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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
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12
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The costal facets on the body of the vertebrae articulate with what?
The costal facets on the transverse processes of the ribs articulate with what? |
The head of the ribs
The tubercle of the ribs |
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Each rib articulates with how many thoracic vertabrae?
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2
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How many articulations do most ribs have?
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3
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What are true ribs?
What are false ribs? What are floating ribs |
ribs that connect directly to the sternum (ribs 1-7)
Ribs that don't attach directly to the sternum. They articulate with the cartilage from the rib above it. (8-10) Ribs that don't wrap all the way around (11-12) |
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What are the characteristics of a typical rib? Which ribs are characteristic?
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typical ribs have a head, neck and tubercle.
3-9 are true ribs |
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What is a synchondrosis joint?
a synovial joint? |
Bone attaches directly to bone - 1st rib
has articular cartilage - the rest of the true ribs |
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What causes thoracic outlet syndrome and what are its symtoms?
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• Cervical ribs are sometimes present, articulate with C7 and can compress the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus causing tingling and numbness on the medial border of the forearm. They might also compress the subclavian artery causing ischemic muscle pain in the upper limb.
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Which are the atypical ribs?
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1st, 2nd, 10th, 11th and 12th.
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What are the 3 parts of the sternum?
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manubrium, body, and xyphoid process
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Why might the xyphoid process have a hole in it or be bifucated?
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because embriologically it is supposed to fuse from a left and right side but it doesn't sometimes
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During thoracic surgery where is the sternum usually divided?
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in the median plane
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Where are bone marrow biopsies often performed?
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in the sternum because it is wide and superficial
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What are the 3 layers of the intercostal muscles and which dirctection do they run?
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External - inward and downward /
Internal - outward and downward \ Innermost - ??? |
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How do the external intercostals attach to the sternum?
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they are replaced by an external intercostal membrane
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What replaces the internal intercostals posteriorly?
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the internal intercostal membrane
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What replaces the innermost intercostal muscles in the anterior wall?
Posterior? |
transverse thoracis muscles
subcostals |
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The subcostal muscles cross how many intercostal spaces?
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2
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What other muscles attach to the ribs?
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abdominal wall muscles
serratus anterior and posterior pectoralis major and minor scalenes levator costarum |
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What connectes the sympathetic chain and the spinal nerves
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Ramus communicans
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The dorsal rami supply what areas of the back?
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muscles
bones joints skin |
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What do the ventral rami supply?
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T1-T11 give rise to the intercostal nerves.
T12 gives rise to the subcostal nerve |
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Where are the intercostal nerves found?
They give rise to what branches? They are connected to the sympathetic trunk via? What about subcostal? |
in the intercostal groove between the internal and inner most inercostals
lateral and anterior cutaneous branches white and gray rami communicantes distribution is same as intercostals but inferior to the 12th rib |
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The cutaneous branches of the dorsal and ventral primary rami supply successive regions of the skin called what?
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dermintomes
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a group of muscles supplied by a specific pair of intercostal nerves is called what?
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myotome
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What is thoracocenstasis?
Where must the needle be inserted? |
draw fluids from the pleural cavity. Thoracocentesis or anesthesia of intercostal nerves requires that a needle be inserted superior to the rib in questions, high enough to avoid the collateral nerves.
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Where are the following arteries derived from?
subclavian artery internal thoracic axillary artery aorta |
superior intercostal artery (from costocervical trunk)
anterior intercostal arteries thoracodorsal, lateral thoracic, thoracoacromial aa posterior intercostal aa and subcostal aa |
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how many pair of intercostal and subcostal veins are there?
What do they drain into? |
11 pairs
Drain into the azyos and internal thoracic veins |
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are there anterior or posterior nerves?
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no - only vessels divided into anterior and posterior
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What is unique about the azygos vein?
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it has no matching vein
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What are the boundries of the superior thoracic apeture?
