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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What drug blocks the sodium-potassium pump?
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Oaubain
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Which neural circuit involves sensory neuron & motor neurons?
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Reflex arc
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Which neural circuit has several neurons leading into one?
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converging circuit
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Which neural circuit has a single neuron which controls a larger population of neurons?
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diverging circuit
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Which neural circuit has a single input that produces lots of output?
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reverberating
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Which neural circuit controls breathing?
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reverberating circuit
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Which neural circuit is responsible for the interpration of the sensory stimuli?
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converging circuit
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Which neural circuit concentrates the input?
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converging circuit
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Which neural circuit is responsible for motor & sensory systems?
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diverging
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Which neural circuit is responsible for motor activities?
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reverberating circuit
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Which drug blocks acetyulcholine bonding sites on skeletal muscle cells?
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curare
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What drug is used for insecticides & some nerve gases?
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Organophosphates
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What drug interferes with cholineseterase & keeps acetylcholine at receptor sites?
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Organophosphates
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What drug is given to soldiers who suffer from nerve gas poisoning?
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Atropine
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What 2 drugs are similar in that they both block acetylcholine from binding to receptor?
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Curare & Atropine
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What drug contradicts what Organophosphates do?
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Atropine
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What drug works by blocking inhibitory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord?
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Strychnine
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What 2 drugs cause spastic paralysis?
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Organophosphates, Strychnine
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What toxin is caused by venomous fish?
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tetrodotoxin
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________ is an electrical differnce across a memebrane?
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potential
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The cell membrane is composed of a _______ layer?
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bilipid
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The cell membrane is _______ permeable, meaning what?
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selectively permeable, so it can open & close the channels.
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What is the electrical difference b/w the inside & outside of membrane when the neuron is at rest?
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resting potential
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What is the electrical difference number in millivolts at resting potential?
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-70 millivolts
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What arises from the differences in concentration of Na+ & K+.
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resting potential
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What channels are always open?
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leak channels
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What channels are associated with action potential?
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Voltage gated Na+ channels
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What channels open in response to the flow of electrical current?
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voltage gated Na+ channels
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What are the 3 different states of voltage gated Na+ channels?
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1)closed (ready)
2)open 3)closed(inactive) |
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What is the name of the state in a voltage gated Na+ channel when a cell is at rest but the gates are closed but capable of being opened?
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closed (ready)
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What is the name of the voltage-gated state when the membrane allows Na+ to diffuse through?
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open
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What is the strength of electrical current that triggers the Na+ to open?
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threshold
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What is the length of time it takes for the Na+ channel to go through the closed, open & closed cycle?
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refractory period
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How long is the refractory period?
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2.5 milliseconds
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What restores the Na/K balance in a voltage gated Na+ channel?
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sodium-potassium pump
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What is found in the voltage-gated channel membrane that is an active transport enzyme?
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sodium-potassium pump
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How much does the Sodium-potassium pump in/ou?
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3 Na+ OUT
2 K+ IN per ATP |
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What are the 2 factors that affect the speed of action potential?
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diameter, myelin sheath
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What about the diameter affects action potential?
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GREATER diameter, FASTER action potential
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What about the myelin sheath affects action potential?
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THICKER sheath, FASTER action potential
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What is the speed range of action potential?
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2-300mph
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Do action potentials follow the all-or-none rule?
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yes
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What is the method in which action potentials travel in myelinated axons?
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saltatory conduction
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What is the name of when action potential jumps from one node of ranvier to another?
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saltatory conduction
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What has chemical gated channels?
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synaptic potentialh
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What channel opens in response to the attachment of neurotransmitters to the receptor site?
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synaptic potential
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As the neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft & attaches to the receptor, what is that called?
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synaptic delay
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How long is the synaptic delay?
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~.5 msec
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Are synaptic potentials all-or-nothing?
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no
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How long does neurotransmitter inactivation last?
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~20msec
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What restores the balance in the cell of a synaptic potential?
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sodium-potassium pump
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Where does the synaptic potential occur?
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dendritic zone
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Action potential occurs when what voltage exceeds what?
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the threshold
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What 2 ways are there to exceed the threshold?
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temporal summation & spacial summation
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what is the rapid, repeated release of neurotransmitters at a single synapse such that you exceed the threshold & produce action potential?
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temporal summation
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What is the simultaneous release of neurotransmitters at 2 or more synapses at the dendritic zone?
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spacial summation
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which summation occurs at the dendritic zone?
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spacial
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which summation occurs at the axon hillcock?
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temporal
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what is the name of a nuerotransmitter that generates action potential?
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excitatory neurotransmitter
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What is the name of a neurotransmitter that shifts the resting potential down w/o changing the threshold?
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inhibitatory neurotransmitter
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What is the name of a neurotransmitter that prevents the cell from producing an action potential?
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inhibitory neurotransmitter
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Excitatory/Inhibitory neurotransmitters depolarize.
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excitatory
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Which neurotransmitters work by opening either Na+ or Ca+ channels?
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excitatory neurotransmitters
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Which neurotransmitters work by opening K+ or Cl- channels?
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Inhibitory neurotransmitters
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Excitatory/Inhibitory neurotransmitters hyperpolarize.
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inhibitory
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which neurotransmitters increase the size of the resting potential?
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inhibitory neurotransmitters
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Which nervous system includes the brain & spinal cord?
