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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Capacitation
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pruning of the sperm glycocalyx; permits the sperm-oocyte interaction
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Ectopic pregnancy
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implantation occurs outside of the uterine cavity; can occur in the uterine tubes or in the pelvic cavity
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Placenta previa
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implantation occurs near the cervix; provides a high risk of bleeding
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Placental abruption
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placenta becomes detached
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Placenta accreta
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abnormal adherence of the chorionic villi to the myometrium
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Placenta percreta
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villi penetrate the full thickness of the myometrium
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Hydatidiform moles
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can give rise to choriocarcinomas or persistent trophoblastic disease
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Complete
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a cystic swelling of the uterus that forms when an embryo dies and the chorionic villi fail to vascularize; fertilization of empty oocyte (contains only paternal chromosomes); produces very high levels of hCG; diploid
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Partial
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derives from a poorly developed embryo; produces moderately high levels of hCG; triploid, with two sets of paternal chromosomes
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Dizygotic (fraternal) twins
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arises from multiple ovulations (high levels of FSH)
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Monozygotic (identical) twins
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arise from splitting of a single zygote
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Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
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secreted by syncytiotrophoblast
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Progesterone
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secreted by corpus luteum for five months, then by placenta; contraceptive “pill” and RU-486 are anti-progesterones
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Gastrulation
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process where the epiblast gives rise to mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm
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Notochord
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derived from both endoderm and mesoderm; forms the nucleus pulposus
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Sirenomelia
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caudal dysgenesis from inadequate mesoderm; lower limb defects
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Sacrococcygeal teratoma
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persistence of primitive streak, forms multi-tissue tumor
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Alpha-fetoprotein
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liver glycoprotein; leaks into amniotic fluid with neural tube or ventral wall defects
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Spina bifida occulta
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incomplete neural arch, patch of hair over defect
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Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) or Erythroblastosis fetalis:
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mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+; mother produces antibody that results in hemolysis of fetal red cells. Giving mother Rh immunoglobulin prevents HDN.
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Splanchnic mesoderm
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forms the primitive hear tube; beats on day 22
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Pleuropericardial membranes
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form the pericardium and pleura (somatic parts)
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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a combination of four heart defects: 1. pulmonary stenosis, 2. right ventricular hypertrophy, 3. ventricular septal defect, 4. over-riding aorta
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Undivided truncus arteriosus
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neural crest defect where the bulbar regions fail to form
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Patent ductus arteriosus
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common defect; most common defect associated with Rubella virus (German measles), low (fetal) oxygen, and mother living in high altitudes during her pregnancy; frequency in females is 2 – 3 X that in males; often seen with other heart defects
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Atrial septal defect
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patent foramen ovale, common, can involve defect in septum primum or septum secundum
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Ventricular septal defect
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common; involves the membranous part of the interventricular septum
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Transposition of the great vessels
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most common cause of cyanosis in newborn
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Coarctation of aorta
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most commonly (90%) constriction is juxtaductal (opposite ductus arteriosus); more common in males (2X) and often associated with bicuspid aortic valve
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Retroesophageal right subclavian artery
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fairly common; forms vascular ring around trachea and esophagus, but usually no problem clinically; forms as variation involving right seventh intersegmental artery
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Vitelline vein
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left disappears, right forms portal system
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Umbilical vein
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right disappears, left drains placenta
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Cardina veinl:
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Subcardinal – drains kidneys
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Sacrocardinal vein
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common iliac
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Supracardinal vein
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drains body wall (azygos veins)
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Ductus venosus
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between left umbilical and right vitelline veins; forms ligamentum venosum
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Early development of nervous system
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notochord induces formation of neural plate which gives rise to neural crest and neural tube
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Notochord
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persists as the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc
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Neural tube
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alar plate is dorsal (sensory); basal plate is ventral (motor)
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Neural crest
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gives rise to all ganglia, Schwann cells, meninges, melanocytes, cartilage, bone and blood vessels of the head
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Spina bifida cystica
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incomplete closure of the neural tube caudally (caudal neuropore on day 27); can be detected by alpha-fetoprotein and includes a sac containing CSF
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meningocele
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sac includes meninges and CSF
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meningomyelocele
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includes nervous tissue
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Anencephaly
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result when the anterior neuropore fails to close (day 25); forebrain is poorly developed
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Arnold-Chiari malformation
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cerebellum herniates through the foramen magnum; seen in conjunction with spina bifida cystica accompanied by hydrocephalus
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Hydrocephalus
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most often due to stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct secondary to a fetal viral infection
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Mental retardation
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most commonly caused by maternal alcohol abuse
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Omphalocele
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occurs when the intestines do not return to the abdominal cavity following normal herniation; the guts are covered by the amniotic sac
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Umbilical hernia
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guts protrude outside of the abdominal cavity but covered with skin and connective tissue
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Congenital pyloric stenosis
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characterized by projectile vomiting in a newborn
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Atresia
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interruption of the gastrointestinal tract; at esophagus vomit contains uncurdled milk; at gastric region the vomit contains curdled milk; at the duodenum the vomit contains bile
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Meckel’s diverticulum
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outpocketing of distal ileum; portion of bowel that was continuous with the vitelline stalk and yolk sac. This portion of the ileum is the central portion for the preaxial and postaxial limbs of intestinal rotation (axis of rotation is superior mesenteric artery). Present on the antimesenteric wall (opposite the mesentery) about two feet from the ileocecal junction in an adult. Diverticulum may present as a cyst, ligament, fistula or simple outpocketing; it often contains gastric tissue or pancreatic tissue
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Rule of 2’s:
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May be involved in case studies on COMLEX: 2% of population, Discovered by age of 2 yrs, Located approx. 2 ft. from ileocecal junction, 2” in length, Contains 2 types of ectopic tissue (gastric or pancreatic)
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Hirschsprung’s disease
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occurs when the hindgut fails to be invaded by migrating neural crest cells, results in hypomobility, constipation and congenital megacolon.
