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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Nutrient.
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Substance in food that promotes normal growth, maintenance, and repair
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What are the major nutrients?
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Carbs
Lipids Proteins |
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What happens when PH goes below 7?
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CNS goes down.
Coma Death |
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What happens when PH goes above 8.5?
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CNS goes up
muscle tetany external narcosis convulsion |
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What are carbs? 4 things
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Starch
Sugars Insoluble fiber: cellulose in vegetables Soluble fiber |
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Carbs pretty much turn into what?
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Glucose
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What relys mostly on glucose?
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RBCs and Neurons
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What is excess glucose converted into?
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Glycogen, or stored as fat.
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How many carbs per day minimum to maintain blood glucose levels?
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100 grams/day
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What is the recommended minimum of carbs per day?
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130 grams per day
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Where do we get our lipids from generally?
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Triglycerides
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Give some examples of saturated fats, where they come from.
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Meat
Dairy foods Tropical Oils |
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Give some examples of unsaturated fats, where they come from.
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Seeds
Nuts Olive oil Most vegetable oils |
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What are 3 essential uses of fatty acids, lipids?
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1. Fat soluble vitamins absorption
2. Major fuel of hepatocytes and skeletal muscle 3. Phospholipids - essential in myelin sheaths and all cell membranes |
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What are the 3 functions of fatty deposits?
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1. Protective cushions around body organs
2. Insulating layer beneath the skin 3. Concentrated source of energy |
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What 3 regulatory functions do lipids have?
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1. Smooth muscle contraction
2. Control of BP 3. Inflammation |
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What are the 2 functions of cholesterol?
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1. Stabilizes membranes
2. Precursor of bile salts & steroid hormones |
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How much lipids should we intake per day?
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30% or less of total caloric intake
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What is the recommended limit of cholesterol per day?
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300 mg
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What are the sources of complete proteins? 4 things
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Eggs
Milk Fish Most meats |
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What are the sources of incomplete proteins? 3 things
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Legumes
Nuts Cereals |
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What 2 things do we use protein for?
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1. Structural materials - keratin, collagen, elastin, muscle proteins
2. Most functional molecules - enzymes, some hormones |
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What is the rule of thumb with protein?
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.8g per kg of body weight
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What things are vitamins good for?
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1. Organic compounds
2. Crucial in helping body use nutrients 3. Most function as coenzymes 4. Vitamins D, some B, and K are synthesized in the body |
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What 2 types of vitamins are there?
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1. Water soluble
2. Fat soluble vitamins |
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Describe Water Soluble vitamins, 3 things.
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B complex and C absorbed with water
B12 requires intrinsic factor NOT stored in body |
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Describe Fat soluble vitamins, 3 things.
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1. A, D, E and K absorbed with lipid digestion products
2. Stored in body, except for vitamin K 3. Vitamins A, C, and E act as antioxidants |
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What 7 required minerals are there?
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Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, and Mg
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Which minerals harden our bones?
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Ca, P, Mg
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Which mineral is required for thyroid hormone synthesis?
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Iodine
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What are the 2 major electrolytes?
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Sodium and Chloride
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Explain metabolism.
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Biochemical reactions inside cells involving nutrients
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Explain anabolism
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Synthesis of large molecules from small ones
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Explain Catabolism
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Hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones
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Explain cellular respiration
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Catabolism of food and capture of energy to form ATP
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What are the 3 stages of metabolism?
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1. Digestion, absorption, transport to tissues
2. Cellular processing - synthesis 3. Oxidative breakdown of intermediates into CO2, water, and ATP |
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What figure should we study for metabolism learning?
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24.3!!!
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What 2 major coenzymes are there?
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1. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD+
2. Flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD |
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What 3 pathways is glucose catabolized in?
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1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle 3. Electron transport chain |
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What are the 3 major phases of GLycolysis?
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1. Sugar activation
2. Sugar cleavage 3. Sugar oxidation and ATP formation |
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Where does Glycolysis occur at?
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Cytosol
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How many pyruvic acid molecules does glucose give us during glycolysis?
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2
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Where does the krebs cycle occur at?
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Mitochondria matrix
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What is the krebs cycle fueled by?
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Pyruvic acid and fatty acids
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What doesn't the krebs cycle directly use?
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O2
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What part of the metabolism directly uses oxygen?
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Electron transport chain
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Which enzymes pump h+ ions into intermembrane space?
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Complex 1, 3, 4
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