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CNS
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Which nervous system includes nerves & ganglia?
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PNS
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what is a bundle of axons?
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nerves
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What is a concentration of nerve cell bodies?
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ganglia
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Which nervous system deals w/conscious perception & voluntary movement?
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somatic NS
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Which nervous system deals w/unconscious perception & involuntary movement?
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Autonomic NS
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Somatic nervous system: deals with conscious/unconscious perception & voluntary/involuntary movement?
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conscious, voluntary
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what is a thick bundle of ectoderm that the nervous system develops from?
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neural plate
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What does the neural plate develop into?
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neural tube
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What forms sensory neurons, but is not the neural tube?
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neural crest
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Do neurons divide once matured?
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no
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What are the 3 types of neurons?
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motor, sensory, association
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What neurons are the output system for the CNS?
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MOTOR
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What neurons carry sensation from the CNS to PNS?
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motor
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What neurons are the input system for the CNS?
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sensory
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What neurons carry sensation from the PNS to CNS?
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sensory
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What neurons do not leave the CNS?
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ASSOCIATION
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what neurons form internal connections w/in the CNS?
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association
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What are the 4 regions of a neuron?
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cell body, dendritic zone, axon, synapse
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What part of the neuron is responsible for maintainence?
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cell body
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What part of the neuron is responsible for reception?
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dendritic zone
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What part of the neuron is responsible for conduction?
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axon
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What part of the neuron is responsible for transmission?
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synapse
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What is the name of a neuron w/a single process arising from the cell body?
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unipolar neurons
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What is the type of neuron that is used in a few olfactory receptors & certain neurons in the retina & cochlea?
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bipolar neurons
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What is the least common type of neuron in humans?
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bipolar neuron
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What type of neuron are most motor neurons & most association neurons?
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multipolar neuron
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What is type of neuron that has his own axon hillcock?
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multipolar neuron
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What type of neuron does not produce action potential?
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anaxonal
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What is the name of a group of cells that are not neurons but are derived from neural tissue?
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neuroglia (glial cells)
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What cells can divide & are responsible for support & maintainece w/in the CNS?
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glial cells
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90% of the cells in the brain are what?
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glial cells
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Do glial cells release action potential?
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no
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Do glial cells release neurotransmitters?
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no
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What neurons are the input system for the CNS?
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sensory
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What neurons carry sensation from the PNS to CNS?
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sensory
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What neurons do not leave the CNS?
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ASSOCIATION
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what neurons form internal connections w/in the CNS?
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association
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What are the 4 regions of a neuron?
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cell body, dendritic zone, axon, synapse
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What type of neurons deal with most senses?
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unipolar
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What is the neuron w/a single process arising from the cell body?
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unipolar
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What is the neuron body uncommon in humans?
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bipolar
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What is the the cell body of neurons that deal w/olfactory recpetors & certain neurons in retina & cochlea?
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bipolar
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What is the cell body of most motor neurons & most association neurons?
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multipolar neuron
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What is the neuron body that has an axon hillock?
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multipolar hillock
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What is the neuron that has no distinct axon?
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anaxonal
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What is the neuron that does not have action potential?
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anaxonal
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What are the group of cells that are not neurons but are derived from neural tissue?
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glial cells
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What are the cells that can divide and they are responsible for support & maintenance w/in the CNS?
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glial cells
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What are 90% of the cells in the brain?
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glial cells
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What are the 5 types of glial cells?
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(SOME A)
schwann, oligodendrocyte, microglia, ependymal, astrocyte |
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What are the cells that make multiple wrappings of their cell membrane around axons in the PNS?
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schwann
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Which cells lay down a double layer of cell membrane?
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schwann
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What are the 2 layers that surround an axon?
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myelin sheath, neurilemma
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What is the outermost layer of an axon?
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neurilemma
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EAch cell can myelinate about ___mm?
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1mm
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Are schwann cells in contact w/each other?
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yes
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What are the indentattions at the points where the schwann cells come together?
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nodes of ranvier
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What are the only glial cells found in the PNS?
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schwann cells
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What are the differences b/w oligodendrocyte & schwann cells?
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Glial is in PNS & Oli is in CNS. Oli has bare axon exposed at nodes of ranvier.
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Do oligodendrocytes allow for regeneration?
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no, b/c of their gaps on the nodes of ranvier
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What is the most common type of glial cell?
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astrocytes
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What glial cells are not derived from neural tissue, but are responsible for support & maintenance?
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microglia
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What glial cells are phagocytes?
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microglia
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Which glial cells search for infectious organisms?
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microglia
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Which glial cells are derived from white blood cells?
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microglia
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Which glial cells form the lining in the ventricles of the brain?
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epnedymal cells
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What is the name of the structures that are concentration os fepnedymal cells w/very dense capillary beds?
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choroid plexuses
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What secretes a cerebrospinal fluid that fills the ventricles?
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choroid plexuses
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What type of glial cells form a thin layer around the entire CNS which acts a shorck absorber?
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ependymal cells
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Which type of glial cells forms an alternate communication system in the brain b/c it bypasses the blood brain barrier?
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ependymal cells
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Which glial cells form a scaffolding from which all other cells & neurons are suspended & held in place?
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astrocyte
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Which glial cells contribute to the blood brain barrier?
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astrocyte
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Which glial cells form a layer around the capillaries in the brain, (making them much more selectively permeable due to these sheaths now formed)?
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astrocyte
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