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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Colle's fracture - how, what type of damage
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Fall on the wrist of an outstretched hand. Cause fracture of the distal radius - w displacement or angulation of the distal fragments dorsally (think bending of a fork)
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Clinical relevance of laminae of vertebrae
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Can perform laminectomy to relieve pressure in the spinal canal following herniation of the center\nucleus pulposus of a disc (In lumbar area u cause of sciatica\Lumbago\Hekseskudd
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Ankylosis
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(G. Stiffening of a joint) Stiffening\Fixation of a joint as the result of a disease process - with fibrous or bony union across the joint
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Spondylolisthesis (Spondylo-: G. Vertebra, olisthesis: a slipping and falling)
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Forward movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebra on the vertebra below it, or upon the sacrum
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Pterion (G. Wing)
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H-shaped point of the sutures of the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones. Overlies the speech area and the middle meningeal a
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Foramina for CNs
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You will have holes in holes your head if you study the TOES: Temporal bone (foramina for 5 CNs: 7 and 8(internal acoustic meatus), 9, 10 and 11 (jugular foramen), Occipital (12 (in hypoglossal canal)), Ethmoid (1 (cribriform plate)), Sphenoid (2(optic foramen),3,4,5V3 and 6(superior orbital fissure.), 5V1(foramen ovale), 5V2(foramen rotundum))
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Which bone is commonly involved in lateral wall orbital fractures
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Zygomatic bone
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Bone w membranous origin
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Skull, face and clavicle (embryonic CT -> bone WO intermediate cartilaginous structure)
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Cleidocranial dysostosis
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Congenital condition in which membranous bones develop abnormally (ie deformity of cranial bones and absent clavicles)
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Achondroplasia
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Congenital disorder of cartilaginous bones which do not grow in length, resulting in dwarfism with normal facial features
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What is the forst bone to calcify in the fetus, and when
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Clavicle, 5th week
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When is a fetus considered old enough to be full term on account of its skeletal system
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if it has secondary ossification centers in both distal femur and proximal tibia
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Why is the epiphyseal plate more suscpetible to vascular deprivation?
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Because the shaft receives its blood supply from an artery which pierces the shaft and then divides to supply both ends of the bone up to the epiphyseal plate, while the epiphsis is nourished by arteries that supply the joint capsule - these two blood supplies normally don't anastamose until fusion between epiphysis and shaft occurs
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Fabella
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Sesamoid bone in the gastrocnemius tendon lying behind the lateral femoral condyle
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3 group of coronary veins
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1 Coronary sinus (v. cordis magma, media & parva + oblique v. of left atrium) 2 Anterior cardiac vv (3-4) 3 Vv. cordis minimae (not visible per eye, open into chambers)
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Action of the four palmar and four dorsal interosseous mm
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PAD and DAB. P(Palmar interossei)AD(ADuct), D(Dorsal interossei)AB(Abduct)
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Adductor muscles of the thigh
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Observe Three Ducks Pecking Grass. Observe (obturator n innervate all beside pectineus (femoral n) and part of adductor magnus (sciatic n) Three Ducks (Three aDductors: adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus) Pecking (Pectineus) Grass (Gracilus)
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Branches of superior mesenteric artery
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MRI. M(Mid-colic artery)R(Right colic artery)I(Ileocolic artery)
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Carpal bones
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Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cant Handle. 1st proximal row lateral->medial, then distal row lateral->medial, Some (Scaphoid) Lovers (Lunate) Try (Triquetrual) Positions (Pisiform) That (Trapezium) They (Trapezoid) Cant (Capitate) Handle (Hamate)
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Cubital fossa
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Madeline Brown's Big Red Pussy. From medial to lateral: Madeline (Median n) Brown's (Brachial a) Big (Biceps tendon) Red (Radial n) Pussy (Posterior interosseus n)
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Femoral triangle, position of femoral avn, and floor of it
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NAVY. Lateral->medial:femoral n, a, v, y-font (bs). PIMP. Medial->lateral: PIMP(Pectineus, Iliacus, Major psoas)
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Insertion of latissimus dorsi
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Lady Doris Between Two Majors. In bicipital groove. Lady (Latissimus) Doris (Dorsi) Between Two Majors (Pectoralis major, teres major).
