Anatomy 2 - Pelvic Limb, Avian, Small Mammal

Front 1

what nerve is involved in taking a step forward and extending the stifle joint?

Back 1

femoral n.

Front 2

what nerves are involved with mainly extension of the hip joint?

Back 2

cranial and caudal gluteal nn.

Front 3

what nerve is involved primarily with adducting the pelvic limb?

Back 3

obturator n.

Front 4

what nerves are associated with flexion and extension of the hock and digits?

Back 4

tibial and peroneal (fibullar) nn.

Front 5

name six muscles innervated by the femoral nerve.

Back 5

1. iliopsoas (psoas major + iliacus)
2. rectus femoris
3. vastus lateralis
4. vastus intermedius
5. vastus medials
6. sartorius

Front 6

name five muscles innervated by the obturator nerve

Back 6

1. external obturator
2. internal obturator (ox only)
3. adductor
4. pectineus
5. gracilis

Front 7

name two muscles innervated by the caudal gluteal nerve

Back 7

1. gluteus superficialis
2. piriformis

Front 8

name six muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve

Back 8

1. biceps femoris
2. semitendinosus
3. semimembranosus
4. gemellus
5. quadratus femoris
6. internal obturator (dog and horse)

Front 9

name six muscles innervated by the common peroneal nerve

Back 9

1. tibialis cranialis
2. long digital extensor
3. lateral digital extensor
4. peroneus longus (dog and ox)
5. peroneus brevis (dog)
6. peroneus tertius (horse)

Front 10

name six muscles innervated by the tibial nerve

Back 10

1. gastrocnemius
2. superficial digital flexor

DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR:
3. lateral head: flexor hallicus longus
4. medial head: long digital flexor
5. tibialis caudalis (horse and ox)

6. popliteus

Front 11

name the four hip flexor muscles

Back 11

1. iliopsoas
2. rectus femoris
3. tensor fasciae latae
4. sartorius

Front 12

name the eight hip extensor muscles

Back 12

1. gluteus superficialis
2. gluteus medialis
3. gluteus profundus
4. piriformus
5. quadratus femoris
6. biceps femoris
7. semitendinosus
8. semimembranosus

Front 13

name the four muscles that are outward rotators of the hip

Back 13

1. gemellus
2. quadratus femoris
3. internal obturator
4. external obturator

Front 14

name four thigh adductor muscles

Back 14

1. adductor
2. gracilis
3. pectineus
4. sartorius

Front 15

name four muscles innervated by the cranial gluteal nerve

Back 15

1. gluteus medius
2. gluteus profundus
3. accessory gluteal
4. tensor fasciae latae

Front 16

name three muscles that flex the stifle when the limb is not weight-bearing.

Back 16

1. biceps femoris
2. semitendinosus
3. popliteus

Front 17

name seven stifle extensor muscles

Back 17

1. tensor fasciae latae
2. biceps femoris
3. semimembranosus

QUADRICEPS FEMORIS:
4. rectus femoris
5. vastus lateralis
6. vastus intermedius
7. vastus medialis

Front 18

name the species differences in the innervation of the internal obturator muscle

Back 18

- ox: obturator nerve
- dog and horse: sciatic nerve

Front 19

name which species possess which peroneus muscles

Back 19

dog - peroneus longus and peroneus brevis
ox - peroneus longus and peroneus tertius
horse - peroneus tertius

Front 20

which muscles comprise the quadriceps femoris?

Back 20

- rectus femoris
- vastus lateralis
- vastus intermedius
- vastus medialis

Front 21

in the ruminant, which two hip extensor muscles are fused, and what is the name of this muscle?

Back 21

the gluteus superficialis is fused with the biceps femoris to form the gluteobiceps

Front 22

what three muscles (depending on species) form the deep digital flexor of the pelvic limb?

Back 22

1. flexor hallicus longus (lateral head)
2. long digital flexor (medial head)
3. tibialis caudalis (ox and horse)

Front 23

what two muscles are thigh and crural abductors?

