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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Figure to look at for Everything!!!
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25.1
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What are the functions of the kidney?
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Remove toxins, metabolic wastes, excess ions from blood
Regulation of blood volume, chemical composition, ph |
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When does Gluconeogenesis occur? And what is it?
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From fasting too long. Making glucose from other noncarb sources.
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What is the function of Renin?
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regulation of BP and kidney function
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What is the function of Erythropoietin?
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RBC production
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Which kidney is the lowest?
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Right kidney
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What 4 things enter and exit at the hilum?
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Ureters
Renal blood vessels Lymphatics Nerves |
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What 3 layers are there supporting the kidneys?
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1. Renal Fascia - anchor
2. Perirenal fat capsule - cushion 3. Fibrous capsule - prevents infection to kidney |
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How much cardiac output goes to the kidney?
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1/4
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What forms urine in your kidneys?
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Nephrons
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What are the 2 parts of a nephron?
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1. Glomerulus - tuft of capillaries
2. Renal Tubule - Bowman's capsules surrounding glomerulus |
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What is the renal corpuscle?
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Glomerulus plus the glomerular capsule
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What does the fenestrated glomerular endothelium provide?
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Allows filtrate to pass from plasma into glomerular capsule
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What kind of cells are the parietal layer?
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simple squamous epithelium
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What kind of layer is the Visceral layer in the Renal Tubule?
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branching epithelial podocytes
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What is the PCT?
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Proximal convoluted tubule
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What does the PCT do?
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Functions in reabsorption and secretion.
It is confied to the cortex |
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What is the loop of Henle permabble to?
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Water
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What do the collecting ducts do?
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Recieve filtrate from many nephrons
Fuse together to deliver urine thru papillae into minor calyces |
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What 2 types of cells are in collecting ducts?
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1. Intercalated cells - Acid
2. Principal cells - water/salt |
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What are most of the nephrons?
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Cortical nephrons, in the cortex.
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What are juxtamedullary nephrons?
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Loops of Henle deeply invade medulla
Extensive thing segments that are important in production of concentrated urine |
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What is the current through the Glomerulus?
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Afferent arteriole to
Glomerulus to Efferent Arterioloe |
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Why is there high blood pressure in the Nephron Capillary Beds?
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1. Afferent arterioles are small in diameter
2. Arterioles are high-resistance vessels |
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What collects the extra fluid in Nephrons?
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Peritubular capillaries
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Describe what Peritubular capillaries are. 4 things.
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1. Low-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption
2. Arise from efferent arterioles 3. Cling to adjacent renal tubules in cortex 4. Empty into venules |
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Describe the Vasa Recta is. 3 things.
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1. Parallel to loops of Henle
2. Arise from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons 3. Concentrate urine |
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What happens to the blood pressure in the kidneys?
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Blood pressure to decline from 95 mm HG to ~8 mm Hg in kidneys.
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What are the 2 reasons we want the pressure to drop in the kidneys?
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1. Afferent arterioles - protects glomeruli from BP fluctuations
2. Efferent arterioles - reinforce high glomerular pressure |
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What is the JGA??
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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
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How many nephrons are there per JGA?
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1 / nephron
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What does the JGA do?
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Regulation of filtrate formation and blood pressure
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What modified portions, and of what does the JGA contain? 2 things
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1. Distal portion of ascending limb of loop of Henle
2. Afferent ( sometimes efferent) arteriole |
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What type of cells are in the JGA?
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Granular cells
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What are granular cells when it concerns the JGA? 3 things
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1. Enlarged, smooth muscle cells of arteriole
2. Secretory granules contain renin 3. Act as mechanoreceptors and sense BP |
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What is the filtration membrane?
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Porous membrane between blood and capsular space
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What 3 things make up the filtration membrane?
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1. Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries
2. Visceral membrane of glomerular capsule 3. Gel-like basement membrane |
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What does the filtration membrane allow?
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Passage of water and small solutes
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What things prevent filtration of blood cells in the filtration membrane?
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Fenestrations
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What things help to repel macro molecules in the filtration membrane?
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Slit diaphragms
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What things repel large anions, plasma proteins etc?
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Negatively charged basement membrane
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What do glomerular mesangial cells do? 2 things
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1. Engulf and degrade macromolecules
2. Can contract to change the total surface area available for filtration |
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How often do the kidneys filter the blood plasma?
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60 times per day
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What is filtrate?
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Blood plasma minus proteins
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What is urine?
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<1% of total filtrate
contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances |
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What are the 3 mechanisms of urine formation?
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1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption - returns all glucose, aminos, 99% water, salt and other components to blood 3. Tubular secretion - reverse of reabsorption: selective addition to urine |
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How is the glomerular filtration passively propelled?
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Through hydrostatic pressure
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Why is the Glomerulus very efficient? 2 things
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1. Filtration membrane very permeable and large surface area
2. Glomerular blood pressure higher than other capillaries |
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What size molecules are not filtered?
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Greater then 5 nM
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What is NFP?
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Net filtration Pressure
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What is NFP determined by?
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Glomerular hydrostatic pressure, mostly
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What are the 2 opposing forces in NFP?
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1. colloid osmotic pressure of (OPg)
2. Capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) |
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Basically what is osmotic pressure?
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Pressure bringing things in.
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Basically what is hydrostatic pressure?
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Pressure pushing things out
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What is the GFR?
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Glomerular Filtration Rate
120-125 ml/min |
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What is the GFR governed by? 3 things
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1. Total surface area available for filtration
2. Filtration membrane permeability 3. NFP |
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What 2 things is the GFR tightly controlled by?
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Intrinsic, and Extrinsic factors
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What are the intrinsic factors that control the GFR?
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Renal Autoregulation, act locally within kidney
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What are the extrinsic factors that control the GFR?
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nervous and endocrine mechanisms- maintain blood pressure, but affect kidney function
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What do the intrinsic controls of the GFR try to do?
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Maintain a nearly constant GFR when MAP is in the range of 80-180 mm HG
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What two types of intrinsic regulation are there? Renal autoregulation....
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1. Myogenic mechanism
2. Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, which senses changes in the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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What happens with the Myogenic mechanism, intrinsic controls, when the blood pressure goes up?
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Constriction of afferent arterioles
- Helps maintain normal GFR - Protects glomeruli from damaging high BP |
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What happens with the Myogenic mechanism, intrinsic controls, when the blood pressure goes down?
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Dilation of afferent arterioles
- helps maintain normal GFR |
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What is the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism directed by?
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Macula Densa Cells
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What happens when the GFR increases and the filtrate flow rate increases?
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Sodium level increases because of insufficient time for reabsorption
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