Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 2

Front 1

What does the endocrine system basically do?

Back 1

Influences metabolic activities via hormones

Front 2

What are the glands of the endocrine system?

Back 2

Fill this in with Tammie's notes.

Front 3

Give some examples of tissues/organs that produce hormones

Back 3

adipose cells
thymus
cells in walls of small intestine
stomach
kidneys
heart

Front 4

What functions does the hypothalamus have?

Back 4

neural and endocrine

Front 5

What are the 3 chemical messengers?

Back 5

Hormones
Autocrines
Paracrines

Front 6

Describe basically hormones.

Back 6

long-distance chemical signals in blood or lypmh

Front 7

Describe basically Autocrines

Back 7

exert effects on same cells that secrete them

Front 8

Describe basically Paracrines

Back 8

locally acting chemicals
affect cells other then those that secrete them

Front 9

Where are hormones found in?

Back 9

Blood and lymph

Front 10

What are the 2 classes of hormones?

Back 10

Amino-acid based
Steroids

Front 11

What are steroids made from?

Back 11

Cholesterol

Front 12

Where do steroids come from? What area?

Back 12

Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones

Front 13

What are the amino-acid based hormones made from?

Back 13

Amines
Thyroxine
Peptides
Proteins

Front 14

What do hormones do to target cells? (1 or more)

Back 14

Alter plasma membrane permeability
Stimulate synthesis of proteins or regulatory molecules
Activate or deactivate enzyme systems
Induce secretory activity
Stimulate mitosis

Front 15

How do hormones alter the plasma membrane permeability?

Back 15

By closing or opening ion channels..

Front 16

What thing can water-soluble hormones NOT do?

Back 16

Enter target cells

Front 17

What things do water-soluble hormones act on?

Back 17

Plasma membrane receptors, because they cannot enter the cells.

Front 18

What are lipid-soluble hormones come from?

Back 18

Steroid and thyroid hormones

Front 19

What do lipid soluble hormones act on?

Back 19

Intracellular receptors, directly activate genes.

Front 20

What are the 5 actions in Cycle AMP signaling?

Back 20

1. Hormone(1st messenger) binds to receptor
2. Receptor activate G protein
3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP(2nd messenger)
5. cAMP activates protein kinases

Front 21

How is cAMP activated?

Back 21

kinases phosphorylate
various proteins
activating some, inactivating others

Front 22

What rapidly degrades cAMP?

Back 22

phosphodiesterase, once it enters the cell it begins to decrease

Front 23

What amplifies cAMP reactions?

Back 23

Intracellular enzymatic cascades

Front 24

What is phosphodiesterase?

Back 24

Inside of a cell

Front 25

What is PIP2 calcium signaling used by?

Back 25

Amino-acid based hormones in some tissues

Front 26

What protein does PIP2 calcium signaling involve?

Back 26

G

Front 27

What does Ca2+ alter?

Back 27

Enzymes or channels or binds to regulatory protein calmodulin

Front 28

What does DAG do?

Back 28

It activates protein kinases
IP3 triggers release of Ca2+

Front 29

What are the 5 steps of Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones?

Back 29

1. Diffuse into target cells - bind with intracellular receptors.
2. Receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus
3. Receptor-hormone complex binds to a specific region of DNA
4. This prompts DNA transcription to produce mRNA
5. mRNA directs protein synthesis

Front 30

What 3 factors does target cell activation depend on?

Back 30

1. blood levels of hormone
2. relative number of receptors on or in target cell
3. Affinity of binding between receptor and hormone

Front 31

What is Up-regulation?

Back 31

target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone

Front 32

What is down-regulation?

Back 32

target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone

Front 33

What two ways do hormones influence receptors?

Back 33

Up and Down Regulation

Front 34

How do steroids and thyroid hormones circulate?

Back 34

Bound to something

Front 35

What are the two factors of concentration of circulating hormones?

Back 35

Rate of release
Speed of inactivation and removal

Front 36

In what ways are hormones removed from the blood?

Back 36

Degrading enzymes
Kidneys
Liver
Half-life

Front 37

What are the 3 ways that multiple hormones interact?

Back 37

Permissiveness
Synergism
Antagonism

Front 38

What is Permissiveness?

Back 38

1 hormone can't exert its effects without another hormone being present

Front 39

What is Synergism?

Back 39

more than 1 hormone produces same effects on target cell

Front 40

What is Antagonism?

Back 40

1 or more hormones opposes action of another

Front 41

How is the blood level of hormones controlled?

Back 41

Negative feedback
Vary only within narrow desiarable range

Front 42

How are hormones synthesized and released, in response to?

Back 42

Humoral stimuli
Neural stimuli
Hormonal stimul

Front 43

What things directly simulates secretion of hormones?

Back 43

Changing blood levels of ions and nutrients

Front 44

Which nerve fibers stimulate hormone release and how?

Back 44

Sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines

Front 45

What is special about hormonal stimuli?

Back 45

Hormones that stimulate release of more hormones.

Front 46

What do hypothalamic hormones stimulate?

Back 46

Anterior pituitary hormones.

Front 47

What do anterior pituitary hormones stimulate?

Back 47

More hormones in the body.

Front 48

What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedbook loop talking about?

Back 48

Hormones from final target organs inhibit release of anterior pituitary hormones.

Front 49

How does the nervous system modify the endocrine system? EXAMPLE

Back 49

Nervous system modifies stimulation of endocrine glands and their negative feedback mechanisms.

Severe stress:
Hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system activated.
Glucose levels rise.

Front 50

What are the 2 major lobes of the pituitary gland?

Back 50

Posterior
Anterior

Front 51

What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Back 51

Pituicytes(glial-like supporting cells) and nerve fibers

Front 52

What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Back 52

Glandular tissue
(adenohypophysis)

Front 53

What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?

Back 53

1. Downgrowth of hypothalamic neural tissue
2. Neural connection to hypothalamus
3.Nuclei of hypothalamus synthesize neurohormones oxytocin and ADH
4.Neurohormones transported to posterior pituitary.

Front 54

What is the structure of the Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Back 54

Hypophyseal portal system
- Primary capillary plexus
- Hypophyseal portal veins
- Secondary capillary plexus

Front 55

What does the Anterior Lobe of the pituitary gland?

Back 55

Carries releasing and inhibiting hormones to anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion

Front 56

Which protein doesn't activate cAMP 2nd messenger system?

Back 56

GH

Front 57

Which proteins regulate secretory action of other glands?

Back 57

TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH

Front 58

What does Growth Hormone do?

Back 58

1. Stimulates most cells - targets bone and skeletal muscle
2. Promotes protein synthesis - encourages use of fats
3. Most effects mediated indirectly by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

Front 59

What are the direct actions of Growth Hormone?

Back 59

1. Stimulates Liver, skeletal muscle, bone, cartilage to produce growth factors
2. mobilizes fat - elevates glucose by decreasing glucose uptake and encouraging glycogen breakdwon(anti-insulin effect of GH)