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150 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
the cone shaped cavity that accomodates the eye and much of its adnexa
bony orbit
which bones form the bony orbit?
frontal, lacrimal, zygomatic, sphenoid, squamous temporal
an an elevation, best developed in the ox, which is used as a landmark for the Peterson bovine eye block
pterygoid crest
the externally palpable rostral aspect of he bony orbit
the rim of the bony orbit
what non-bone structure completes the rim of the bony orbit and where specifically does this structure attach?
the orbital ligament, which attaches to the zygomatic process of the frontal bone and the frontal process of the zygomatic bone. may partially ossify in felines.
what is the technical name for the upper and lower eyelid?
upper: superior palpebrum
lower: inferior palpebrum
(plural: palpebrae)
the sites where the palpebrae form commissures
the lateral and medial angles (canthi; singular: canthus) of the eye
the technical term for the opening created by the two eyelids
palpebral fissure
attaches the angles of the eyelids to the skull
medial and lateral palpebral ligaments
the mucous membrane of the inner side of the eyelid
palpebral conjuctiva
the mucous membrane on the globe of the eye which presents as a reflection and continuation of tissue from the inner side of the eyelid
bulbar conjunctiva
the angles formed by the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva
the superior and inferior conjunctival fornices
the space formed by the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva
conjunctival sac
what is the technical term for eyelashes and how do they present in the dog, cat, horse, and ox?
cilia
dog: upper only
cat: none
horse: upper and lower
ox: upper and lower
embedded in the eyelid, they secrete a sebaceous, water-proof substance
tarsal glands
the triangular prominance of finely haired skin at the medial angle of the eye.
lacrimal caruncle
a plate-like fibrous condensation that stabilizes the edge of the eyelid
tarsus or tarsal plate
what are the small openings on the medial aspect of the superior and inferior palpebral conjunctiva near the medial angle of the eye? What do they do?
lacrimal puncta; they are the openings of the lacrimal ducts
what allows comminucation between the lacrimal sac and the ventral nasal meatus?
the nasolacrimal duct
what structure represents the meeting of the lacrimal ducts and the nasolacrimal duct?
the lacrimal sac
what are other names for the 3rd eyelid and where is the 3rd eyelid positioned in the eye when open?
nictitating membrane
plica semilunaris
palpebra tertius
positioned ventromedially
a ventromedially oriented conjuncitval fold that exists in the conjuncival sac
3rd eyelid
what structure supports the 3rd eyelid, and what is its morphology and position in the eye?
cartilage of the 3rd eyelid

T-shaped. The top of the "T" lies in the free edge of the 3rd eyelid, and the stem extends through the fold, past the conjuctiva and houses one or two (pigs and cattle) glands of the 3rd eyelid.
where are the gland(s) of the 3rd eyelid located, what is their function, and how do they differ in the domestic mammals?
they are on the long shaft of the cartilage of the 3rd eyelid and secrete lubricating, serous fluid. Pigs and cattle have two of them: a superficial and deep.
what is present on the bulbar aspect of the 3rd eyelid in the dog?
lymph nodules
what is the mechanism for contraction of the 3rd eyelid?
orbital smooth muscle
where is the lacrimal gland positioned?
dorsolaterally against the eye
what are the three tunics of the eye, from outer to inner?
1. sclera/cornea (outermost)
2. uvea
3. retina (outermost)
what is the point at which the sclera and the cornea meet?
limbus
a membrane that covers the posterior portion of the eye and the muscles and nerves that attach to it.
vagina bulbi
what is the predominant connective tissue of the adnexa of the eye?
retrobulbar fat
what portions of the eye does the bulbar conjunctiva cover?
it forms the anterior layer of the cornea, so it covers the posterior layer of the cornea. It also covers part of the sclera just past the limbus before reflecting at the fornix and forming the palbebral conjunctiva.
what is the name of the posterior layer of the cornea and what is its posterior continuation?
called the substantia propria, it is continuous with the sclera
what is the stimulus and action of the corneal reflex?
stimulation of the ciliary nerves of the cornea (e.g. when touched) will engage a reflex to close the eyelid
what are the three zones of the uvea (from posterior to anterior)?
1. choroid (most posterior)
2. ciliary body
3. iris (most anterior)
what are the posterior and anterior boundary locations of the choroid?
posterior: optic nerve
anterior: near the limbus, where it attaches to the ciliary body
what tissues comprise the posterior and anterior connections of the ciliary body?
posterior: choroid
anterior: iris
what comprises the fundus of the eye?
the interior surface of the posterior hemisphere of the eye
what is the variably colored layer on the anterior surface of the choroid, what is its function, and which domestic mammal does not have one?
the tapetum lucidum reflects light passing through the retina back towards the retina and is absent in the pig.
what suspends the lens in the eye?
the zonular fibers, which are conencted to the ciliary processes of the ciliary body
what is responsible for changing the shape of the lens, what type of tissue is it, and where is it located?
the ciliary muscles, smooth muscle, are located between the ciliary body and the sclera.
what attaches the iris to the sclera?
the pectinate ligament
what tissues control the size of the aperture of the iris, where are they located, and what type of tissue are they?
dilator muscle, fibers arranged radially