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Layers of the scalp
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SCALP. S(skin)C(CT)A(aponeurosis)L(Loose CT)P(Periosteum)
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Muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh
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Big Fat Swotty (Sliter) Samantha Ate My Hamster's Pens. Big Fat(biceps femoris) Swotty (Semitendinous) Samantha (Semimembranous) Ate My (Adductor Magnus) Hamster's pen (Hamstring portion)
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Position of artery, vein and nerve in subcostal grooves
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VAN. Superior->inferior: V(vein)A(artery)N(nerve)
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Position of vessels, nerves, and tendons inferior to medial malleolus
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Tom, Dick and Harry. Superior->Inferior: Tom (tibialis posterior), Dick (Flexor digitorum longus), And (Posterior tibial artery) Harry (Flexor hallucis longus)
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Spinal nerves innervating the anal and urethreal sphincters
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S 2, 3 and 4 Keep the pee of the floor!
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Spinal nn innervating the diaphragm
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C3, 4, and 5 keep the diaphragm alive!
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Supination and pronation - what is what
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Supine - like floating in a bowl of soup, Prone - like doing press-ups
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Which is anterior in the thorax of trachea and phrenic nerve?
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The phrenic nerve is in phront of the trachea
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Balance organs
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Utricle and saccule keep US balanced
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Cochlea - inner vs outer hair cell function
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Outer cells are Out of the brain. Inner cells are Into the brain: Outer hair cells are motor efferents to amplify the signal, inner hair cells are sensory afferents that actually pick up the sound
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Heart electrical conduction pathway
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If a patient's family are all having heart attacks, you must SAVe HIS KIN: SA node, AV node, His bundle, PurKINje
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Rods vs cones function
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Rods = dim light. Cones = Color
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Cause of systolic (between S1-S2) murmurs
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Aortic stenosis (systolic-ejection murmur, crescendo/descendo murmur), pulmonary stenosis, mitral/tricuspid regurgitation (pan-/holosystolic w opening snap), VSD
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Content of foramen magnum
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Limp Sympathetic Men Vear Corduroy Accessories. Limp (meningeal lymphatics) Sympathetic (Sympathetic plexus on vertebral aa) Men (meninges) Vear (Vertebral aa (+spinal rr)) Corduroy (Spinal Cord) Accessories (Accessory nerve)(
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Content of superior orbital fissure
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Lazy French Tarts Sprawl Naked in Anticipation. Lazy (Lacrimal nerve) French (Frontal nerve) Tarts (Trochlear nerve) Sprawl (Superior division of CNIII to superior oblique m) Naked (nasociliary nerve) In (Inferior division of CNIII) Anticipation (Abducens nerve)
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Effect of mitral stenosis
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Left atrial dilatation can cause atrial fibrillation due to stretching of electric fibers
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Location of the foramens in the fourth ventricle where CSF enter into the subarachnoid space
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Magendie = Medial, Luschka = Lateral (2)
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Mitral regurgitation - causes
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1 Mitral valve prolapse/Myxomatous degeneration 2 Rheumatic fever 3 Endocarditis 4 Ischemic heart disease 5 Rupture of papillary muscle (u secondary to ischemia)
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Most frequent broken bone in wrist, in which topographical position
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Scaphoid, in the anatomical snuffbox
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Openings into middle cranial fossa
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ROSS. R(Foramen rotundum in greater wing of sphenoid)O(Foramen ovale in greater wing of sphenoid)S(Foramen spinosum in spine of sphenoid)S(Superior orbital fissure)
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Pathologies with valves
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1 It can be bad at allowing blood to flow forward through it (stenosis) 2 it can be bad at preventing back flow (regurgitant)
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S1
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Sound produced when AV valves close, initiating systole
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S2
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The sound made when the semilunar valves close, initiating diastole
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S3, what, when
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An S3 occurs in a dilated heart/systolic dysfunction, since there is still blood left in the ventricle because of a weak ventricular contraction than normal, the blood flowing in from the atria makes noise, right after S2 (Mnemonic for S3 & S4: the number 3 looks like a puffy dilated number, whereas the number 4 looks like a small chamber w rigid surroundings (hypertrophied ventricle)
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S4, what, when
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The sound produced when the atria squeeze against a stiff ventricle/diastolic dysfunction (cardiac hypertrophy/restrictive cardiomyopathy), after S2 (and S3) right before S1
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U cause of mitral stenosis
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Rheumatic fever (also congenitally or by endocarditis)
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With which pathology do you have widened pulse pressure?
