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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is lung compliance diminished by, 3 things?
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Nonelastic scar tissue
Reduced production of surfactant decreased flexibility of thoracic cage |
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What are the 4 different types of volumes when used to asses respiratory status?
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Tidal volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume Residual Volume |
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Figure 22.16B
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GO LOOK AT IT
MEMORIZE IT |
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Why is there alveolar dead space?
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Because of bad alveoli
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What is the anatomical dead space?
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Mouth, trachea, ducts, etc stuff that doesn't move for breathing.
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What does a spirometer do?
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Measures respiratory volumes and capacities.
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What is forced vital capacity?
FVC |
gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath
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What are some examples of nonrespiratory air movements?
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cough
sneeze crying laughing hiccups yawns |
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What things do aleveoli contain more than atmospheric air?
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CO2
water vapor |
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What is external respiration?
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Exchange O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane.
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What is external respiration influenced by?
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partial pressure gradients, gas solubility
ventilation-perfusion coupling structural characteristics of respiratory membrane |
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What is the venous blood P02?
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40mm Hg
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What is the alveolar Po2?
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104mm Hg
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What does Po2 stand for?
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Pressure of oxygen
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What is the Pco2 in venous blood?
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45 mm Hg
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What is the Pco2 in alveoli?
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40mm Hg
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What does Pco2 stand for?
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Pressure of Co2
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How many more times is Co2 soluble than o2 in plasma?
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20 more times.
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What figure should we look at to learn about the pressures in the respiratory system?
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22.17
dur! |
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What is ventilation?
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amount of gas reaching alveoli
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What is perfusion?
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blood flow reaching alveoli
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What is the optimal ratio between perfusion and ventilation?
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1:1
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What happens when alveolar o2 is high?
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Arterioles dilate.
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What happens when alveolar o2 is low?
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Arterioles constrict
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What happens when alveolar co2 is high?
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bronchioles dilate
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What happens when alveolar co2 is low?
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bronchioles constrict
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How thick are respiratory membranes?
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.5 to 1.0 uM thick, surface area is 40x that of your skin.
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When do your respiratory membranes thicken?
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If lungs become water logged, pneumonia.
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When do respiratory membranes reduce in surface area?
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Emphysema
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What is internal respiration?
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capillary gas exchange in body tissues
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What is special about Po2 in tissues?
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It's always lower than in systemic arterial blood.
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Where is molecular o2 carried in blood? and what percentage?
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1.5% dissolved in plasma
98.5% loosely bound to each Fe of hemoglobin |
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What is a major respiratory imbalance?
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Hypoxia-not enough o2 getting to tissues
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What are some reasons of hypoxia?
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too few RBCs
abnormal or too little Hb blocked circulation metabolic poisons pulmonary disease carbon monoxide |
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How is Co2 transported? 3 ways
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7 to 10% dissolved in plasma
20% bound to globin 70% transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma |
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What is carbonic acid made from?
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Co2 combining with H2o
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Where is carbonic anhydrase found at?
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RBCs
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What is the chloride shift?
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HCO3 quickly diffusing from RBCs into plasma, balancing with Chlorine.
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What are the 3 steps in pulmonary capillaries when it comes to HCO3?
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1. HCo3 moves into RBCS binds with H+ to form H2CO3
2. H2CO3 split by carbonic anhydrase into Co2 and water 3. Co2 diffuses into alveoli |
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How is blood ph influenced?
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HCo3 in plasma is alkalline reserve of carbonic acid, bicarbonate buffer system for regular operation
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If H+ concentration in blood rises...
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excess H is removed by combining with HCO3
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If H+ concentration begins to drop...
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H2Co3 dissociates, releasing H+
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How can you change your blood ph?
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By altering your respiration rate.
Slow shallow breathing allows Co2 to accumulate in the blood, causing pH to drop. |
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What is involved in control of respiration?
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Involves neurons in reticular formation of medulla and pons
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What is hypocapnia?
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Hyperventilation. Causes Co2 levels to decline.
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