and sphincter muscle, around the pupillary margin

both are smooth muscle
the surface of the iris that forms the pupil
pupillary margin
what are the three layers of the iris (anterior to posterior)
1. anterior epithelial layer
2. connective tissue, dilator muscle, sphincter muscle
3. posterior: pigmented epithelial extension of the pars ceca of the retina
the retina is an extension of which organ?
the brain
what is the anterior third of the retina that is not stimulated by light?
pars ceca retinae
what is the posterior, light-sensitve part of the retina?
pars optica retinae
the junction of the pars ceca retinae and the pars optica retinae, this structure formally demarcates the boundary of the ciliary body and the choroid
ora serrata
what is a detached retina?
separation of the inner and outer layer of the retina
the area of the fundus of the eye where the optic nerve connects
optic disc
the anterior layer of the choroid that contains non-reflective, darkly pigmented cells
tapetum nigrum
an area of high optical resolution near and dorsolateral to the optic disc
macula
what is special about the geometry of the equine eyeball and how is the nervous tissue affected?
it is anterioposterially compressed and forms a "ramp" retina
the anterior refractive tissue of the eyeball
cornea
the space between the cornea and the iris
anterior chamber
the space between the iris and the lens
posterior chamber
what extra feature of the 3rd eyelid do oxen and pigs possess?
deep (Harderian) gland of the 3rd eyelid
what fluid fills the space between the cornea and the lens of the eye?
aqueous humor
where is aqueous humor produced, what is its function, and how is it circulated?
- produced by the epithelial cells of the ciliary body

- acts as a refactive medium and to maintain intraocular pressure

circulation:

