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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Axial skeleton
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central skeleton, ribs, vertebra, sacrum
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Appendicular skeleton
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limbs
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Functions of bone
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1. structure, support
2.protection 3. movement 4. new blood cells 5. storage of Ca, P |
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Parts of bone
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Cortex (compact bone)
Cancellous bone (trabecular, spongy) Medullary cavity Periosteum Endosteum |
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Periosteum
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double layered, contains osteoprogenitor cells, highly innervated
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Endosteum
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lining medullary cavity, also osteoprogenitor cells
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Osteoporosis
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imbalance in bone deposition and resorption, weak bone structure
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Osteocyte
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normal cell, maintains bone
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Osteoblast
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Bone Builder
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Osteoclast
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resorption of the bone, breaking it down
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Cartilage
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avascular connective tissue
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Types of cartilage
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Hyaline, fibrous, elastic
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Hyaline cartilage
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most common form, precursor to many bones, at birth most of the skeleton is made of hyaline cartilage, in adult- limited to sternal ends of ribs and articulating ends of synovial joints
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Fibrocartilage
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associated with weight bearing joints, found in intervertebral disks, menisci in several synovial joints, usually well innervated
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Elastic cartilage
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restricted to mobile parts of nose, external ear and larynx
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Osteoarthritis
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wearing away of cartilage at the joint, followed by deposits of bone on articular surface, causes pain and restricted movement
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Name types of arteries in the bone
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1. Periosteal - outside of cavity
2.Nutrient arteries - through periosteum into center, inner part of compact bone, medullary cavity 3.Epiphysial and Metaphysial |
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Innervation of the bone
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Pain fibers to periosteum, vasomotor fibers to blood vessels
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Types of bones
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Long, flat, short, irregular,sesamoid
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Example of long bone
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digits, femur
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Example of short bone
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ankle and wrist
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Example of sesamoid bone
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knee cap (patella)
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Example of flat bone
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bones of skull, sternum
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Example of irregular bone
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vertebra, sphenoid
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Name parts of bone from top to bottom
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Epiphysis - diaphysis - metaphysis - epiphysis
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What type of tissue do bones come from?
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Mesenchyme
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Name two types of ossification
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Intramembranous and endochondral
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Intramembranous ossification
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goes straight from mesenchyme to bone - most skull bones
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Endochondral ossification
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first forms a cartilage model - femur
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Achonroplasia
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decreased endochondreal ossification, inhibited proliferation of chondrocytes in growth plate cartilage, gene mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptors
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Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
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25- 40% bilateral, obesity factor, most common in growing adolescents, danger of avascular necrosis
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What is a function of synovial membrane
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Production of synovial fluid and taking contaminants out of the joint
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What are characteristic of a synovial joint
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diarthroses, hyaline cartilage, joint capsule, synovial lining, capsular ligametns, may have disk (meniscus), fatpad in many,may have intra-articular ligaments, freely moveable
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Fat pad
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filling space, helping move synovial fluid around joint
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Type of articular ligaments
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capsular, extracapsular, intra-articular
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Capsular ligaments
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thickening of articular capsule
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Extracapsular ligaments
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outside and distinct from articular capsule
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Intra-articular
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appear to be within synovial membrane but are actually outside the joint cavity - ACL/PCL
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Name 6 types of synovial joints
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Hinge, pivot, saddle, ball and socket, plane, condyloid
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Plane joint
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usually uniaxial, permit only gliding or sliding movements
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Hinge joint
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Uniaxial, permit flexion and extension only
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Saddle joint
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biaxial, saddle shaped heads permit movements in two different planes
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Condyloid joint
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biaxial, permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
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Ball and Socket
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multiaxial, rounded head fits into concavity, which permits movement on several axes
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Pivot joint
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uniaxial, round process of bone that fits in bony ligamentous socket, allows rotation
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Which joint responsible for shaking head - "yes"
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occipital atlanto condyloid
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Which joint responsible for shaking head - "no"
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atlanto axial pivot joint, between C1 and C2
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Fibrous joint
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Bones of the joint are connected by fibrous ligamensts only
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Name 3 types of fibrous joints
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Sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses
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Suture joints
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synarthroses, connect flat bones of the skull in a toothlike pattern
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Gomphoses
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slightly moveable, anchors teeth in sockets
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Syndesmosis
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apposed bones are joined by fibrous membrane, slightly moveable, radius/ulna, tibia/fibula
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Cartilaginous joints
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bones joined by some type of cartilage
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Name two types of cartilaginous joints
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Symphysis
Synchondrosis |
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Symphysis
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Permanent fibrocartilage disks separating bones, covered by hyaline cartilage, allows some movement - pubic symphysis, intervertebral
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Synchondrosis
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Temporary type of cartilage joint seen at epiphysial plates during development. Made of hyaline cartilage, eventually replaced by the bone
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Blood supply of joints
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Anastomoses, articular arteries
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Innervation of joints
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Highly innervated, capsule especially, nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering the joint
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Proprioception
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Knowing where body parts are relative to the space
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Fat pad sign
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Also called sail sign, if on the x ray can see fat pad, it means that its displaced by a fracture
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What is fascia?