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Aortic regurgitation (diastolic back flows)
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Branches of facial/VII nerve
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Two Zebras Borrowed My Car. Two (Temporal) Zebras (Zygomatic) Borrowed (Buccal) My (Mandibular) Car (Cervical)
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Carotid sheath
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AJAX. A(Artery number #1: the common carotid)J(Jugular vein)A(Artery number #2: the internal carotids)X(Xth cranial nerve)
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Cranial nerves
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Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch and Feel Virgin Girls' Vaginas and Hymens. Oh (I/Olfactory), Oh (II/Optic), Oh (III/Oculomotor), To (IV/Trochlear) Touch (V/Trigeminal) And (VI/Abducens) Feel (VII/Facial) Virgin (VIII/Vestibulocochlear) Girls' (IX/Glossopharyngeal) Vaginas (X/Vagus) And (XI/Accessory) Hymens (XII/Hypoglossal)
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Differentiate A and C pain fibres
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C fibers: carry Crude touch(involved w pain that typically arise slowly and is poorly localized, often w a burning/unpleasant sensation). A fibers: pain Arises Abruptly and is blocked by Asphyxia (involved w pain that typically arise abruptly, is well localized and often have a sharp or prickling sensation)
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External carotid artery - branches
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SALFOPSM. S(Superior thyroid)A(posterior Auricular)L(Lingual)F(Facial)O(Occipital)P(Posterior auricular)S(Superior temporal)M(Maxillary)
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Fiver major brain regions
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Toddler's Messy Diapers Turn Yellow. Toddlers (Telencephalon) Messy (Mesencephalon) Diapers (Diencephalon) Turn (meTencephalon) Yellow (mYencephalon)
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Innervation of eye muscles
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LR6 (SO4) 3. LR6 (Lateral Recti, 6th CN/abducens) SO4 (Superior oblique, 4th/Trochlear) 3 (All other extraocular eye muscles: 3/Oculomotor)
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Innervation to Serratus anterior
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SALT: Serratus Anterior Long-Thoracic n
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Sensory modalities in the dorsal spinal column
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Julie's visible panty line. Julie`s (Joint position) Visible (Vibration) Panty (Pressure) Line (Light touch)
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Sinuses
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FESM: Frontal, Ethmoidal, Sphenoidal, Maxillary
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The 4 parasympathetic ganglia
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COPS. C(Ciliary)O(Otic)P(Pterygopalatine)S(Submandibular) / Silly Old People Stay Mouldy(muggne). Silly (ciliary) Old (otic) People (pterygopalatine) Stay Mouldy (submandibular)
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The dermatome song (C1-C4, C6, C7, C8, T1, T4, T10, L1, L3, L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5)
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One cervical, two cervical, three cervical, four, down the upper limb to find any more(C1-C4 in neck) Hold out your arms like a crucifix, stick up your thumvs - you have C6 (thumb and upper part of arm) Now wiggle C7 - the middle finger to heaven And easy to extrapolate - ring and little fingers are C8! T1 spelt in ArmP1T is - as for nipples, well T(4/for) tits) One dermatome ready labelled for us, T10 in the umbilicus! L1 you know-it-all, cos it's spelt 1nguinal L3 to holster guns, you see also goes to medial knee L4 flows across the kneecap, but won't stop there, the busy chap, it goes to make your bunion jingle - and with L5 the big toe tingle! So to S1 and 1 small toe, a dermatome full of So1e S2 on which you lie, S3 upon which you sit S4 is what you wipe, S5 - put your finger in it (rectum)
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What is frontal and dorsal of motor and sensor in the spinal column
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The motor is in the front (ventral) of most cars! Sensory modalities are dorSal
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Where does maxillary n, mandibular n, and middle meningeal a exit?