ciliary body --> posterior chamber --> pupil --> anterior chamber --> through the pectinate ligament --> drainage angle --> scleral venous sinuses
the gel-like mass posterior to the lens of the eye
vitreous body (eyeball jelly)
the external facia of the eye and its adnexal structures
periorbita
flat piece of cartilage embedded in the dorsomedial wall of the orbit close to the orbital margin
trochlea
loose, fatty tissue that envelopes the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and the lacrimal gland
superficial muscular fascia
tissue that originates at the limbus and palpebrae that envelopes the rectus muscles and the optic nerve and forms the vagina bulbi
deep muscular fascia
if the dorsal rectus muscle were to contract on its own, how would the eyeball move?
it would rotate the left eyeball clockwise or the right eyeball counter-clockwise along the anterioposterior axis.
if the ventral rectus muscle were to contract on its own, how would the eyeball move?
it would rotate the eyeball laterally
what is the origin and insertion of the ventral rectus muscle of the eye?
origin: ventromedial wall of the bony orbit
insertion: ventrolateral part of the eyeball
the only major muscle to be inserted posterior to the equator of the eyeball
retractor bulbi
what comprises the musculofibrous layer of the eyelid (anteriorally to posteriorally)
1. orbicularis oculi
2. orbital septum
3. levator palebrae superioris muscle (on the upper eyelid)
4. smooth tarsal muscle
what firboelestic structures divide the eyelid anterioposterially?
- orbital septum proximally
- tarsus distally
the pool of fluid at the medial angle of the eye
lacrimal lake
the main blood supply of the eye
external ophthalmic artery
another name for the angles of the eyes
medial canthus and lateral canthus
where do tears ultimately drain?
in the orifice of the nasolacrimal duct in the nasal vestibule
what four muscles of facial expression are associated with eyelid movement in the dog?
1. frontalis
2. orbicularis oculi
3. levator anguli oculi medialis
4. retractor anguli oculi lateralis
what is the origin of the orbicularis oculi muscle
dorsal and ventral palpebral ligament
what is an everted 3rd eyelid commonly called?
cherry-eye
the external ophthalmic artery is a branch of what more major artery?
maxillary artery
what is the name of the site where the aqueous humor drains?
drainage angle
what are the two parts of the pars ceca retinae?
pars ciliaris
pars iridica
what can be found on the upper pupillary margin or the horse that can be easily confused for tumors?
iridic granules (copora nigra)
which arteries supply the retina and what is it a branch of?
retinal aa., which are branches of the short posterior ciliary arteries
what branches of the external ophthalmic artery supply the choroid?
- short posterior ciliary aa.
- long posterior ciliary aa.
- anterior ciliary aa.
what arteries feed the ciliary body and the iris?
- anterior ciliary aa.
what happens to the anterior ciliary aa. once they enter the iris
they anastomose to form the greater arterial circle of the iris
what is the principal venous return of the eye?
vorticose veins
what is the major site of venous drainage of the posterior eye adnexa?
ophthalmic plexus
what arteries supply the conjunctiva?
anterior ciliary aa.
what artery supplies the lateral parts of the eyelid? what else does it supply? what is it a branch of?
- lacrimal artery
- also supplies the lacrimal gland
- branch of the external ophthalmic artery
what artery supplies the upper eyelid subcutaneously? What is it a branch of? what is its passage? what species don't have it?
- supraorbital artery
- branch of the external ophthalmic artery
- passes through the supraorbital foramen
- the artery and foramen are absent in carnivores
what artery supplies the medial aspect of the eyelids and face? what is it a branch of?
malar a., a branch of the maxillary artery
what artery supplies the ethmoidal labyrinth?
external ethmoidal artery
what does the oculomotor nerve innervate?
the dorsal, ventral, and medial rectus muscles (not the lateral); the ventral oblique
which arteries supply the optic nerve?
short posterior ciliary aa. and the internal ophthalmic artery
what drains blood from the retina?
retinal veins
what are the distinguishing features of the fundus of the eye in the ox?
- optic disc ventrolateral to the posterior pole
- triangular tapetum above the optic disc that is reddish near the disc and turns blue-green distally
- scattered dark flecks where the capillaries enter
- four pairs of arteries
- large dorsal vein entwined by a spiralling artery
- clear spot that is the vestige of the hyaloid artery
what are the distinguishing features of the fundus of the eye in the horse?
- triangulare greenish tapetum DORSAL to the optic disc
- optic disc is ventrolateral to the posterior pole
- poorly developed central retinal artery with a few straight branches
what are the distinguishing features of the fundus of the eye in the carnivore?
- triangular, variable colored tapetum that nearly fills the dorsum of the fundus
- the optic disc is within the tapetum
- well-developed retinal vessels
- prominent venules that form a partial circle
what muscle(s) do(es) the trochlear nerve innervate?
dorsal oblique m.
what divisions of the trigeminal nerve are associated with sensory innervation to the eye and its associated structures?
ophthalmic nerve and maxillary nerve
what are the five major divisions of the ophthalmic nerve and what do they innervate?
1. long ciliary nerve - sensory to eyeball
2. lacrimal nerve
3. supraorbital nerve - snesory to upper eyelid
4. infratrochlear nerve - megial angle of eyelids, fontal region (brow), base of horn in small ruminants, 3rd eyelid
5. ethmoidal nerve - caudal aspect of nasal cavity
what nerves are sensory to the horn in the ox?
- frontal sinus nerve (branch of the ophthalmic)
- cornual nerve (branch of the zygomaticotemporal nerve)
what branch of the maxillary nerve is related to the eye?
zygomatic nerve
what are the two major branches of the zygomatic nerve and what do they innervate?
1. zygomaticofacial nerve - lower eyelid
2. zygomaticotemporal nerve - lateral angle of the eyelids; becomes the cornual nerve in the ox
what muscle(s) do(es) the abducens nerve innervate?
lateral rectus m. and retractor bulbi m.