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A sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue enveloping, separating, or binding together muscles, organs, and other soft structures of the body.
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Name two types of fascia
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Deep and superficial
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What are the functions of the fascia
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Strength, compartmentalization, ease of movement
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What is a composition of fascia?
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Extracellular matrix, collagen(structure), elastin(elasticity), reticular fibers(support), cells - fibroblasts, adipose, macrophages, mast cells
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Name deep fascia specializations
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Neurovascular sheath, retinacula, fibrous sheath, intermuscular septa, muscle attachment
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What two layers does superficial fascia has?
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Superficial fatty Campers layer and deep membranous Scarpas layer
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What is a retinacula?
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Holds tendons in place during joint movement
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What does deep investing fascia do?
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Encapsulate a muscle
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Compartment syndrome
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Swelling of the muscle causes it to expand, however fascia doesnt let it to expand, need to cut fascia to release pressure
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What are some uses of fascia
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OMM, acupuncture, useful in surgery, limit spread of infection, blood , urine, etc
assists musculovenous pump(walking pumps venous blood to limbs) |
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Smooth muscle
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Non striated, involuntary by ANS, walls of hollow viscera, blood vessel walls, internal eye
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Cardiac muscle
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Semi striated, involuntary, both intrinsic and ANS modified, heart and proximal great vessels
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Skeletal muscle
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Striated, voluntary by somatic NS, most named muscles, produce movement and resist gravity
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What is an aponeuroses
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Like tendons, but flat collagen bundles
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Name 5 muscle shapes
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Pennate - unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, feather like
Fusiform- spindle like Parallel(strap)- have aponeuroses Convergent- broad attachment from which fascicles converge to single tendon Circular- sphincters |
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Rank muscle shapes in terms of power starting with least powerful
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Strap- fusiform-unipennate-bipennate-multipennate
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Movements are performed by...with different role
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groups of muscle
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Where and why are muscles usually innervated
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On DEEP surface of belly, for protection
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Origin of a muscle
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Proximal portion of muscle, remains fixed
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Insertion of muscle
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distal end of muscle, can move
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Name 3 types of contractions
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Reflexive, tonic, phasic
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Reflexive contraction
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automatic, not controlled, like breathing
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Tonic contraction
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does not produce movement but gives firmness
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Phasic contraction
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Can be isometric - same length, increased tension or isotonic - changed length
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Two types of phasic isotonic contractions
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Concentric - muscle shortens
Eccentric - muscle lengthens |
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Agonist muscle
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Main muscle responsible for certain movement
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Fixator muscle
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Steady proximal part, while movement occurs at distal part
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Synergist
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Complements agonist
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Antagonist
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Opposes agonist
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Bursa
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Fluid filled sac around joint
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Synovial Sheath
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Prevents rubbing of tendons
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Muscles are named based on
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Function, shape, location, attachments, size, number of heads, fiber orientation
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