Anat Lec1 Part2

Front 1

clavicle

Back 1

medial 2/3 is convex anteriorly
lateral 1/3 is concave anteriorly

Front 2

fracture of surgical neck of humerus

Back 2

leads to injury of axillary nerve (one of main nerves responsible for abduction of shoulder/arm )

Front 3

fractures of the middle of the shaft of humerus

Back 3

radial nerve is injured (passess through radial root in shaft, very important nerve! Posterior aspect of arm and forearm are innervated by radial nerve)

Radial nerve injury leads to wrist drop

Front 4

fractures of distal end of humerus

Back 4

injury to median n.

Front 5

fractures to medial epicondyle

Back 5

injury to ulnar n.

Front 6

colles' fracture

Back 6

fracture of the distal end of the radius, posterior displacement. Falling on hand w/ extended arm

may be accompanied by avulsion of ulnar styloid process

Front 7

capitate

Back 7

biggest carpal bone in distal row

Front 8

scaphoid bone

Back 8

largest in proximal row
most fequent bone to fracture among carpal bones

Front 9

lunate

Back 9

in proximal row-most dislocated carpal bone

Front 10

carpal tunnel

Back 10

2 rows of carpal bones produce the carpal groove with is concave anteriorly

produced by flexor retinaculum over carpal bones anteriorly
structures passing through: flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus, flexor pollicis lngus and median n., flexor carpi radialis has it's own canal in groove of trapezium

treat:local steroid injection or splingting before surgery, oral steroids or ultrasound and carpal tunnel release, surgical is divsion of flexor retinaculum

Front 11

flexor retinaculum

Back 11

is a double laywer of membrane covering the carpal groove anteriorly and produces carpal tunnel for transmission
of flexor muscles and median n.

points of insertion: tubercle of scaphoid, pisiform, tub of trapezium and hook of harnat

Front 12

carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 12

compressio to median n. in tunnel due to hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, pregnancy, amyloidosis etc.

painful

Front 13

supraspinatus

Back 13

abductor of arm , rotator cuff

suprasapular n.

pathology: tedinopaty of supraspinatus , calcification, pain tendon rupture >40 y and in younger perior, avulsion of greater tub.

Front 14

infraspinatus

Back 14

suprascapular n., rotator cuff

Front 15

teres minor

Back 15

lateral rotator of arm,

axillary n.

Front 16

rotator cuff function

Back 16

help to maintain stability of shoulder joint

Front 17

deltoid

Back 17

axillary n.

most important abductor of arm up to 90 degrees.

ant part flexes the arm, medial rotation

middle part abducts the arm
post part extends (retroversion) and lateral rotation

Front 18

subscapularis m

Back 18

arm adduction memdial rotation

subscapular n.
rotator cuff

Front 19

teres major

Back 19

arm adduction and medial rotation

lowersubcapular n.

Front 20

latissimus dorsi

Back 20

adduction and medial rotation and extension of arm

thoracodorsal n.

Front 21

coracobrachialis m

Back 21

fleion (anteversion) and adduction of arm

musculocutaneous n.

Front 22

pectoralis minor

Back 22

lowers and rotates scapula

medial pectoral n.

Front 23

pectoralis major

Back 23

adduction and medial rotation of humerus

lateral and medial pectoral n.

Front 24

serratus anterior m.

Back 24

elevation of arm over 90 deg.
protracts scapula and holds it against toracic wall and rotates scapula lateraly to elevate arm

long thoracic n.

Front 25

winged scapula

Back 25

paralysis of serratus anterior m.

can't lift arm beyond 90 deg.

Front 26

coracobrachialis m

Back 26

fleion (anteversion) and adduction of arm

musculocutaneous n.

Front 27

pectoralis minor

Back 27

lowers and rotates scapula

medial pectoral n.

Front 28

pectoralis major

Back 28

adduction and medial rotation of humerus

lateral and medial pectoral n.

Front 29

serratus anterior m.

Back 29

elevation of arm over 90 deg.
protracts scapula and holds it against toracic wall and rotates scapula lateraly to elevate arm

long thoracic n.

Front 30

winged scapula

Back 30

paralysis of serratus anterior m.

can't lift arm beyond 90 deg.