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Max Returns Mandy`s Ovum...May Marry Spinster. Max (maxillary n) Returns (foramen rotundum) Mandy's (mandibular n) Ovum (foramen ovale)...May Mary (middle meningeal artery) Spinster (foramen spinosum)
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Which cranial nerves are mother, sensory or both
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Some say marry money, but my bride says big balls matter more. Some (I/Olfactory: S) Say (II/Optic: S) Marry (III/Oculomotor: M) Money (IV/Trochlear: M) But (V/Trigeminal: B) My (VI/Abudencs: M) Bride (VII/Facial: B) Says (VIII/Vestibulocohlear: S) Big (IX/Glossopharyngeal: B) Balls (X/Vagus: B) Matter (XI/Accessory: M) More (XII/Hypoglossal: M)
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Brachial plexus
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Robert Taylor drinks cold beers: Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches
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Branches of brachial plexus
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(lateral->medial) My aunt raped my uncle: Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, median, ulnar
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Cartilage in the larynx
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TEAC (hifi, larynx = our own HIFI): Thyroid, Epiglottis, Arytenoid, Cricoid
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Cranial sutures
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Class. Coronal, Lambdoid, Squamous, Sagittal
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Descending abdominal aorta: seven divisions
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Sometimes intestines get really stretched causing leakage: Suprarenales (paired), inferior mesenteric, gonadal (paired), renals (paired), superior mesenteric, celiac, lumbar
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Diaphragm apartures: aortic hiatus, oesophagus, vena cava
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Aortic hiatus: 12 letters = T12, Oesophagus: 10 letters = T10, Vena cava: 8 letters: T8
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Duodenum->rectum mnemonic
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Dow Jones Industrial Average Closing Stock Report: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Appendix, Colon, Sigmoid, Rectum
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Female pelvic organs' blood supply
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3 organs - each get 2 blood supplies. Uterus: uterine, vaginal. Rectum: middle rectal, inferior rectal (end of pudendal). Bladder: superior vesical, inferior vesical
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Fontanelles
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PAPA (baby's first word!): Posterior, Anterior, Posterio-lateral, Anterio-lateral
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Innervation of radial nerve
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BEST: Brachioradialis, Extensors, Supinator, Triceps
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Liver: side w ligamentum venosum and caudate lobe vs. side with quadrate lobe and ligamentum teres
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VC goes with VC: venosum and caudate is on the same side as vena cava (posterior), therefore quadrate lobe and ligamentum teres is anterior
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Lung lobe numbers - right vs left
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Tricuspid heart valve and tri-lobed lung both on the right side, bicuspid and bilobed lung both on the left side
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Respiratory tract mnemonic
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Movie Personality Lana Turner's Pretty Sexy Thighs Turn Retinas All Around: Movie (mouth) Personality (pharynx) Lana (larynx) Turner's (trachea) Pretty (primary bronchus) Sexy (secondary bronchus) Thighs (tertiary bronchus) Turn (terminal bronchiole) Retinas (respiratory bronchiole) All (alveolar duct) Around (alveolar sac)
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The 5 regions of the stomach
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The Car is fun 'til the body piles!: Cardiac, Fundus, Body, Pylorus (where food "pyle" up)
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The 5 sphincters of the GI tract
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APE OIL: Anal, Pyloric, lower Esophagl, Oddi, Ileocecum
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Axillary artery branches
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Send the lord to say a prayer (prox->dist): superior thoracic, thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic, subscapular, anterior circumflex humeral, posterior circumflex humeral
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Bronchi - which one is more vertical
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Inhale a bite - goes down the right! (Inhaled objects are more likely to lodge in the right bronchus, since it is the one that is more vertical)
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Bronchopulmonary segments of right lung
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A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm:(superior->inferior)(10) A(Apical) P(Posterior)A(Anterior)L(Lateral)M(Medial) Seed(Superior) Makes(Medial basal) Another(Anterior basal) Little(Lateral basal) Palm(Posterior basal)