Back 23

1. biceps femoris
2. caudal crural abductor (dog only)

Front 24

what muscle rotates the crus inward (medially)

Back 24

popliteus

Front 25

name the six tarsal flexor muscles

Back 25

1. tibialis cranialis
2. peroneus longus (dog and ox)
3. peroneus brevis (dog)
4. peroneus tertius (ox and horse)
5. long digital extensor
6. lateral digital extensor

Front 26

name the six tarsal extensor muscles

Back 26

1. superficial digital flexor

DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR:
2. flexor hallicus longus
3. long digital flexor
4. tibialis caudalis (horses and ruminants)

TRICEPS SURAE
5. gastrocnemius
6. soleus (cat)

Front 27

what muscles comprise the triceps surae and comment on the species differences

Back 27

1. gastrocnemius
2. soleus (large in cats, absent in dogs, small in insignificant in horses and oxen)

Front 28

what four muscles serve to flex the digit of the pelvic limb?

Back 28

1. superficial digital flexor

DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR:
2. flexor hallucis longus (lateral head)
3. long digital flexor (medial head)
4. tibialis caudalis (horse and ox)

Front 29

what muscles serve to extend the digit of the pelvic limb?

Back 29

1. long digital extensor
2. lateral digital extensor
3. extensor hallucis longus
4. short digital extensor (horse)

Front 30

name the ossification centers of the calcaneus bone

Back 30

1. main bone
2. summit of the calcaneal tuber

Front 31

how can you tell a horse metatarsal from a metacarpal bone?

Back 31

metatarsal is longer and the dorsoplantar dimension of the proximal extremity is wider

Front 32

in the horse, does the forelimb or hindlimb hoof have a steeper slope?

Back 32

hindlimb

Front 33

what is the name of the distal ossifcation remnant of the fibula in the ruminants?

Back 33

os malleolare

Front 34

name the from proximal to distal, name the tarsal bones medially to laterally. If bones are fused or missing, comment on the species differences

Back 34

Proximal tarsal bones:
- talus (tibial tarsal) bone
- calcaneus (fibular tarsal) bone

central tarsal bone (in ruminants, fused with distal tarsal bone IV to form the centroquartal bone)

Distal tarsal bones
- I (fused with II in the horse)
- II (fused with I in the horse; fused with III in ruminants))
- III (fused with II in ruminants)
- IV (in ruminants, fused with the central tarsal bone to form the centroquartal bone)

Front 35

how does the tallus in the ruminant differ from the rest?

Back 35

It is two trochleae.

Front 36

what is the common name for the crus of the horse?

Back 36

gaskin

Front 37

name the two major bony processes and the bony depression of the proximal aspect of the calcaneus from lateral to medial

Back 37

- calcaneal tuber
- tarsal groove
- sustentaculum tali

Front 38

what is the fibrocatrilaginous joint formed by the fusion of the two ossa coxarium. What are its two parts?

Back 38

pelvic symphysis, formed from the pubic symphysis and the ischial symphysis

Front 39

ligament that crosses transversely at the ischial arch, most well-developed in the horse

Back 39

ischiatic arcuate ligament

Front 40

what two connective tissue structures serve ligamentous functions at the pelvic symphysis

Back 40

symphyseal tendon and prepubic tendon

Front 41

collagenous attachment of the rectus abdominis muscle and the caudoventral extent of the inguinal ligament

Back 41

prepubic tendon

Front 42

joint formed by the wing of the sacrum and the wing of the ilium

Back 42

sacroiliac joint

Front 43

ligaments extending from the sacrum to the ilium

Back 43

dorsal and ventral sacroiliac ligaments

Front 44

ligament that connects the sacrum to the ischium (species differences)

Back 44

horses and ruminants: sacrosciatic ligament

carnivores: sacrotuberous ligament

Front 45

the ball-and-socket hip joint

Back 45

coxofemoral joint

Front 46

the cranial and caudal openings formed by the sacrosciatic ligament and the os coxae in the ruminants and horse

Back 46

cranial: greater ischiatic foramen
caudal: lesser ischiatic foramen

Front 47

connective tissue encircling the rim of the acetabulum

Back 47

cotyloid ligament (aka acetabular lip)

Front 48

the portion of the cotyloid ligament that crosses the acetabular notch

Back 48

transverse acetabular ligament

Front 49

ligament that passes from the acetabular fossa to the fovea capitis of the femur

Back 49

round ligament (aka ligament of the head of the femur)

Front 50

in the horse, the strong collagenous detachment from the prepubic tendon that passes through the acetabular notch to help stabilize the large fovea capitis

Back 50

accessory ligament of the femur

Front 51

articulation formed by the rounded femoral condyles with the flattened tibial condyles

Back 51

femorotibial joint

Front 52

the two crescentric plates of fibrocatrilage in the femorotibial joint

Back 52

lateral and medial menisci

Front 53

the articulation of the femoral trochlea and the patella

Back 53

femoropatellar joint

Front 54

the fibrous insertion of the quadriceps femoris onto the patella. Species differences.

