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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the illecreal valve?
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-spincter that is stronger than pyloric valve
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What is the large intestine lined with?
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-simple columnar cells (absorptin)
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What does the large intestine absorb?
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-electrocytes and water
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What is the flow of chyme in the large intestine?
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-begins at ileocecal valve (on the side of body)
-goes from cecum to ascending colon -goes around to descending colon -flows to sigmoid colon which then becomes the rectum |
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What is the cecum and what use of it is it to us?
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-pouch at beginning of large intestines
-no true use of it to us -produces enzymes that break down cellulose for animals |
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What is the appendix?
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-vestible organ (useless)
-part of immune system (similar to tonsils) -contains immune structures |
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Why do we have bacteria in intestines?
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-we need them to help digest
-immune system maintains symbiotic relationship -can be deadly if too many and out of control |
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Why does the appendix get removed?
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-fecal matter gets in cecum and blocks appendix
-bacteria trapped in appendix cause inflammation -swells til it bursts -bacteria get into peritneal cavity (peritnealitis) and can cause death if untreated |
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What reflexes does the large intestine do?
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-gastrocolic
-gastroileal -defication |
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What is the gastrocolic reflex?
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-begins mass movement to empty ascending colon
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What is the gastroileal reflex?
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-moves material into cecum from illeum to clear for chyme to enter small intesinnes
-relaxes illececal valve |
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What doesn't the large intestine have?
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-rugae
-microvilli -everything stomach and small intestines have except columnar cells for absorption and muscles |
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What is the defication reflex?
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-starts when pressure receptors in rectum trigger defication in brain
-gives sensation to go to the bathroom -relaxes internal spincter |
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What is the external anal spincter made of?
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-skeletal muscle
-for control unless having diarrhea |
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What is diarrhea?
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-occurs when something harmful enters intestines
-needs to remove it asap (explains why fecal matter is watery) -can dehydrate |
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What are the haustrums?
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-parts of large intestines that are divided
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What are the three Haustrum muscle actions?
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-peristalsis
-haustrum churning -mass movement |
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What does peristalsis of the large intestines do?
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-to transport materials from one haustrum to another
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What does the Haustrum churuning of the large intestines do?
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-contracts muscles to bring as much H2O as possible to walls for absorption
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What does mass movement of the large intestines do?
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-forces chyme "downstream" in 1 action
-packs unusual material into sigmoid colon and rectum |
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What are epiploic appendages and what is convenient about them?
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-bags of adipose cells
-source of energy for large intestines |
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Why type of muscles do the large intesines have?
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-circular muscles
-longitudinal muscles |
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What is different about longitudinal muscles in large intestines than in other parts of the digestive system?
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-actually bands or spindles called tenae coli
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Where are the tenae coli located within the large intestines?
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-anterior side
-posterior side -lateral side |
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What happens when you hold in excretory matter within rectum for too long?
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-begin to have really painful sensations with muscles holding in material
-may force brain to relax muscles if pain is too great |
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What muscles are used for excretion?
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-internal/ external spincters
-abdominal compression (can't breath) |
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What is constipation?
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-when you don't have enough water or mucus for lubrication of large intestines
-fecal matter gets stuck -large intestines shut down -need to lubricate manually |
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When do gastrocolic and gastroilial reflexes occur?
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-around the same time
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What does the gall bladder do?
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-stores bile
-uses smooth muscles to pumo it out |
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What do hepatic ducts do?
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-brings enzymes and refined materials from liver to small intestines
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What is the major duodenal pailla?
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-spincter that releases bile into duodenum
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What happens when dudenal pailla is closed?
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-bile backs up to gallbladder
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How are gallstones removed?
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-removed by microscopic surgery
-just 3 small holes |
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What are gallstones?
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-condensations of either cholesterol or calcium and bile salts
-can cause extreme pain if untreated |
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What is the liver (size orient)?
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-largest organ in the body
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What does the liver produce?
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-produces bile
-produces plasma proteins (for clotting, etc -produces hundreds of enzymes for breaking down molecules |
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What does the liver detect?
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-filters blood to detect toxic molecules then detoxifies
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What does the liver refine?
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-refines raw nutrients for absorption into intestines (lipids, etc)
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What does the liver store?
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-glycogen
-storage material of glucose when too much is in blood |
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What are the four lobes of the liver?
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-right
-left -quadrate -caudate |
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What runs behind the liver?
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-Veva cava
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What is the hepatic lobule?
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-alot in liver
-contains 3 vessels at each corner -vessels drain into central vein at center |
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What are the three vessels of the hepatic lobule?
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-Hepatic portal triads
-hepatic artery -hepatic portal vein -branch of bile duct |
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What does the hepatic artery contain?
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-high in oxygen
-refined nutrients -raw lipids -some metabolic wastes |
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What does the hepatic portal vein contain?
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-high in CO2
-some wastes -raw nutrients directly from small intestines |
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What does the branch of the bile duct transport?
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-transports bile out of liver back to gall bladder or duodenum
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What are hepatocytes?
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-liver cells
-highly vascularized -do the refining |
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-What do central veins do? What is in it?
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-drains globule
-oxygen deprived -got refined nutrients converted by hepatocytes |
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What do hepatic sinusoids contain?
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-kupler cells
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What are kupler cells?
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-phagocytic cells that remove harmful materials that shouldn't be there
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What can alcohol do to the liver?
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-alcohol can harm the liver just as tobacco can with the lungs
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What is different of the liver with the lungs when damaged?
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-cells can regenerate over time if patient stops harming it
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Where is the pancreas located?
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-behind stomach
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Why is the pancreas known as a dual organ?
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-acts as an exocrine and endocrine gland
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What is the exocrine function of pancreas?
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-produces digestive enzymes
-enzymes go to duodenum using ducts and enter through dudenal papilla (spincter) |
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What is the accessory duct used for?
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-as a saftey device if main pancreatic duct was damaged or blocked
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What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
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-produces the hormones: insulin and glucogon
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What are acinar cells?
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-part of acinar island
-either alpha or beta cells |
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What do alpha cells produce?
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-glucogon
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What do beta cells produce?
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-insulin
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What does insulin do?
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-lowers blood/glucose level
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What does glucogen do?
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-raises blood/glucose level
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What is special about both hormones?
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-both work sychronicqally with each other
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What happens when you eat food?
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-beta cells produce insulin
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What happens when you use too much glucose from running from danger?
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-alpha cells produce glucogon that breaks down glycogen
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What's wrong with too little glucose?
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-body doesn't function
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What's wrong with too much glucose?
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-can rot blood cells
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What is pancreatic cancer?
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-worst cancer
-hard to remove with surgery (not alot of connective tissue) -chemotherpy is difficult (cells are too close together) -radiation is difficult (behind stomach and other organs) |
