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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Alimentary canal?
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Gi Tract
Main tube of digestion. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. |
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What are the accessory digestive organs?
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teeth
tongue gallbladder digestive glands(salivary glands, liver pancreas) |
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What are the 6 essential digestive processes in digestion?
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1. ingestion
2. propulsion 3. mechanical digestion 4. chemical digestion 5. absorption 6. defecation |
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What are mechano and chemoreceptors in response to the digestive system?
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Initiate reflexes that-
activate or inhibit digestive glands stimulate mixing and moves lumen contents |
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What are the 2 GI tract regulatory mechanisms?
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic
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What are the automatic responses to stimuli in the GI tract?
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1. enteric nerve plexuses ( gut brain ) initiate short reflexes
2. respond to stimuli inside or outside - involves CNS and ANS 3. hormones from stomach and small intestine - stimulate target cells in same or different organs |
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What is the peritoneum?
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serous membrane of abdominal cavity
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What is the visceral peritoneum?
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external surfaces of organ
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What is the parietal peritoneum?
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Body wall
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Where is the peritoneal cavity?
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Between the 2 peritoneums, and filled with fluid that lubricates
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What is the Mesentery?
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double layer of peritoneum
- blood vessel, lymphatics, and nerves route - holds organs, stores fat |
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Where are the retroperitoneal organs found at?
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Posterior to the peritoneum
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Where are the intraperitoneal organs found at?
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Surrounded by the peritoneum
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What is hepatic portal circulation?
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Drains nutrient rich blood from digestive organs and
- delivers to liver for processing |
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What are the 4 layers, tunics, of the alimentary canal?
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1. mucosa
2. submucosa 3. muscularis externa 4. serosa |
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What are the 2 things that make up the Alimentary canal intrinsic nerve supply?
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1. Submucosal nerve plexus
- regulates glands and smooth muscle 2. Myenteric nerve plexus - controls GI tract motility |
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What does the CNS link to?
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Afferent visceral fibers
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What does the ANS synapse with?
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Enteric plexuses
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What does the sympathetic system do when concerning the digestive system?
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inhibits secretion and motility
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What does the parasympathetic system do when concerning the digestive system?
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It stimulates.
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What two things is your palate made of?
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Hard and soft palate
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What is the hard palate made of?
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Bone, part of your skull.
Palatine bones and palatine processes of maxillae |
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What is the soft palate made of?
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Mostly of skeletal muscle
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What does the soft palate do?
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Closes nasopharynx during swallowing
- uvula is the free edge |
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What does the hard palate do?
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Creates friction against the tongue
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What functions does your tongue have? 3 things
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1. reposition and mix food
2. forms bolus 3. swallowing, speech, taste |
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What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?
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change the shape of the tongue
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What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?
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alter tongue position
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What is the lingual frenulum?
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It is the attachment to the floor of the mouth
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Where is the lingual frenulum, and what does it look like?
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Underneath the tongue
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What 4 things does the surface of your tongue have?
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1. filiform
2. fungiform 3. Circumvallate 4. Foliate |
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What does the filiform provide on your tongue?
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roughness and provide function
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Which part of the tongue does not contain taste buds?
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Foliate
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What are the 3 types of salivary glands?
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1. parotid
2. submandibular 3. sublingual |
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What 4 things does saliva do?
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1. cleanses mouth
2. moistens/dissolves food chemicals 3. aids bolus formation 4. contains enzymes - breakdowns starch |
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What is saliva made of?
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97-99.5% water, slightly acidic
- electrolytes - salivary amylase and lingual lipase - mucin - metabolic wastes - lysozyme, lga, defensins, a cyanide compound all to protect against microorganisms |
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What do the intrinsic glands of the salivary glands do?
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keep mouth moist
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What do the the extrinsic glands of the salivary glands do?
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- food stimulates chemo/mechanoreceptors
- salivatory nuclei in the brain stem send impulses |
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What is xerostomia?
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Dry mouth
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What two parts does the pharynx contain?
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1. oropharynx
2. laryngopharynx |
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What is the pharynx made of?
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Stratified squamous epithelium
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What is esophageal mucosa made of? and what does it do at the stomach?
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Stratified squamous epithelium
Changes to simple columnar at stomach |
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What do esophageal glands secrete, and where are they located at?
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They secrete mucus and are found in the submucosa.
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What figure should we study for the test?
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23.12
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What are the digestive processes in the Mouth? 4
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1. ingestion
2. mechanical digestion 3. chemical digestion via salivary amylase and lingual lipase 4. propulsion |
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What is the technical term for swallowing?
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Deglutition
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What areas are included in deglutition?
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tongue
soft palate pharynx esophagus 22 muscle groups |
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What is the buccal phase?
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Voluntary, tongue use in swallowing
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What is the pharyngeal-esophageal phase like in swallowing?
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Involuntary
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How many layers of smooth muscle does the muscularis externa have?
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3 layers
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What layer in your muscularis externa does the churning, mxing, moving, and breaking down of food?
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the inner layer
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What does the mucosa layer do?
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It buffers the acid from getting to other tissues in the tract.
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What are the gastric glands made of?
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1. mucous neck cells(secrete thin acidis mucus)
2. parietal cells 3. chief cells 4. enteroendocrine cells |
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What produces most of our gastric juice?
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Glands in fundus and body
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What is the pH of the acid in our stomach?
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1.5-3.5
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What does the acid in our stomach do?
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denatures protein
activates pepsin kills bacteria |
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What is glycoprotein required for?
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Absorption of B12 in the small intestine
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What do the chief cells do?
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release inactive enzyme pepsinogen
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What is pepsinogen activated by?
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HcL and pepsin itself
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What do enteroendocrine cells do?
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secrete chemcial messengers into lamina propria
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What do the paracrine enteroendocrine cells release?
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Serotonin and histamine
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What do the hormone enteroendocrine cells release?
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Somatostatin and gastrin
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What is the mucosal barrier made of?
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Bicarbonate-rich mucus layer
tight junctions between epithelial cells |
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What are the digestive processes in the stomach?
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1. physical
2. denaturating proteins 3. enzymatic digestion of prteins by pepsin 4. secretes intrinsic factor required for absorption of B12 5. delivers chyme to the small intestine |
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What are the 3 phases for the regulation of gastric secretion?
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1. Cephalic reflex phase : few minutes prior to food entry
2. Gastric phase: 3-4 hours after food enters 3. Intestinal phase: brief stimulatory effect as food enters duodenum, followed by inhibitory effects |
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What figure should we look at to study the stomach phases?
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23.17
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What are the 3 chemicals that are used for promotion of HCl secretion?
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ACh
histamine gastrin |
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What chemical inhibits the production of HCl?
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Antihistamine
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What are the responses to the filling of the stomach?
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1. reflex mediated receptive relaxation
coordinated by swallowing center of brain stem 2. gastric accommodation plasticity(stree-relaxation response) of smooth muscle |
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What are the waves called that move food through your GI tract?
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peristaltic waves
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How often do peristaltic waves occur?
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every 3 minutes
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Where do the peristaltic waves come from?
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1. basic electrical rhythm - BER
initiated by pacemaker(cells of Cajal) |
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Where is the contractile activity the most vigorous?
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Near the pylorus
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How long does fatty chyme remain in the duodenum for?
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6 hours or more
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What moves faster? carbs or fat?
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Carbohydrates
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