Back 54

patellar ligament (or tendon)

in carnivores, there is only one

horse and ox have a medial, middle, and lateral

Front 55

which two patellar ligaments assist in the stay apparatus and which bone protrudes between them?

Back 55

medial and middle patellar ligaments are separated by the medial ridge of the femoral trochlea

Front 56

ligaments passing from the femoral epicondyles to the sides of the patella

Back 56

medial and lateral femoropatellar ligaments

also called

medial and lateral patellar retinacula

Front 57

sesamoids secrured in the tendons of the gastrocnemius muscles in the carnivore

Back 57

fabellae

Front 58

ligament passing from the from the tibia and medial meniscus to the medial epicondyle of the femur

Back 58

medial (tibial) collateral ligament

Front 59

ligament passing from the head of the fibula and the adjacent edge of the lateral tibial condyle to the lateral epicondyle of the femur

Back 59

lateral (fibular) collateral ligament

Front 60

ligament passing from the caudolateral aspect of the intercondylar fossa of the femur to the intercondylar area of the tibia

Back 60

cranial (lateral) cruciate ligament

Front 61

ligament passing from the craniomedial aspect of the intercondylar fossa of the femur to the caudomedial margin of the medial tibial condyle at the popliteal notch

Back 61

caudal (medial) cruciate ligament

Front 62

name the four ligaments attaching the menisci of the femorotibial joint to the tibia

Back 62

1. cranial ligament of the medial meniscus
2. caudal ligament of the medial meniscus
3. cranial ligament of the lateral meniscus
4. caudal ligament of the lateral meniscus

Front 63

name the ligament attaching the lateral meniscus of the femorotibial joint to the femur

Back 63

meniscofemoral ligament

Front 64

name the ligament, present in the carnivores, that unites the cranial ends of the two menisci of the femorotibial joint

Back 64

intermeniscal (or transverse meniscal) ligament

Front 65

what noteworthy feature is in the tendon of origin of the popliteus muscle in the dog and cat?

Back 65

a sesamoid bone (not to be confused with a bone chip in radiograph)

Front 66

name the three joint sacs of the stifle joint. How do fluids within them communicate them in various species?

Back 66

1. femoropatellar sac
2. medial femorotibial sac
3. lateral femorotibial sac

dog: communicate freely
ox and horse: definitively separate, but have small slits that can communicate

if one is infected, assume all are infected

Front 67

in horses and carnivores, the articulation and ligament of the proximal tibia and fibula

Back 67

proximal tibiofibular joint, held together by the ligament of the fibular head

Front 68

connective tissue fibers that unite the shafts of the fibula and tibia

Back 68

interosseus ligament of the crus

Front 69

best developed in the horse, collagenous fibers passing from the dorsal surface of the tarsus to the metatarsus

Back 69

dorsal tarsal ligament

Front 70

best developed in the horse, collagenous fibers passing from the ventral surface of the tarsus to the metatarsus

Back 70

plantar tarsal ligament

Front 71

in the horse, inflammation and swelling of the plantar tarsal ligament, usually induced by trauma or strain

Back 71

curb

Front 72

ligament bridging the tarsal canal for passage of the deep digital flexor tendon

Back 72

flexor retinaculum of the tarsus

Front 73

ligaments in the tarsus that join tarsal bones of adjacent rows

Back 73

intertarsal ligaments

Front 74

ligaments in the tarsus that join tarsal bones within the same row

Back 74

intratarsal ligaments

Front 75

in the horse, abnormal fluid accumulation in the talocrural joint sac

Back 75

bog spavin

Front 76

in the horse, osteoarthritis of the third metatarsal, third tarsal, and central tarsal bones, which can result in a visible bony enlargement of the distomedial aspect of the hock

Back 76

bone spavin

Front 77

opening bordered by the shaft of the ilium and the inguinal ligament

Back 77

femoral ring

Front 78

why are oxen more prone to luxate their coxofemoral joints than other species?