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Bronchopulmonary segments of the left lung
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Astute Anatomists Share Inside secrets About Lungs: (9) Astute (Apicoposterior, S1-2) Anatomists (Anterior S3) Share (Superior S4) Inside (Inferior S5) Secrets (Superior S6) About (Anteromedial basal S7-8) Lungs (Lateral basal S9)
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Internal jugular vein - tributaries
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Med school let confident people in: Middle thyroid, superior thyroid, lingual, common facial, pharyngeal, inferior petrosal sinus
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L4 landmarks
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B4U/Before you: Bifurcation of aorta, L4, Umbilicus
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Lingula of lung - location
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LingULa = Left Upper Lobe
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Median nerve - hand muscles innervated
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MEAT LOAF: Meat (median nerve) L(lumbricals 1,2)O(opponens pollicis)A(abductor pollicis brevis)F(flexor pollicis brevis)
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Pleura surface markings
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All the even ribs in order 2,4,6,8,10,12 show its route. Rib2: sharp medial angle inferiorly, Rib4: the left pleura does a lateral shift to accommodate the heart, Rib6: both diverge laterally, Rib8: midclavicular line, Rib10: Midaxillary line, Rib12: the back
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Retroperitoneal structures
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Sad pucker: Suprarenal glands, aorta & IVC, Duodenum (half), Pancreas, Ureters, Colon (- transverse), Kidneys, Esophagus (anterior+left is covered), Rectum
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Superior mediastinum contents
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BATS & TENTS: Brachiocephalic vv, Arch of aorta, Thymus, SVC, Trachea, Esophagus, Nerves (vagus, phrenic), Thoracic duct
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Thoracic duct - which half of the upper body does it drain
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Its lymph from the left of the upper body
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Tonsils - the 3 types
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PPL/People: Pharyngeal, Palatine, Lingual
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Trigeminal nerve - where branches exit the skull
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Standing room only: V1 = superior orbital fissure, V2 = foramen rotundum, V3 = foramen ovale
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Ureter to ovarian/testicular artery topography
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Water under the bridge: the ureters (which carry water) are posterior to the ovarian/testicular aa
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Anteflexed vs anteverted of female internal genitalia - what bodypart each describes
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The "V" words go together: Verted is for the cerVix, flexed is for uterus
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Arm fractures - nerves affected by humerus fracture location
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ARM fracture: (sup->inf) Axillary nerve if head of humerus, Radial nerve if midshaft, Median nerve is supracondylar
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Bifurcation of vertebral landmarks
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A bifurcation occurs on 4th level of each vertebral column: C4 = bifurcation of common carotid, T4 = bifurcation of trachea, L4 = bifurcation of aorta
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Broad ligament - contents
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BROAD: Bundle (ovarian neurovascular bundle), Round ligament, Ovarian ligament, Artefacts (vestigial structures), Dut (oviduct)
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Cervical vertebra: landmarks at each level
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NoaH Told MariaH To Try Cervical Counting: C1 = Nose (base), Hard palate, C2 = Teeth, C3 = Mandible, Hyoid bone, C4 = Thyroid cartilage (upper), C5 = Thyroid cartilage (lower), C6 = Cricoid cartilage, C7 = Cricoid cartilage (just below)
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Cruciate ligaments - insertions
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PAMS APPLES: Posterior (passes) anterior (inserts) medially. Anterior (passes) Posteriorly (inserts) Laterally
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Foramen ovale contents
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MALE: M(mandibular n, motor root of trigeminal, middle meningeal v)A(accessory meningeal a)L(lesser petrosal n)E(emissary vv)
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Genu valgum vs genu vargum
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Genu valGUM = knees are GUMmed together, varum (bowleg) = var rhymes with far - knees are far apart
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Hand: nerve lesions
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DR CUMA: Drop = Radial nerve, Claw = Ulnar nerve, Median nerve = Ape/Apostol (preacher) hand
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Lumbar plexus roots