(note they both ABDUCT the eye)
what branch of the facial nerve is relevant to the eye and what does it innervate?
auriculopalpebral nerve - innervates the orbicularis oculi and other supporting muscles
on the lab skulls, what nerves to the wire colors yellow, green, and red represent?
yellow: ophthalmic
green: maxillary
red: facial
what nerve passes through the supraorbital foramen, what is it a branch of, and what does it innervate?
supraorbital nerve, a branch of the ophthalmic, innervates the upper eyelid
what nerve passes under the trochlear cartilage, what is it a branch of and what does it innervate?
infratrochlear nerve, a branch of the ophthalmic nerve, innervates the medial angle of the eyelid, the frontal region (brow), and horn in small ruminants
which nerve passes over the rim of the bony orbit, what is it a branch of, and what does it innervate?
zygomaticofacial nerve, a branch of the maxillary, sensory to the lower eyelid
what nerve follows the bone of the temporal fossa, what is it a branch of, and what does it innervate?
zygomaticotemporal nerve, a branch of the maxillary, sensory innervation to the lateral angle of the eyelid and in the ox, becomes the cornual nerve
what are the major nerves of gustation and where do they innervate?
- chorda tympani nerve: rostral 2/3rd of the tongue
- glossopharyngeal: caudal 1/3rd of the tongue
what are the three major ear cartilages?
1. auricular
2. annular
3. scutiform
where is the inner ear housed?
petrous temporal bone
what nerve transmits balance and auditory sensations from the ear?
vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)
what are the three ear ossicles, from outside to inside?
hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), stirrup (stapes)
what is the major function of the scutiform cartilage?
attachment of ear muscles
what surgery involves two parallel incisions in the lateral aspect of the vertical portion of the ear canal?
lateral ear ressection
what major nerve must be avoided in a lateral ear ressection surgery?
facial nerve
what are the two borders of the auricular catrilage?
caudolateral margin, rostrolateral margin
what is the major function of the auricular cartilage?
support the external ear canal
what are the two major processes of the auricular cartilage?
1. tragus (caudally)
2. crura of the helix
what is the enlogated cartilagenous knob near the opening of the ear?
tubercle of the anthelix
what flaps of the canine external ear lies opposite the tragus on the proximal-medial aspect, near the ear opening
crura of the helix
what is the little pouch of skin that lies on the caudal aspect of the pinna, near the insisure where the ear flaps over?
marginocuteneous pouch ("tick pouch")
what surgery can be performed for a dog with "dry eye"?
translocation of the parotid duct
what nerves are blocked to anesthetize the eye for surgery?
opthalmic and maxillary brr. of the trigeminal n.
what nerves are blocked to prevent the eye from moving during surgery?
oculomotor, trochlear, abducent
what nerve is blocked to prevent an animal from blinking during eye surgery?
auriclopalpebral
what is the surface of the ocular fundus that does not reflect light?
non-tapetum
in the horse, where is the palbebral branch of the auriclopalpebral nerve blocked?
where it crosses the highest part of the zygomatic arch
what provides sympathetic innervation to the eye and adnexa
post-ganglionic fibers from the cranial cervical ganglion
what provides parasympathetic innervation to the eye and adnexa
oculomotor nerve
what are the four characteristics of Horner's Syndrome and what causes it?
- drooping upper eyelid (ptosis)
- sunken eyeball (enophthalmos)
- protracted 3rd eyelid
- constricted pupil (myosis)

interrupted sympathetic innervation
what is the general position of the scutiform catrilage
in the temporal area, rostral to the pinna
what opening is opposite the stylomastoid foramen with respect to the tympanic bulla, and what passes through it?
retroarticular foramen; the retroarticular vein passes through it
what tube in the oral cavity leads to the vomeronasal organ in come species?
incisive duct
what space is formed in the middle ear by the tympanic bulla?
tympanic cavity
what connects the tympanic cavity with the vestibule of the inner ear?
vestibular window
what connects the tympanic cavity with the cochlea and what covers it?
the cochlear window, covered by a secondary tympanic membrane
what is the term used to refer to the closed system of tiny membranous ducts in the inner ear?
membranous labyrinth
what are the two enlargements of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
utriculus and sacculus
what arises form the utriculus and what is their function
semicircular ducts; they sense balance
what is the extension of the sacculus and what is its function
cocchlear duct; hearing
what receptors are present in the utriculus and sacculus and what is their function?
maculae; they sense balance with respect to gravity
what bony feature serves to wrap the cochlear duct into a spiral?
modiolus
what is the term for the lumen of the cochlea
spiral canal
a grouping of cells that serve as transducers from vibration to nerve impulses in hearing
spiral organ
the most distal extensions of the vestibulococchlear nerve in the inner ear that are associated with hearing
spiral ganglia