Back 78

because the neck of the femur is wider

Front 79

in the dog, which spinal nerves comprise the lumbosacral plexus?

Back 79

L4-L7, S1, S2

Front 80

thickened region of the deep fascia that lies over the craniolateral thigh and blends distally with the deep fascia of the crural and stifle regions

Back 80

fascia lata

Front 81

two muscles of the pelvic diaphragm

Back 81

coccygeus and levator ani

Front 82

name the six muscles that contribute to the common calcanean tendon

Back 82

1. biceps femoris
2. semitendinosus
3. gracilis
4. gastrocnemius
5. superficial digital flexor
6. soleus (cat only)

Front 83

in the cat, the muscle that lies immediately caudal to the superficial gluteal and cranial to the biceps femoris

Back 83

caudofemoralis muscle

Front 84

muscle of the triceps surae that is only well-developed in the cat

Back 84

soleus

Front 85

another name for the vertebral head of the middle gluteal muscle

Back 85

piriformus muscle

Front 86

what nerve, if damaged during parturition, can cause a cow to lose control of her pelvid adductor muscles and fall to the ground with her legs splayed out?

Back 86

obturator nerve

Front 87

what are two differences between the dog/cat/horse and the ox with respect to the internal obturator muscle?

Back 87

1. in the dog/cat/horse, courses over the lesser ischatic notch and inserts dorsally, covering the obturator foramen; in the ox, courses ventral to the ischium, and passes through the obturator foramen

2. dog/cat/horse, innervated by the sciatic nerve; in the ox, innervated by the obturator nerve

Front 88

which of our domestic mammals does not have a soleus muscle?

Back 88

dog

Front 89

lymph node that lies caudal to the stifle joint

Back 89

popliteal lymph node

Front 90

lymph nodes that lie on or near the external iliac vessels

Back 90

iliac lymph nodes

Front 91

lymph nodes that lie in the groove between the medial aspect of the thigh and the caudoventral aspect of the abdominal wall

Back 91

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Front 92

name the two lymph nodes whose efferents drain into the iliac lymph nodes

Back 92

popliteal lymph nodes and superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Front 93

what is difference between the sartorius muscle in the small animals versus the large animals?

Back 93

in the large animals, the sartorius only has one belly

Front 94

what digital extensor muscle is possessed by the large animals, but not the small animals?

Back 94

short digital extensor

Front 95

why is there a trochanteric bursa in the horse?

Back 95

because the middle gluteal has an accessory head that passes over the convexity of the greater trochanter and inserts on the crest of the greater trochanter

Front 96

the space between the rectum and the pelvis

Back 96

ischiorectal fossa

Front 97

how is bone spavin typically treated?

Back 97

a tenectomy of the cunean tendon (the medial insertion of the cranial tibial muscle)

Front 98

in the horse, hyperflexion of the tarsus, when the horse elevates and begins to advance its hind limb.

Back 98

stringhalt

Front 99

how is stringhalt surgically treated?

Back 99

tenectomy of the lateral digital extensor tendon

Front 100

in the horse, inflammation of the calcaneal bursa

Back 100

deep capped hock

Front 101

development of an acquired bursa at the point of the hock due to repeated trauma

Back 101

superficial capped hock

Front 102

in horses, inflammation of the tarsal synovial sheath that lies under the flexor retinaculum

Back 102

thoroughpin

Front 103

what two muscles/tendons comprise the equine reciprocal apparatus?

Back 103

- cranially, the peroneus tertius
- caudally, the superficial digital flexor

Front 104

why, in the ox, would damage to the part of the tibial nerve render it lame, whereas in the horse, not necessarily so?

Back 104

because in the horse, the peroneus tertius, innervated by the common peroneal nerve is part of the reciprocal apparatus that will keep the hock joint stable.

