Anatomy Muscle Tissue 10

Front 1

Three types of muscle tissues?

Back 1

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Front 2

Skeletal Muscle

Back 2

Striated and voluntary attached to bones

Front 3

Smooth Muscle

Back 3

involuntary and non striated located in viscera

Front 4

Cardiac

Back 4

striated and involutary and has intercalated discs forms the wall of the heart, its fibers are arranged similarly to skeletal muscle fibers, cardiac muscle fibers connect to adjacent fibers by intercalated discs which contain desmomes and gap junctions4

Front 5

What the 4 functions of the muscle tissue?

Back 5

produce body movement, stabilizes, moves substances, and generate heat

Front 6

What are the four properties of muscle?

Back 6

electrical exitability, contractility, externsibility, elasticity

Front 7

Action Potentials (impulses)

Back 7

electrial signals that go down the axon and the muscle fibers

Front 8

Electrical excitability

Back 8

ability to respond to certain stimuli with electrical signals called action potentials

Front 9

Contractility

Back 9

ability of muscle tissue to shorten when stimulated by an action potential

Front 10

Extensibility

Back 10

ability of muscle to stretch within limits without being damaged

Front 11

Elasticity

Back 11

ability for muscle to return to its orginal shape length after extension

Front 12

Muscle fibers

Back 12

a muscle cell that is multi nucleated

Front 13

hypodermis

Back 13

seperated the muscle from the skin

Front 14

Fascia

Back 14

band of dense connective tissue that supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body

Front 15

Three layers of the connective tissue

Back 15

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

Front 16

Epimysium

Back 16

circles the entire muscle outermost layer

Front 17

Perimysium

Back 17

surrounds groups of muscles irregular connective tissues and into fascicles

Front 18

Fascicles

Back 18

bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by the perimysium

Front 19

Endomysium

Back 19

separates the individual muscle fibers from one another

Front 20

Tendon

Back 20

Ropelike and attaches the muscle to the periiosteum of a bone

Front 21

aponeurosis

Back 21

connective tissue layers that extend as a broad flat sheet example the epicranial on the skull

Front 22

Motor Neurons

Back 22

a neuron that stimulates the muscle fibers to contract

Front 23

Axon

Back 23

threadlike process that extends to the skeletal muscle fibers from the bain or spinal cord

Front 24

Muscular Hypertrophy

Back 24

enlargment of existing muscle fibers

Front 25

Muscular Hyperplasia

Back 25

increase in the number of muscle fibers

Front 26

Muscular atrophy

Back 26

decrease in size and strength in the muscle

Front 27

Satelite cells

Back 27

fuse together to repair muscle fibers to regenerate functional muscle fibers

Front 28

Sarcolemma

Back 28

the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

Front 29

transverse (T) tubules

Back 29

tunnel like invaginations of the sarcolemma that extends toward the center of each musce fiber and filled with intersitial fluid

Front 30

Sarcoplasm

Back 30

the sarcolemma surrounds this and it is the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber caontains a large amount of glycogen for energy production and myoglobin for oxygen storage

Front 31

Myoglobin

Back 31

red colored protein that binds oxygen molecules,

Front 32

Myofibrils

Back 32

contractie element of skeletal muscle extened the entire length of the muscle fiber, contains thick and thin filaments

Front 33

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Back 33

fluid filled system of membranous sacs , encircles each myofibril

Front 34

Terminal Cisterns

Back 34

dilated end sacs of SR

Front 35

Triad

Back 35

one T-tubule and two termina lcisterns

Front 36

Thin Filaments

Back 36

made of actin in the I band

Front 37

Thick Filaments

Back 37

made of myosin H zone

Front 38

Sarcomeres

Back 38

basic functional unit of myofibirls

Front 39

A band

Back 39

dark middle portion consists primarily of the thick filaments with some thin overlapping the thick ones

Front 40

H zone

Back 40

is in the middle of the A band and contains thick filaments only

Front 41

zone overlap

Back 41

wheree thick and thin filaments lie side by side

Front 42

I band

Back 42

light area and contains only thin filaments

Front 43

Z discs

Back 43

passes throug hthe center of the i band

Front 44

M line

Back 44

middle of the sarcomere

Front 45

Myosin

Back 45

main componet of thick filaments , a contracile protein that pushes or pulls various cellular structures to achieve moevement converts atp to mechanical energy of motion or force

Front 46

Actin

Back 46

main componet in the contractile protein thin filaments connects to the myosin for the sliding together of the filaments

Front 47

tropomyosin

Back 47

blocks off myosin binding sites in the thinn filaments

Front 48

troponin

Back 48

holds tropomyosin in place in the thin filaments

Front 49

Titin

Back 49

key structural protein, third most plentiful in skeletal muscle,, helps a sarcomere return to its resting length after a muslce has contracted or been stretched

Front 50

Dystophin

Back 50

a structural protein that links thin filaments of the sarcomere to integral membrane proteins of the sarcolemma

Front 51

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

Back 51

a synapse between a somatic neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber , muscle action potentials arise here

Front 52

Synapse

Back 52

a region where communication occurs between the neuron and another cell

Front 53

Synaptic Cleft

Back 53

a small gap that seperates the two cells

Front 54

Synapses

Back 54

seperates cells from direct physical contact

Front 55

Neurotransmitters

Back 55

allow the signal to be transmitted across the gap

Front 56

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Back 56

nuerotransmitter at a NMJ

Front 57

Sliding Filament Mechanism

Back 57

during muscle contraction myosin heads pull on thin filaments causing them to slide inward toward the M line; z discs come toward each other and the sarcomere shortens, but the thick and thin filaments do not change in length. The sliding of filaments and shortenign of sarcomeres causes the shorotenign fo the whole muscle fibeer and ultimately the entire muscle.