Front 31

rhomboid m. injury

Back 31

have winged scapula (like in paralysis of serratus anterior) but normal arm elevation

Front 32

subclavious m

Back 32

pulls clavicle towards sternum

n. to subclavious

Front 33

biceps

Back 33

long head: abductor and medial rotator of arm

short: adducotr of arm

both heads flex (anteroversion) shoulder joint
on elbow joint they flex and are a strong supinator of forearm

musculocutaneous n.

biceps jerk c5-c6

Front 34

brachilais m

Back 34

powerful flexor of elbow joint

musculocutaneous n. and raidal n to some of lateral part

Front 35

coracobrachialis m.

Back 35

flexor of arm

myusculocutaneous n

Front 36

trapezius

Back 36

chief extensor of elbow joint

long head acts on 2joints: retroversion and adduction of arm

radial n.
triceps jerk c7-c8

Front 37

anconeus m

Back 37

assists triceps

radial n.

Front 38

upper brachial plexus lesion

Back 38

traction of the arm at birth (erb-duchenne paralysis
)or falling on shoulder may damage upper part of plexus (roots may pull out of spinal cord)

signs: delotid ands upraspinatus are paralyszed (no arm abduction)
infraspinatus paralysis leads to medial rotation of arm
biceps and brachialis are paralyzed (no elbow flexion)
loss of biceps and supinator (weak supination)
adductors ofs houlder are mildly affected (pectoralis major and lat dorsi)

Front 39

lower brachial plexus lesion

Back 39

not as common as upper plexus injuries
paralysis of intrinisic muscle hand w/ anesthesia
results from sudden upward pull of shoulder

Front 40

klumpke's paralysis

Back 40

inury to c8-t1 roots following forced abudction of shoulder

signs: atrophic paralysis of forearm and small muscles of hand=claw hand

often a sympathetic palsy i.e horner's syndrome

Front 41

axillary n.

Back 41

supplies deltoid and teres minor m.s

damaged by: shoulder dislocation, limited brachial neuritis

weakness of abduction of sholder btw 15-90deg, and sensory loss over outer aspect of shoulder

Front 42

pronator teres

Back 42

pronation of forearm and flexion of elbow

median n.

Front 43

palmaris longus

Back 43

flexes hand toward palm, tenses palmar aponeurosis

median n.

Front 44

flexor carpi radialis

Back 44

runs in carpal canal in groove on trapezium

palmar flexion and radial abduction of hand

median n.

Front 45

flexor digitorum superficialis

Back 45

strong flexors of the finger joints; flexes wrist, runs in carpal tunnel

median n

Front 46

flexor carpi ulnaris

Back 46

hand flexion and adduction, runs outside carpal tunnel

ulnar n.

Front 47

flexor digitorum profundus

Back 47

runs through carpal tunnel

flexor of wrist, midcarpal, metacarpophalangeal and phalangeal joints

median n. laterally and ullnar n. medially

Front 48

flexor pollicis longus

Back 48

runs through carpal tunnel ,has own tendon sheath

flexor of the terminal phalanx (thumb)
median n.

Front 49

pronator quadratus

Back 49

pronates the forearm (w/ pronator teres)

median n.

Front 50

brachioradialis (beer drinking m. )

Back 50

brings forearm to midposition btw pronation and supination, in this position it ats as flexor (forearm flexor)

radial n.

Front 51

extensor carpi radialis longus

Back 51

extensor and abductor of hand at wrist joint

Front 52

extensor carpi radialis brevis

Back 52

extensor and abductor of hand at wrist joint

radial n.

Front 53

elbow tendinitis (lateral epicondylitis)

Back 53

aka tennis/golfer's elbow

periosteal irriation, pain

Front 54

extensor digitorum

Back 54

extends the 4 medial fingers, strong dorsiflexor of hand at wrist joint

post. interosseous branch of deep radial n.

Front 55

extensor digit minimi

Back 55

extension of 5th digit and dorsiflexion of hand

post interosseous branch of deep radial n.

Front 56

extensor carpi ulnaris

Back 56

extends and adducts the hands

post interosseous branch of deep radial n.

Front 57

supinator

Back 57

supinates forearm

deep branch of radial n.

