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42 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Is the pancreas an endocrine gland or an exocrine gland?

Both

What are the three Islets of Langerhans?

1. Alpha cells


2. Beta Cells


3. Delta Cells

How does the thyroid gland differ from other glands?

l

What do T3, T4, norepinephrine, and epinephrine have in common?

a

Compare calcitonin and parathyroid hormone on their actions on bone, the gut, and the kidney.

A

What hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex?

a

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

a

What are the endocrine functions of the gonads?

a

What are the four tropic anterior pituitary hormones?

1. TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone


2. ACTH - adrneocorticotropic hormone


3. FSH - follicle stimulating hormone


4. LH - lutenizing hormone

What are the three different kinds of hormone structures?

1. Steroid hormones


2. Peptide hormones


3. Monamines

What kind of hormone is a steroid hormone?

Lipid hormone


What kind of hormone is a peptide hormone?

Amino acid based

What kind of hormone is a monoamine?

Amino acid based

What are 3 examples of peptide hormones?

1. oligopeptide chains


2. polypeptide chains


3. glycopoteins

What is one example of a steroid hormone?

Cholesterol

What is one example of an amino amine hormone?

Amino Acids

ThyrWhy are the differences in structure of hormones important?

Difference greatly affects hormone physiology.

What are the three main types of amino acid based hormones?

1. Biogenic amines


2. Peptides


3. Glycoproteins

What are 3 examples of biogenic amines?

1. Modifications of AA Tyrosine


2. Thyroid hormones T3 and T4


3. catecholamines (norepi, epi)

What are the two major characteristics of amino acid based hormones?

1. Water Soluble (hydrophilic)


2. Transportation (in blood throughout the body) FREE!!!!

Are lipid soluble hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

What does the binding of a hormone and a receptor cell cause?

Metabolic pathways to be activated.

What does "fluidity of hormones and target cells" mean?

The number of receptors within target cells is able to change depending on the needs of the cell and its environment (# of hormones).

How do water soluble hormones attach to their receptors?

Each hormone has a specific receptor (or one very closely related) that it will bind to based on shape.

What exactly is "receptor chemistry"?

The relationship and communication between hormones and target cells and their receptors.

What causes this "cascade of events in a target cell"?

The binding of the hormone to the receptor.

What are the 6 steps of cyclic AMP?

1. Hormone to receptor


2. G protein activated


3. G protein activates AC


4. AC produces cAMP


5. cAMP activates PKs


6. PKs activates enzymes/other proteins

What are the steps of diacyglycerol and IP3?

1. Hormone to receptor


2. G protein activated


3. G protein activates phospoholipase


4. Pl activates


1. Diaglycerol activates protein kinases


2. IP3 - Ca into cell - binds Calmodulin, activates protein kinases

What are some examples of hormones that are second messenger hormones?

- ACTH


- GHRH


- TSH


- Oxytocin


- Catecholamines


How does a lipid soluble hormone work with a cell?

Diffuse into cell nucleus by:


- Binds to receptor on chromatin


- Activates DNA transcription (mRNA)


- mRNA produces protein


- protein could be enzyme or protein structure

What are some examples of steroidal hormones?

- Estrogen


- Progesterone


- Testosterone


- Cortisol


- Aldosterone


- Calcitrol


- T3 and T4 (released as bound hormones)

What are the water soluble and lipid soluble biogenic amines?

Review Question


What is the precursor for lipid based hormones?

Review Question


Which hormone is responsible for regulating sodium? What triggers its release?


Review


What hormone is released during long term stress? Acute stress?

review

What is the mode of action of lipid based hormones?

review

What are 3 specific ways in which hormones can alter cellular activity?

1. Increase and decrease rates of cell processes


2. Response determined by target cell type


3. Cellular changes produced by hormones

What are 5 ways in which hormones can produce cellular changes?

1. Alter plasma membrane of permeability


2. Synthesize of protein or regulatory molecules


3. Activation and Deactivation of enzymes


4. Induction of secretory activity


5. Stimulation of mitosis

What are 3 important binding success factors?

1. Concentration in blood (direct relationship)


2. Number of receptors (direct relationship)


3. Affinity or strength of bond


- between hormone and receptor

What are 3 common hormone interactions?

1. Synergistic Effect


2. Permissive Effect


3. Antagonistic Effect

Things you need to know about hormones. (in general)

1. Origin


2. What they do


3. Where they go


4. What turns them on


5. What turns them off

Brain derived neutrifillic? factor cleans up synapses that are important and cleans out unimportant ones. Works while you sleep and is produced by AEROBIC EXERCISE.

INTERESTING (NOT FOR TEST)