Front 58

Contraction Cycle ( how it works)

Back 58

at the beggining of contraction the sarcoplasmic reticulum relases calcium ions which bind to troponin and cause the troponin-tropomyosin complex to uncover the myosin-binding sites on actin, whent the binding sites ar free conrcation begins

Front 59

Contaction cyle (definiton)

Back 59

a repeating sequence of events that cause the filaments to slide. It consits of ATP splitting, myosin attachment of myosin to actin, the power stroke, and teh detachment of myosin from actin

Front 60

Relaxation

Back 60

2 changes permit the muscle fiber to relax
a. when nerve impulses from the neuron stop, ACh is no longer released into synaptic cleft, this prevents the genneration of a muscle action potential which prevents the relaese of calciium form the sarcomplasmic reticulum.
b. the sarcoplasmic reticulum contains calcium active transport pumps that lowed the concentration of calcium in the sytosol this leads to release of calcium from toponin and moevement of topomyosin to block the myosin binding sites on actin

Front 61

What is muscle tenison controlled by?

Back 61

stimulation frequency and motor unit recruitment

Front 62

When considering the contraction of a whole muscle , what does the tension generate depend on ?

Back 62

the number of fibers that are contracting in unison

Front 63

Motor Units

Back 63

a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates from, a single motor unit may innervate an average of 150 fibers.

Front 64

Twitch Contraction

Back 64

a brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential

Front 65

myogram

Back 65

a record of a muscle contraction includes three perios latent, contraciton, and relaxation

Front 66

Wave Summation

Back 66

the increased strength of a contraction resulting from the application of a second stimulus before the muscle has completely relaxed after a previous stiumlus

Front 67

Unfused Tetanus

Back 67

a sustained muscle contraction that permits partial relaxation between stimuli

Front 68

Fused Tetanus

Back 68

a sustained contraction that lacks even partial relaxation between stimuli

Front 69

Motor Unit Recruitment

Back 69

process of increasingthe number of active motor units, prevents fatigue and helps provide smooth muscular contraction rather than a series of jerky movements

Front 70

Muscle Tone

Back 70

a sustained partial contraction of portions of a relaxed skeletal muscle results in a firmness

Front 71

Isotonic Contraction

Back 71

when a constant load is moved through the range of motions possible at a joint include eccentric and concentric

Front 72

Isometric contraction

Back 72

the muscle does not shorten but tension increases no movement

Front 73

Eccentric

Back 73

in an isotonic contraction pickig up a book

Front 74

Concentric

Back 74

in an isotonic contraciton lowering a book

Front 75

what do muscle fibers create atp from

Back 75

creatine phospate

Front 76

how do muscle fibers create ATP

Back 76

anaerobic and aerobic cellular respiration

Front 77

How mnay sources for ATP production are there?

Back 77

three

Front 78

How long and what for is creatine phospate used for ?

Back 78

15 seconds and for maximal short burts of energy

Front 79

anaerobic cellular respiration

Back 79

partial catabolism of glucose to generate ATP and provide enough energy fro about 30-40 seconds of maximal muscle activity

Front 80

aerobic cellular respiration

Back 80

this is uesd for muscular activity lasting longer than 30 seconds , requirs oxygen , involves complete oxidation of glucose via cellular respiration

Front 81

What are the two sources of oxygen for muscle tissue ?

Back 81

diffusion from blood and release by myoglobin inside muscle fibers

Front 82

aerobic system

Back 82

will provide ATP for prolonged activty so long as sufficient oxygen and nutrients are available

Front 83

Muscle Fatigue

Back 83

the inability of a muscle to maintain its strngth of contration or tension , occurs when a mucls cannot produce enough ATP to meet its needs

Front 84

Recovery Oxygen Uptake

Back 84

elevated oxygen use after exercise

Front 85

myoglobin

Back 85

an oxygen reddish pigment

Front 86

Red muscle fibers

Back 86

have high myoglobin content

Front 87

White muscle fibers

Back 87

is low myoglobin content

Front 88

Slow oxidative Fibers

Back 88

smallest in diameter and therefore least powerful, large amounts of myoglobin and many blood capillaries generate ATP by aerobic cell respiration

Front 89

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers

Back 89

are intermediate in diameter between the other two types, large amounts of myoglobin and many blood capillaries generate ATP by aerobic cellular respiration

Front 90

Fast Glycolitic Fibers

Back 90

are the largest in diameter and contain the most myofibrils, low myoglobin, and few blood capillaries , but contain large amounts of glycogen and generate ATP by glycolysis

Front 91

What are skeletal muscle fibers classifed as ?

Back 91

slow oxidative . fast oxidative-glycollytic, fast glycolytic

Front 92

Where is cardiac muscle tissue found ?

Back 92

Heart

Front 93

Where is smooth muscle tissue found ?

Back 93

in the hollow internal structures

Front 94

When do muscle fibers contract?

Back 94

when stimulated by their own autorhythmic fibers

Front 95

Major physiological difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue ?

Back 95

autorhythmic continous fibers

Front 96

Visceral (single unit) smooth muscle

Back 96

found in the walls of hollow viscera and small blood vessels; the fibers are arranged in a network

Front 97

Multiunit smooth muscle

Back 97

found in large blood vessels, large airways, arrector pili muscles, and the iris of the eye. the fibers operate singly rather tha as a unit