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sternum, 1st rib, and 1 thoracic vertebrae
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What are the contents of the superior thoracic aperatures?
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trachea
esophogus vessles nerves thoracic duct |
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boundries of the inferior thoracic outlet?
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T12
12th ribs costal cartilage xiphosternal joint |
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What are the contents of the inferior outlet?
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diaphram
inferior vena cava (passes through diaphram at T8) Esophogus passes through at T10 Aorta passes behind at T12 |
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Where is the lung vulnerable to puncture?
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the apex because it goes above the superior thoracic aperature
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what is costal clavicular syndrome?
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• The subclavian artery can be compressed between the clavicle and 1st rib or the subclavian artery and lower trunk of brachial plexus can be compressed by anterior scalene. These are examples of “thoracic outlet syndromes.”
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What is the main respiratory muscle?
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diaphram
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What are the changes in thoracic dimentions during inspiration?
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a.increases in vertical diameter due to lowering of the diaphragm, in transverse and anteroposterior diameters due to action of intercostals; these result in increased intrathoracic volume
b. bucket handle movements of ribs, and pump handle movements at costosternal junction |
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What is thoracic movement during expiration?
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relaxation of the diaphragm, intercostals, etc., with resulting decrease in intrathoracic volume, increase in intrathoracic pressure, and elastic recoil of the lungs
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damage to the phrenic nerve does what?
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• Paralysis of half of the diaphragm resulting from damage to phrenic nerve does not affect the other half of the diaphragm. Radiography reveals paradoxical movement of the paralyzed half of the diaphragm - it ascends during inspiration due to pressure from abdominal organs.
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What is the mediastinum?
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everything between the lungs
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What is pleura?
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the sac around each lung composed of viseral and parietal pluera.
The space between the 2 pleura is called a potential space formed of simple squamous epithelium and loose connective tissue. It secretes a lubricant. |
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What are the regions of the parietal pleura?
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costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleura
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What is a pleural reflection? What are the 3 reflections?
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where pleura reflects from one surface to another.
costomediastinal costodiaphragmatic pulmonary ligament |
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What are the thoracic recesses?
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costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal
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The collapse converts the potential space to what?
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an actual space
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What causes pneumothorax?
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caused by entry of air into the pleural cavity following a penetrating chest wound or rupture of the lung. It causes a partial collapse of the lung. Broken ribs can cause a pneumothorax.
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What is hydrothorax?
What is hemothorax? |
an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity.
an accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity. |
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What is pleurosity?
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inflammation of the pleura. It causes friction between the layers of pleura producing a sound which is audible with a stethoscope, and is intensely painful during respiration.
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What is the shape of the lungs?
What size does it recoil to once thoracic cavity is opened? |
Cone shaped - with apex and base
1/3rd it original size |
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What are the 2 lungs separated by?
What are they attached to? |
mediastinum
trachea and heart |
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Which lung would you find the depression from the aorta in?
Which lung would you find the depression from the superior vena cava and the azygos vein? |
aorta = left lung
azygos and vena cava = right lung |
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Which lung has the oblique fisure?
Which one has the lingula? |
Right
Left |
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Which bronchus is more suseptible to entry of inhaled particles? Why?
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Right. Because of the angle and wider diameter and shorter
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How many lobar bronchi are in the right? How many in the left?
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3 in right, 2 in left
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What are the 2 arteries and 2 veins that supply the lungs?
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Pulmonary arteries (deoxy blood)
Bronchial arteries Pumonary vein (oxy. blood) bronchial veins |
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What are the 3 lymphnodes of the lung? Which side do both lungs drain into?
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bronchopulomary
tracheopulomary paratracheal Both drain to the right |
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innervation arises from what plexus?
parasympathetic fibers from where does what to breathing? Sympathetic fibers from where does what to breathing? |
pulmonary plexus
Parasympathetic from vegas decreases breathing sympathetic from trunk increases breathing. |