Front 105

accessory gluteal
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 105

accessory gluteal
- origin: gluteal surface of the ilium
- insertion: greater trochanter
- innervation: cranial gluteal n.
- action: extend the hip
- horse only

Front 106

adductor
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 106

adductor
- origin: subpelvic tendon and ischium
- insertion: shaft of the femur
- innervation: obturator n.
- action: adduct thigh

Front 107

biceps femoris
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 107

biceps femoris
- origin: sacrotuberous ligament and ischium
- insertion: lateral stifle and common calcaneal tendon
- innervation: sciatic n.
- action: extend hip; flex stifle; extend stifle; abduct thigh and crus

Front 108

caudal crural abductor
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 108

caudal crural abductor
- origin: biceps femoris m.
- insertion: cranial crural fascia
- innervation: sciatic n.
- action: abduct thigh and crus
- carnivores only

Front 109

caudofemoralis
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 109

caudofemoralis
- origin: 2nd, 3rd, 4th Cd.vertebrae
- insertion: fascia lata
- innervation: caudal gluteal n.
- action: abduct limb; extend hip; flex tail;
- cat only

Front 110

deep digital flexor (pelvic limb)
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 110

deep digital flexor
- origin: proximal and caudal aspect of the tibial and fibular shafts
- insertion: distal phalnges II- V
- innervation: tibial n.
- action: extend tarsus; flex digits
- medial (flexor hallicus longus) and lateral (long digital flexor) heads

Front 111

deep gluteal
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 111

deep gluteal
- origin: shaft of the ilium
- insertion: greater trochanter (cranial portion)
- innervation: cranial gluteal n.
- action: extend hip

Front 112

external obturator
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 112

external obturator
- origin: margins of the obturator foramen
- insertion: trochanteric fossa
- innervation: obturator n.
- action: rotate hip outward

Front 113

flexor hallucis longus
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 113

flexor hallucis longus
- origin: proximal aspect of caudal tibia
- insertion: distal phalanx I
- innervation: tibial n.
- action: extend tarsus; flex digit I

Front 114

gastrocnemius
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 114

gastrocnemius
- origin: medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of the femur
- insertion: calcanean tuber, common calcaneal tendon
- innervation: tibial n.
- action: extend tarsus
- medial and lateral heads

Front 115

gemelli
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 115

gemelli
- origin: lateral ischium
- insertion: trochanteric fossa
- innervation: sciatic n.
- action: rotate hip outward

Front 116

gracilis
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 116

gracilis
- origin: subpelvic tendon
- insertion: tibial crest and common calcaneal tendon
- innervation: obturator n.
- action: adduct thigh

Front 117

iliopsoas
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 117

iliopsoas
- origin: lumbar vertebrae and wing of the ilium
- insertion: lesser trochanter
- innervation: femoral n.
- action: flex hip
- fusion of the psoas major and iliacus mm.

Front 118

internal obturator in the ox
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 118

internal obturator in the ox
- origin: over the obterator foramen
- insertion: trochanteric fossa
- innervation: obturator n.
- action: rotate hip outward
- passes through obturator foramen

Front 119

internal obturator in the dog and horse
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 119

internal obturator in the dog and horse
- origin: over the obterator foramen
- insertion: trochanteric fossa
- innervation: sciatic n.
- action: rotate hip outward
- insertion tendon passes over the gemellus m.

Front 120

lateral digital extensor
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 120

lateral digital extensor
- origin: fibula
- insertion: digit V
- innervation: common peroneal n.
- action: flex tarsus; extend digits
- tendon passes over lateral malleoleus

Front 121

long digital extensor
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 121

long digital extensor
- origin: extensor fossa of femur
- insertion: distal phalnges II- V
- innervation: common peroneal n.
- action: flex tarsus
- tendon passes over lateral malleoleus

Front 122

long digital flexor
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 122

long digital flexor
- origin: proximal and caudal aspect of the tibial and fibular shafts
- insertion: distal phalnges II- V
- innervation: tibial n.
- action: flex the digits
- lateral head of the DDF

Front 123

middle gluteal
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 123

middle gluteal
- origin: wing of the ilium
- insertion: greater trochanter
- innervation: cranial gluteal n.
- action: extend hip

Front 124

pectineus
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 124

pectineus
- origin: pectin ossis pubis
- insertion: shaft of the femur (medially)
- innervation: obturator n.
- action: adduct thigh