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2 from 1, 2 from 2, 2 from 3. 2 nerves from 1 root: Ilioinguinal (L1), Iliohypogastric (L1). 2 Nerves from 2 roots: genitofemoral (L1,L2), lateral femoral (L2, L3), 2 nerves from 3 roots: obturator (L2-4), femoral (L2-4)
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Scrotum layers
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very thoroughly: Skin, Dartos layer, External spermatic fascia, Cremaster muscle, Internal spermatic fascia, Parietal tunica vaginalis, Visceral tunica vaginalis, Tunica albuginea
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Sperm pathway through the male reproductive system
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SEVEN UP: Seminiferous tubules, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Ejaculatory duct, Nothing, Urethra, Penis
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Spermatic cord contents
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3 Arteries, 3 nerves, 3 other things. 3 arteries: testicular, ductus deferens, cremasteric. 3 nerves: genital branch of genitofemoral, cremasteric, autonomics. 3 other things: ductus deferens, pampiniform plexus, lymphatic vessels
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Tarsal bones of ankle
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Tiger Cubs (hvalp) Need MILC: (right foot, superior->inf then clockwise) Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform, Cuboid
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Tibia - muscles of pes anserinus (the muscles attached to tibia's medial side)
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A Girl between two sargeants: Gracilius is between Sartorius and Semitendinosus
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Abdominal muscles - proximal->distal
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Spare TIRE around their abdomen. Transversus abdominis, Internal abdominal oblique, Rectus abdominis, External abdominal oblique
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Anterior compartment of leg
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The hospitals are not dirty places: Tibialis anterior, Extensor hallucis longus, Anterior tibial artery, Deep fibular nerve, Extensor digitorum longus, Peroneus/Fibularis tertius
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BrachioRadialis - rule of B R
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Function: its the Beer Raising muscle (flex elbow, strongest when supine forearm). Innervation: Breaks Rule (flexor, but innervated by radial nerve) Important relation: Behind it is the Radial nerve in the cubital fossa. Attachment: attaches to Bottom of Radius
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Branches of internal iliac artery
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I love going places in my very own underwear. Ileolumbar, Lateral sacral, Gluteal (superior and inferior), Pudendal (internal), Inferior vesicular (uterine in females), Middle rectal, Vaginal, Obturator, Umbilical
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Coelic trunk branches
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Left hand side (LHS). Left gastric artery, hepatic artery, splenic artery
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Erector spinae muscles - position
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Spinalis is on the spine (most medial), Iliocostalis is on the ribs (most lateral), and its a long (longissimus) way between the spine and the ribs!
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External carotid artery branches
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She lay flaccid as Olaf's penis slipped in (inf->sup). Superior thyroid, lingual, facial, ascending pharyngeal, occipiteal, posterior auricular, superficial temporal, (internal) maxillary
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Eye rotation by oblique muscles
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I love S&M: Inferior oblique = lateral eye rotation, superior oblique = medial eye rotation
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Femoral artery distal branches
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Put my leg down please. Profundus femoris (deep femoral a), Medial circumflex femoral artery, Lateral circumflex femoral artery, Descending genicular arteries, Perforating arteries
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Flexor digitorum muscles: how they insert on fingers
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Superficialis splits in two, to permit profundus passing through
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Hip: lateral rotators
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Piece Goods Often Go on Quilts (lappeteppe): Piriformis, Gemellus superior, Obturator internus, Gemellus inferior, Obturator externus, Quadratus femoris
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Inversion and eversion muscles
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Second letter rule. Eversion muscles: pErineus longus, pErineus brevis, pErineus terius. Inversion muscles: tIbialis anterior, tIbialis posterior
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Potentially absent muscles
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The five 5's: Palmaris longus (upper limb), Plantaris (lower limb), Peroneus tertius (lower limb), Pyramidalis (anterior abdominal wall), Psoas minor (posterior abdominal wall)
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Psoas major innervation
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If you hit L2, 3, 4 - psoas gets sore!
