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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Electrolyte |
substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically conductive. i.e. ionic solution |
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What are the 4 functions of electrolytes? |
1. Control the osmosis of water between body compartments. 2. Maintain acid-base balance required for normal cellular activities. 3.Carry electrical current, which allows production of action potentials and graded potentials and controls secretion of hormones & neurotransmitters. 4. Cofactors needed for optimal activity (ATP) of enzymes. |
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Define Water intoxication |
Na+ concentration of plasma falls below normal and results in swollen cells |
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What are the 6 steps of water intoxication? |
1. Excessive blood loss, sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea coupled with intake of plain water 2. Decreased Na+ concentration of interstitial fluid and plasma (hyponatremia) 3. decreased osmolarity of interstitial fluid and plasma 4. osmosis of water from interstital fluid into intracellular fluid 5. water intoxication (cells swell) 6. Convulsions, coma, possible death |
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How might someone become water intoxicated? |
1. drink plain water faster than kidneys can excrete it 2. replace water lost from diarrhea or vomiting with plain water 3. may cause convulsions, coma, & death unless oral rehydration includes small amount of salt in water intake |
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Define Dehydration |
Water loss is greater than water gain. |
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Explain regulation of Water Gain when Blood osmolarity has increased (become thicker) |
Osmoreceptors of hypothalamus sense (thirst center)---> triggers thirst sensation |
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Explain regulation of water gain when blood volume/pressure has dropped. |
Renin (kidney)-->angiotensin II---> osmoreceptors of hypothalamus sense (thirst center)--> triggers thirst sensation result: drinking ^ --> body water (blood volume) levels return to normal |
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Name the 10 steps of the regulation of water loss and solute loss via the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP). |
1. Increased intake of NaCl 2. Increased plasma concentrations of Na+ and Cl- 3. Increased osmosis of water from intracellular fluid to interstitial fluid to plasma 4. increased blood volume 5. Increased stretching of atria of heart 6. increased release of atrial natriuretic peptide 7. reduced reabsorption of NaCl by kidneys 8. Increased loss of Na+ and Cl- in urine (natriuresis 9. increased loss of water in urine by osmosis 10. decreased blood volume |
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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
ANP--> increased GFR--> decreased reabsorption |
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Name the 10 steps of the regulation of water loss and solute loss via Angiotensin II
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1. Increased intake of NaCl
2. Increased plasma concentrations of Na+ and Cl- 3. Increased osmosis of water from intracellular fluid to interstitial fluid to plasma 4. increased blood volume 5.Decreased release of renin by juxtaglomerular cells 6. decreased formation of angiotensin II 7.increased glomerular rate or decreased release of aldosterone 8. reduced reabsorption of NaCl by kidneys 9. Increased loss of Na+ and Cl- in urine (natriuresis 10. increased loss of water in urine by osmosis 11. decreased blood volume |
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Angiotensin II |
Angiotensin II --> decreased GFR --> increased reabsorption |
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What are the 4 functions of buffer systems? |
1. prevent rapid, drastic changes in pH 2. change either strong acid or base into a weaker one 3. work in fractions of a second 4. found in fluids in the body |
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what are the 3 principle buffer systems? |
1. protein buffer system 2. carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system 3. phosphate buffer system |
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Define normal blood pH |
7.35 - 7.45 |
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Blood pH below 7.35 is known as: (hint: too much acid) |
acidosis |
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blood pH above 7.45 is known as: (hint: too much base) |
alkalosis |
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what are the major acids in blood? |
1. carbonic acid (H2CO3= CO2 dissolved in water) 2. lactic acid 3. ketoacids |
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What are major bases in the blood? |
bicarbonate (HCO3-) |
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What are the two organs that regulate blood pH? |
1. lungs 2. kidneys |
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How do the lungs regulate blood pH? |
1. exhale CO2 to remove carbonic acid 2. pH changes quickly (in seconds) |
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How do the kidneys regulate blood pH? |
1. Excrete acids in urine 2. pH changes slowly (hours to days) -- protons released |
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how can blood pH balance be restored? |
1. Faster draining-- increasing elimination 2. slowing down drippy faucet-- decreasing flow |
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Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis: What happens when lung diseases affect normal breathing? |
1. blood CO2 level increases---> respiratory acidosis (hypoventillation) - not breathing enough or 2. respiratory alkalosis (hyperventillation)-- breathing too much |
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Metabolic acidosis/alkalosis: What happens when someone suffers from a disorder that affects HCO3- concentration: such as kidney disease
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1. causes electrolyte disturbances (ie kidney failure) -- trouble excreting wastes accumulation of sulfates, phosphates, uric acid--> metabolic acidosis 2. severe vomiting or diarrhea, ingestion of certain drugs & toxins, and diseases that affect normal metabolism (diabetes) |
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Interstitial fluid is located where in the body? |
inside of cells |
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extracellular fluid is located where in the body? |
outside of cells |
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ICF makes up what percentage of the bodies fluid? |
80% |
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Blood plasma makes up what percentage of the bodies fluid? |
20% |
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what are the two places for exchange of fluid between compartments? |
1. cell membranes 2. capillary walls |