Front 125

peroneus brevis
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 125

peroneus brevis
- origin: shaft of the fibula
- insertion: dorsoproximal end of metatarsal V
- innervation: common peroneal n.
- action: flex tarsus
- carnivores only

Front 126

peroneus longus
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 126

peroneus longus
- origin: head of the fibula and tibial condyle
- insertion: proximal end of metatarsals
- innervation: common peroneal n.
- action: flex tarsus; rotate hindpaw laterally
- carnivores and ruminants

Front 127

peroneus tertius
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 127

peroneus tertius
- origin: extensor fossa of femur
- insertion: proximal dorsal aspect of the metatarsus
- innervation: common peroneal n.
- action: flex tarsus
- ruminants and horses

Front 128

popliteus
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 128

popliteus
- origin: lateral aspect of the distal end of the femur (fossa musculi poplitei)
- insertion: proximal end of the tibial shaft
- innervation: tibial n.
- action: flex stifle; rotate hip inward

Front 129

piriformis
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 129

piriformis
- origin: S3 and Cd1
- insertion: greater trochanter
- innervation: caudal gluteal n.
- action: extend hip
- part of the middle gluteal (vertebral head)

Front 130

quadratus femoris
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 130

quadratus femoris
- origin: ischium
- insertion: just distal to trochanteric fossa
- innervation: sciatic n.
- action: extend hip; rotate hip outward

Front 131

rectus femoris
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 131

rectus femoris
- origin: ilium
- insertion: patella
- innervation: femoral n.
- action: flex hip; extend stifle

Front 132

sartorius
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 132

sartorius
- origin: tuber coxae
- insertion: patella, patellar ligament (cranial belly)
tibial crest (caudal belly)
- innervation: femoral n.
- action: flex hip; adduct thigh
- carnivores have two bellies; large animals have one belly

Front 133

semimembranosis
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 133

semimembranosis
- origin: ischiatic tuberosity
- insertion: distomedial femur and medial stifle collateral ligament
- innervation: sciatic n.
- action: extend hip; extend stifle

Front 134

semitendinosis
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 134

semitendinosis
- origin: ischium
- insertion: tibial crest and common calcaneal tendon
- innervation: sciatic n.
- action: extend hip; flex stifle; extend stifle

Front 135

short digital extensor
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 135

short digital extensor
- origin: tarsal bones
- insertion: long digital extensor tendon
- innervation: common peroneal n.
- action: extend digits

Front 136

soleus
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 136

soleus
- origin: proximal end of fibula
- insertion: calcanean tuber, common calcaneal tendon
- innervation: tibial n.
- action: extend tarsus
- big in cats, small in large animals, absent in dogs

Front 137

superficial digital flexor (pelvic limb)
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 137

superficial digital flexor
- origin: lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur
- insertion: proximal phalanges II- V, common calcaneal tuber
- innervation: tibial n.
- action: flex digits
- deep to and between the two heads of the gastrocnemius m.

Front 138

superficial gluteal
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 138

superficial gluteal
- origin: sacrotuberous ligament and sacral vertebrae
- insertion: 3rd trochanter
- innervation: caudal gluteal n.
- action: extend hip
- tendon passes over the greater trochanter of the femur

Front 139

tensor fascia latae
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 139

tensor fascia latae
- origin: tuber coxae, fascia of middle gluteal m.
- insertion: fascia lata
- innervation: cranial gluteal n.
- action: flex hip; extend stifle

Front 140

tibialis caudalis
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 140

tibialis caudalis
- origin: caudal surface of tibia
- insertion: deep digital flexor tendon
- innervation: common peroneal n.
- action: extend tarsus; flex digits
- part of DDF in horse, ruminants; separate muscle in carnivores

Front 141

tibialis cranialis
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 141

tibialis cranialis
- origin: tibial condyle (lateral edge)
- insertion: medial metatarsals I and II
- innervation: common peroneal n.
- action: flex tarsus

Front 142

vastus intermedius
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 142

vastus intermedius
- origin: proximal end of the shaft of the femur
- insertion: patella
- innervation: femoral n.
- action: extend stifle

Front 143

vastus lateralis
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 143

vastus lateralis
- origin: proximal end of the shaft of the femur
- insertion: patella
- innervation: femoral n.
- action: extend stifle

Front 144

vastus medialis
- origin
- insertion
- innervation
- action

Back 144

vastus medialis
- origin: proximal end of the shaft of the femur
- insertion: patella
- innervation: femoral n.
- action: extend stifle

Front 145

what comprises the osteoligamentous loop in the pelvic limb of the horse?