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Pterygoid muscles - function of lateral vs medial
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Say the first syllable of lateral (La) and medial (Me). La: your jaw is open = lateral opens the mouth. Me: your jaw is closed = medial closes the mandible
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Soleus vs gastrocnemius function
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Stand on your soles. Explosive gas. You stand on soles - so soleus is for posture, gasoline is explosive - so Gastrocnemius is for explosive movement
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ALS - symptoms
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ALS. Anterior horn neuron loss, Lower-motor dominant effects, Spino-cortical tract (cortico-spinal tract)
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Alzheimer's disease - common characteristics
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ALZHEIMERS. Anterograde amnesia (u first sign), Life expectancy (increase show more cases in recent years), Zapped/Loss of (Ach-ergic neurons), Hereditary disease, Entire (hippocampus become affected), Mutation (in amyloid genes is associated), Entorhinal (areas degenerate first), Retrograde amnesia (ultimately develops), Senile plaques (formad at synapses)
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Bones of inner ear
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Mailing includes stamps. Malleus, Incus, Stapes
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Brachial plexus - numbers of each section
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5-3-2-3-5. 5 roots, 3 trunks, 2 divisions, 3 cords, 5 terminal nerves
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Cerebellar damage symptoms
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VANISHED. Vertigo, Ataxia, Nystagmus, Intention tremor, Slurred/Staccato speech, Exagerrated broad based gait, Hypotonic reflexes, Dysdiadochokinesia (impairment of the ability to perform rapidly alternating movements)
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CSF circulation - function of choroid vs arachnoid granules
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Choroid creates CSF, Arachnoid granules absorb CSF
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Femoral triangle boundaries
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So i may always love sally. Superiorly: inguinal ligament, medial: adductor longus, laterally: sartorius
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Hypothalamus - general function
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TALE of the hypothalamus. Temperature, Appetite, Libido, Emotion
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Hypothalamus: feeding vs satiety center
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Stim the lat, get fat. Stim the ven, get thin. Stimulating the lateral increase hunger, stimulating the ventromedial increases satiety
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Musculocutaneous nerve - muscles supplied
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BBC. Biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis
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Parkinson's disease - signs and symptoms
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SMART. Shuffling gait, Mask-like face, Akinesia, Rigidity, Tremor
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Popliteal fossa
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Serve and volley next ball (medial->lateral): Semimembranosus/Semitendinosus, Artery, Vein, Nerve, Biceps femoris (Lateral and medial heads of gastrocnemius are inferior borders)
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Spinal cord - length in vertebral column
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SCULL. Spinal cord until L2(LL)
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Thalamus - boundaries
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I HIT PPL (directions in alphabetical order). Anterior: Interventricular foramen, Inferior: hypothalamic nuclei (plane connecting them), Lateral: internal capsule (posterior limb), Medial: Third ventricle, Posterior: free Pole of Pulvinar, Superior: Lateral ventricle
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Thigh - innervation by compartment
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MAP of Sciatic. Medial compartment: obturator, Anterior compartment: femoral, posterior compartment: sciatic
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Afterload
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The resistance that the heart faces during systole/System vascular resistance (Afterload is created by the Arteries)
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Auscultatory point for aortic valve
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Right 2nd intercostal space
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Branches of left coronary artery?
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1 Anterior interventricular r(RIA)/Left anterior descending a(LAD) 2 Circumflex r
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Cardiac hypertrophy (LV<- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (genetic, hypertension, aortic stenosis. RV <- left heart failure, pulmonic valve stenosis, pulmonary causes (cor pulmonale)) leads to which type of dysfunction?
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Diastolic dysfunction
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Causes of decreased effective blood volume (perceived blood volume) to the kidneys activating RAS
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1 Heart failure 2 Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver impede blood flow through the hepatic portal system, this cause portal hypertension and pooling of the blood in the mesenteric veins) 3 Renal artery stenosis
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Endocarditis - most u bacteria, u which valve?
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Streptococcal, mitral valve
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Etymology of "congestive heart failure"
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From the congestion in the lungs caused by backup of flow from a failing left heart
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Inotropes
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1 Digoxin/Digitalis 2 Dopamine/Dobutamine 3 Amrinone/Milrinone
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Mnemonic for the AV valves
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The tRIcuspid is on the Right, the mitraL is on the Left
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Preload
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The pressure that fills the ventricles during diastole/BP in left ventricle at the end of diastole
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Right coronary artery branches
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1 Anterior ventricular rr(1 rami for SA node) 2 Marginal r 3 Posterior interventricular r
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Signs of right heart failure
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1 Increased jugular venous pressure/JVP (like a barometer from heart via SVC) 2 Ascites 3 Hepatic congestion 4 Peripheral edema
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What is the auscultatory point of the mitral valve?
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Left 5th intercostal space
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What is the auscultatory point of the pulmonary valve?
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Left 2nd intercostal space
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What is the auscultatory point of the tricuspid valve?
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Right 5th intercostal space
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What is the cause of systolic dysfunction?
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Thinning and/or weakening of musculature (by increased volume)
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What is the length of the cardiovascular system?
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a 40 000km/equator
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What is the name of the vessels and nerves perfusing and innervating large vessels?
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Vasa vasorum, nervi vasorum
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What is the surface of the cardiovascular system?
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a 300m2
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What is the surface of the intestine?
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a 200m2
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What is the surface of the lungs?
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a 160m2
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