Anat Test 4

Front 1

3 types of muscular tissue

Back 1

1. cardiac
2. skeletal
3. smooth

Front 2

skeletal muscle tissue

Back 2

-striated
-voluntary matter
also controlled subconciously to some extent (i.e. diaphragm relaxes and contracts without effort)

Front 3

cardiac muscle tissue

Back 3

-walls of the heart
-striated
-involuntary

Front 4

pacemaker

Back 4

a node of tissue that initiates contractions of the heart

Front 5

smooth muscle tissue

Back 5

-located in the walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels, airways and many organs)
-no striations
-involuntary

Front 6

functions of muscular tissue

Back 6

-motion
-stabilizing body position (posture)
-moving substances in body (heart pumping blood, digesting food)
-generating heat- contracting- shivering- creates heat

Front 7

properties that enable muscle to function and contribute to homeostasis

Back 7

excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity,

Front 8

excitability

Back 8

ability to respond to stimuli

Front 9

contractility

Back 9

ability to contract forcefully when stimulated

Front 10

extensibility

Back 10

ability to stretch without being damaged

Front 11

elasticity

Back 11

ability to stretch and return to original length

Front 12

components of connective tissue

Back 12

Fascia, Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium, Tendon, Aponeurosis

Front 13

Epimysium

Back 13

-The outermost layer
-Separates 10-100 muscle fibers into bundles called fascicles

Front 14

Nerve and Blood supply

Back 14

-Neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle to contract are somatic motor neurons
-The axon of a somatic motor neuron
typically branches many times
-Each muscle fiber is in close contact
with one or more capillaries

Front 15

Perimysium

Back 15

-Surrounds numerous bundles of fascicles

Front 16

Endomysium

Back 16

Separates individual muscle fibers from one another

Front 17

Tendon

Back 17

Cord that attach a muscle to a bone

Front 18

Aponeurosis

Back 18

Broad, flattened tendon

Front 19

Fascia

Back 19

Dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue that
surrounds muscles

Front 20

somatic motor neurons

Back 20

-Neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles to contract
-axon of these neurons has many branches
-

Front 21

hypertrophy

Back 21

-how muscle growth occurs
-an enlargement of existing muscle fibers

Front 22

what stimulates hypertrophy?

Back 22

testosterone and human growth hormone

Front 23

satellite cells

Back 23

retain the capacity to regenerate damaged muscle fibers

Front 24

sarcolemma

Back 24

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell

Front 25

transverse (T tubules)

Back 25

-Tunnel in from the plasma membrane
-Muscle action potentials travel through the T tubules

Front 26

sarcoplasm

Back 26

-the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
-Sarcoplasm includes glycogen used for synthesis of ATP and a red-colored protein called myoglobin
which binds oxygen molecules
-Myoglobin releases oxygen when it is needed for ATP production

Front 27

myofibrils

Back 27

Thread like structures which have a contractile function

Front 28

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

Back 28

-Membranous sacs which encircles each myofibril
-Stores calcium ions (Ca++)
-Release of Ca++triggers muscle contraction

Front 29

filaments

Back 29

Function in the contractile process

Front 30

types of filaments

Back 30

thick and thin

-There are two thin filaments for every thick filament

Front 31

sarcomeres

Back 31

compartments of arranged filaments

Front 32

basic functional unit of myofibril

Back 32

sarcomeres

Front 33

z discs

Back 33

-Separate one sarcomere from the next
-Thick and thin filaments overlap one another

Front 34

A band

Back 34

Darker middle part of the sarcomere
Thick and thin filaments overlap

Front 35

I band

Back 35

-Lighter, contains thin filaments but no thick filaments
-Z discs passes through the center of each I band

Front 36

H zone

Back 36

Center of each A band which contains thick but no thin filaments

Front 37

M line

Back 37

Supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together in the H zone

Front 38

3 kinds of proteins that myofibrils are built out of

Back 38

1) Contractile proteins
-Generate force during contraction
2) Regulatory proteins
-Switch the contraction process on and off
3) Structural proteins
-Align the thick and thin filaments properly
-Provide elasticity and extensibility
-Link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma

Front 39

contractile proteins

Back 39

myosin & actin

Front 40

myosin

Back 40

-Thick filaments
-Functions as a motor protein which can achieve motion
-Convert ATP to energy of motion
-Projections of each myosin molecule protrude outward (myosin
head)

Front 41

actin

Back 41

-Thin filaments
-Actin molecules provide a site where a myosin head can attach
-Tropomyosin and troponinare also part of the thin filament
-In relaxed muscle Myosin is blocked from binding to actin
-Strands of tropomyosin cover the myosin-binding sites
-Calcium ion binding to troponin moves tropomyosin away from
myosin-binding sites
-Allows muscle contraction to begin as myosin binds to actin

Front 42

Tropomyosin & troponinare

Back 42

part of the thin filament

Front 43

regulatory proteins

Back 43

troponin & tropomyosin

Front 44

structural proteins

Back 44

titin and dystrophin

Front 45

titin

Back 45

-Stabilize the position of myosin
-accounts for much of the elasticity and extensibility of myofibrils

Front 46

dystrophin

Back 46

-Links thin filaments to the sarcolemma