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Imperforate anus
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the anal membrane does not regress
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male Derivatives of the genital ducts
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high level of testosterone stimulates development of the mesonephric duct; Mullerian inhibiting factor prevents development of paramesonephric ducts
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female Derivatives of the genital ducts
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low level of testosterone prevents development of mesonephric ducts and no Mullerian inhibiting factor permits development of the paramesonephric ducts
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male derivatives of Mesonephric ducts:
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epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct
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female derivatives of Mesonephric ducts:
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epoophoron, paroophoron, Gartner’s duct
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male derivatives of Paramesonephric duct:
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appendix of testes and prostatic utricle
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female derivatives of Paramesonephric duct:
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uterine tube, uterus and superior part of vagina
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Horseshoe Kidney
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occurs when the inferior poles of the kidneys contact each other before ascent; the kidneys fuse and ascent to the lumbar region is prevented by the inferior mesenteric artery
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Bifid ureter
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involves the ureteric bud
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Epispadias
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rare; seen with exstrophy of the bladder
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Hypospadias
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common; opening on the ventral aspect of the penis; results from a failure of urethral folds to completely meet
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Turner’s syndrome
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45 XO; infantile female genitalia, ovarian streaks and webbed neck
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Klinefelter’s syndrome
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47 XXY; common (1/500); gynecomastia, infertile males
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UG folds
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floor of urethra labia minora
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Genital swellings
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scrotum labia majora
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Genital tubercle
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penis clitoris
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UG sinus
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urethra/prostate urethra/vagina
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Gonads
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develop from epiblast and migrate along the yolk sac and mesentery to the lumbar region
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Hydrocele
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fluid in the cavity of the tunica vaginalis from a patent processus vaginalis
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Clefts (Grooves)
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four pairs; ectoderm that forms only epithelium
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The first cleft gives rise to the
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external auditory meatus
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The second through fourth clefts
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typically regress; may form a cervical sinus
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Pharyngeal Arches
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There are five pharyngeal arches; mesoderm forms skeletal muscle; neural crest grows into each arch and forms all connective tissue (cartilage, bone and blood vessels)
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pharyngeal Pouches
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four pairs; endoderm that forms only epithelium
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The first Pharyngeal pouch
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gives rise to the auditory tube, mastoid antrum and tympanic cavity.
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The second Pharyngeal pouch
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forms the palatine tonsil.
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The third Pharyngeal pouch
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gives rise to the thymus and inferior parathyroid gland.
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The fourth Pharyngeal pouch
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gives rise to the superior parathyroid
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Torticollis
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This is a condition characterized by a shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and results in an elevation of the chin to the opposite side; can be caused by damage to the muscle, spinal accessory nerve or can be congenital.
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Lateral cervical cysts (branchial fistula)
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arises from the second through fourth pharyngeal clefts
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Midline cysts
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most often arise from a remnant of the thyroglossal duct (thyroglossal duct cysts)
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Cleft Lip
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Results from failure of the maxillary prominence to join the medial nasal prominences to form the
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intermaxillary segment
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(primary palate derives from intermaxillary segment)
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Anterior cleft palate
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anterior to incisive foramen; lateral palatine process fails to fuse with primary palate
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Posterior cleft palate
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occurs through the secondary palate where lateral palatine process does not fuse or meet nasal septum
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Complete cleft
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involves both the primary and secondary palate
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Situs inversus
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reversal of organs; can involve all organs or just single organs (heart – dextrocardia)
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Diaphragm
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develops from the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, paraxial mesoderm and dorsal mesentery of the esophagus
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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
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results from a failure of the pleuroperitoneal fold to close the pericardioperitoneal canal; most common on the left side
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Stem villi
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form from trophoblast and somatic layer of extraembryonic mesoderm
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Intervillous space
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contains maternal blood
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umbilical arteries Changes at Birth
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paired medial umbilical ligaments
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umbilical vein Changes at Birth
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round ligament of liver
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urachus Changes at Birth
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median umbilical ligament
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foramen ovale Changes at Birth
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fossa ovalis
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ductus arteriosus Changes at Birth
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ligamentum arteriosum
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ductus venosus Changes at Birth
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ligamentum venosum
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