- rib between tubercle and angle |
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Levatores costarum innervation?
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posterior rami of spinal nn.
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Levatores costarum action?
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-elevates ribs
- lateral flexion of column |
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Innervation of deep posterior neck mm.?
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posterior rami of C1, suboccipital n.
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Rectus capitis posterior minor attachments?
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- C1 posterior arch
- medial inferior nuchal line |
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Rectus capitis posterior major attachments?
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- SP of C2
- lateral inferior nuchal line |
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Obliquus capitis superior attachments?
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- TP of C1
- between superior and inferior nuchal line |
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Obliquus capitis inferior attachments?
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- SP of C2
- TP of C1 |
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Borders of suboccipital triangle?
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- superomedial: rectus capitis posterior major
- superolateral: obliquus capitis superior - inferolateral: obliquus capitis inferior |
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Contents of suboccipital triangle?
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- vertebral a.
- suboccipital n. |
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How many true ribs are there?
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7
- ribs 1-7 |
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How many false ribs are there?
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2
- ribs 8-10 |
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How many floating ribs are there ?
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2
- ribs 11-12 |
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Which is the largest rib?
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8
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Sternal angle is at what level?
(Between manubrium and body of sternum) |
T4
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Ribs 1-7 move in what way?
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rotate
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Ribs 8-10 move in what way?
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glide
(elevate and depress) |
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External, internal and innermost intercostal mm. attachments?
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- inferior border of ribs
- superior border of ribs below |
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External, internal and innermost intercostal mm. innervation?
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intercostal nn.
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External intercostal mm. action?
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elevates ribs during forced inspiration
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Internal and innermost intercostal mm. action?
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- during forced inspiration interossesous part depresses ribs
- interchondral part elevates ribs |
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Transversus thoracis attachments?
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- posterior surface of lower sternum
- internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6 |
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Transversus thoracis innervation?
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intercostal nn.
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Transversus thoracis action?
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weakly depresses ribs
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What is the primary muscle of inspiration?
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Diaphragm
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External oblique attachments?
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- ribs 5-12
- linea alba, pubic tubercle, and anterior half of iliac crest |
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External oblique innervation?
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ventral rami T7-T11 and subcostal n.
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External oblique action?
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- flex and rotate trunk
- support viscera |
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Internal oblique attachments?
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- thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest
- ribs 10-12, linea alba and pubis |
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Internal oblique innervation?
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ventral primary rami T6-T12
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Internal oblique action?
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-flex and rotate trunk
-support viscera |
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Transversus abdominis attachments?
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- thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, costal cartilages 7-12
- linea alba, pubic crest |
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Transversus abdominis innervation?
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ventral primary rami T6-T12
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Transversus abdominis action?
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- compresses and supports abdominal viscera
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Rectus abdominis attachments?
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- pubic symphysis and pubic crest
- xiphoid process and 5-7 costal cartilages |
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Rectus abdominis innervation?
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ventral primary rami T6-T12
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Rectus abdominis action?
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flexes trunk
compresses viscera stabilizes pelvis |
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Quadratus lumborum attachments?
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- 12th rib and lumbar TP
- L1-L5 to iliac crest |
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Quadratus lumborum innervation?
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ventral primary rami T12- L4
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Quadratus lumborum action?
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-extension
-lateral flexion of vertebral column |
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Psoas major action
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- lateral flexion of vertebral column
- flexes trunk when sitting |