Back 145

medial patellar ligament, tibial tuberosity, medial patellar fibrocartilage, patella, middle patellar ligament

Front 146

which ridge of the femoral trochlea is largest?

Back 146

medial

Front 147

what is a common surgical intervention to correct a "locked stifle"/"locked patella"/upward fixation of the patella?

Back 147

medial petellar desmotomy

Front 148

what are the main components of the stay apparatus of the equine hindlimb?

Back 148

1. osteoligamentous loop
2. superficial digital flexor
3. deep digital flexor
4. suspensory ligament
5. collateral sesamoidean ligaments
6. intersesamoidean ligament
7. the distal intersesamoidean ligaments ("I, V, X")
8. extensor branches of the suspensory ligament
9. distal portion of the digital extensor tendon

Front 149

in the horse, what is the continuation of the dorsal pedal artery?

Back 149

dorsal metatarsal a.

Front 150

in the horse, what is the distal division of the dorsal metatarsal artery, and where is this divison?

Back 150

it divides into the medial and lateral plantar digital arteries at the plantar aspect of the metatarsus

Front 151

in the horse, what two structures does the dorsal metatarsal artery lie between?

Back 151

deep digital flexor tendon and the suspensory ligament

Front 152

in the horse, what vein passes over the cunean tendon and joins with the medial saphenous vein?

Back 152

dorsal metatarsal vein

Front 153

what artery is the continuation of the cranial tibial artery?

Back 153

dorsal pedal artery

Front 154

in the equine hindlimb, what stabilizing structure is an accessory branch of the deep digital flexor tendon?

Back 154

tarsal check ligament

Front 155

what nerves supply the plantar side of the pastern and hind foot of the horse?

Back 155

lateral and medial plantar digital nn.

Front 156

what nerves supply the dorsal aspect of the pastern in the hindlimb of the horse?

Back 156

lateral and medial dorsal digital nn.

Front 157

what nerves emerge at the buttons of the splint bones and supply the pastern joint in the hind limb of the horse?

Back 157

medial and lateral plantar metatarsal nn.

Front 158

what is the main nerve that supplies the nerve branches of the caudal pes?

Back 158

tibial n.

Front 159

what are the two main nerves that supply the cranial pes?

Back 159

superficial and deep peroneal nn.

Front 160

in the horse, what muscle has attachments at the fetlock and cannon bones of the hind limb?

Back 160

short digital extensor

Front 161

in the horse, what does the tibial nerve divide into at the level just past the fetlock joint?

Back 161

medial and lateral plantar nn.

Front 162

in the equine hindlimb, what nerves are blocked to desensitize the plantar distal portion of the pastern and the plantar aspect of the foot?

Back 162

distal medial and lateral plantar digital nn.

Front 163

in the equine hindlimb, what nerves are blocked to desensitize the entire distal portion of the pastern, the plantar aspect of the pastern joint, and the plantar aspect of the foot?

Back 163

medial and lateral plantar digital nn.

Front 164

in the equine hindlimb, what nerves are blocked to desensitize the dorsal pastern, dorsal fetlock, plantar fetlock, plantar pastern, and foot?

Back 164

medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal and plantar metatarsal nn.

Front 165

in the equine hindlimb, what nerves are blocked to desensitize much of the fetlock, pastern, and foot?

Back 165

medial and lateral plantar nerves, and the medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves

Front 166

in the stride of a cow, what are the four stages of the contact phase?

Back 166

1. initial contact
2. weight bearing
3. weight bearing/propulsion
4. propulsion

Front 167

in the stride of a cow, what are the three stages of the flight phase?

Back 167

1. elevation
2. advancement
3. protraction

Front 168

what is that gland at the base of the tail in birds that contributes towards grooming?

Back 168

uropygial ("preen") gland

Front 169

how does the eyelid in the bird differ from the mammal?

Back 169

the lower eyelid closes instead of the upper

Front 170

what is the bony extension of the tarsometatarsus of the bird leg?

Back 170

spur

Front 171

what are the bones of the thoracic girdle of a bird?

Back 171

scapula
coracoid
clavicle

Front 172

the connection between the oral and nasal cavity of the bird

Back 172

choanal slit

Front 173

in the bird, what side of the body is the esophagus located on?

Back 173

right

Front 174

in birds, dilatation of the esophagus just proximal to the thoracic inlet

Back 174

crop

Front 175

what are the two parts of the avian stomach and what is their function?

Back 175

1. proventriculus: acid and digestive enzymes
2. ventriculus: grinding of food

Front 176

what protective substance is secreted by the ventriculus?

Back 176

koilin

Front 177

in the bird, what organ surrounds the heart?

Back 177

liver

Front 178

how can you tell the boundary between the jejunum and ileum of the bird?

Back 178

yolk stalk remnant

Front 179

the source of bird vocalization, at the junction of the trachea and bronchi

Back 179

syrinx

Front 180

what are differences between the trachea of birds versus mammals?

Back 180

- located on the left
- rings are complete and overlapping

Front 181

a unilateral, asymmetric, thin-walled bony dilation of the left side of the trachea of male ducks at the level of the syrinx

Back 181

syringeal bulla

Front 182

which side of the female avian reproductive tract persists?

Back 182

left

Front 183

what are the three parts of and the two distal organs of the avian oviduct?

Back 183

- infindibulum
- magnum
- isthmus
- uterus
- vagina

Front 184

how do the incisors of rabbits differ from rodents?

Back 184

rabbbits: 2 pair of upper, 1 pair of lower

rodents: 1 pair of upper, 1 pair of lower

Front 185

name the the major blood vessels of the rabbit ear

Back 185

inner and outer marginal ear veins and central artery

Front 186

what is a unique property of the rabbit great vessels of the heart?

Back 186

there is a left and right cranial vena cava

Front 187

which "pocket pet" has some foregut fermentation capability?

Back 187

hamster

Front 188

what are some unique features of the rabbit lower GI tract?

Back 188

1. pancreatic duct opens at the caudal duodenal flexure
2. large cecum with teniae and haustrae, like the horse, with a worm-like vermiform appendix

Front 189

what scent-marking glands do both sexes of rats have in their reproductive tracts?

Back 189

preputial glands

Front 190

what is the largest accessory sex gland in the male guinea pig?

Back 190

vesicular gland

Front 191

what unique accessory sex gland does the male rat have that are in the lesser curvature of the vesicular glands?

Back 191

coagulating glands

Front 192

what are the two major divisions of the external iliac artery?

Back 192

femoral and deep femoral

Front 193

what arteries are major tributaries of the deep femoral?

Back 193

pudendoepigastric trunk
medial circumflex femoral

Front 194

what large branch of the femoral artery is a major blood supply to the superficial caudal hind limb?

Back 194

saphenous

Front 195

when the femoral artery reaches the stifle, what does its name become?

Back 195

popilteal a.

Front 196

at the proximal part of the tibia, what does the popilteal artery divide into?

Back 196

cranial and caudal tibial arteries

Front 197

what does the cranial tibial artery become when it reaches the pes?

Back 197

dorsal pedal artery

Front 198

what small branch of the femoral artery runs distally long the femur to supply the stifle?

Back 198

descending genicular

Front 199

what two arteries anastamose in the crus and what are their parent arteries?

Back 199

1. lateral circumflex femoral originates from the femoral
2. medial circumflex femoral originates from the deep femoral

Front 200

a branch of the aorta anastamoses with a branch of the femoral artery. what are their names

Back 200

from aorta: deep circumflex iliac
from femoral: superficial circumflex iliac

Front 201

in the dog, what are the three branches of the femoral artery that correspond to only one branch in the large animals?

Back 201

proximal caudal femoral
middle caudal femoral
distal caudal femoral

Front 202

in the dog, if the femoral artery is compromised, what is an alternative pathway to supply blood to the pelvic limb?

Back 202

caudal gluteal anastamosing with the distal caudal femoral

Front 203

what are the two major branches of the pudendoepigastric trunk?

Back 203

caudal (deep) epigastric and external pudendal

Front 204

in the equine pes, what is the main artery that supplies the plantar vessels?

Back 204

caudal tibial a.