Front 58

abductor pollicis longus

Back 58

abduction of first thum and extension

Front 59

extensor pollicis brevis

Back 59

extension of proximal phalanx

Front 60

extensor pollicis longus

Back 60

extends thumb using crest on radius as a fulcrum

Front 61

extensor indicis

Back 61

index exxtension and hand dorsiflexion

Front 62

deep layer of dorsal foresarm m.

Back 62

supinator, abductor pollicis long., extensor pollicis brev., extensor pollicis long., extensor indicis

(post interosseous branch of deep radial n)

Front 63

extensor retinaculum

Back 63

covers carpal bones dorsally and has septate which produce 6 tendon compartments through which tendon of extensor m.s and the abductor pollicis longus pass

Front 64

abductor polloicis brevis

Back 64

abduction of thumb, median n.

Front 65

flexor pollicis brevis

Back 65

flexes thumb
superfical innervation by median n.
deep head by ulnar n.

Front 66

adductor pollicis

Back 66

thumb adduction

deep branch of ulnar n.

Front 67

opponens pollicis

Back 67

thumb opposition

median n.

Front 68

palmar aponeurosis

Back 68

superficial branch of ulnar n.

Front 69

dupuytren contracture

Back 69

progressive fibrosis, thickening and shortening of aponeurosis leads to partial flexion of ring and small finger

Front 70

palmaris brevis

Back 70

hypothenar eminance connects skin of ulnar border to palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum

Front 71

hypothenar muscles

Back 71

abductor digit minimi
flexor digit minimi
opponens digiti minimi

deep branch of ulnar n.

all flex 5th digit, last one makes opposition of 5th finger to thumb possible.

Front 72

palmar interossei

Back 72

adduction of digits, assists lumbricals

ulnar n. deep branch

Front 73

dorsal interossei

Back 73

abduction of digits

ulnar n.

Front 74

lumbricals

Back 74

2 lateral ones nn. median n.
2medial ones nn. ulnar n.

Front 75

damage to radial n.

Back 75

no extension of elbow (elbow's flexed)
no triceps reflex

wrist drop-all extensor muscles and supinator are paralyzed, thumb is flexed and adducted

sensory loss

Front 76

injury of n in radial groove

Back 76

in fractures of humerus, triceps muscle usually functions

wrist drop and sensory loss in dorsolateral aspect of hand and forearm

Front 77

nerve injury in forearm

Back 77

deep radial n. is injured (wrist drop) extension of thumb and metacarpal joints is disturbed. sensation is preserved

Front 78

median n. injury (above elbow)

Back 78

muscles in arm aren't affected
forearm and hand muscles are affected

al flexors of wrist are paralyzed except: flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar part of flexor digitorum profundus

thumb flexors and abductor paralyzed but not adductors (ulnar n ape hand)
flexion at metacarpophalangeal joints possible (intact interossei mm, ulnar n.)
1st and 2nd lumbricals lost function all together, inability to fully flex index and middle finger

Front 79

hand of papal benediction

Back 79

pronation of forearm paralyzed and sensory loss over the median n. area

Front 80

injury at wrist joint

Back 80

suicide or injury (hand out of car window)
short muscles of thumb paralyzed, not adductor
thenar muscles atrophy (flatten, ape hand)
flexor policis longus functioning
sensory loss over medial n.

Front 81

ulnar n. injury at wrist

Back 81

fingers are hyperextended at metacarpophalageal joint and flexed at interphalangeal joints (paralysis of interossi mm and 2 medial lumbricals=claw hand)
tendon of flexor digitorum perfundus (2 medial ones) paralyzed. therefore flexion of the ring and little finger is not possible at distal phalgeal joints
small muscles of little finger are paralyzed
abduction and add. of fingers are impaired (paralysis of interossei mm, piano playing writing impared)
sensory loss over ulnar innervating area

Front 82

ulnar n. injury at elbow

Back 82

paralysis of flexor carpi ulnaris and medial portion of flexor digitorum profundus
ulnar deviation of wrist is weakened, hand is abducted and extended
abduction and add. of fingers are impaired (paralysis of interossei mm, piano playing writing impared)
sensory loss over ulnar innervating area

Front 83

brachial artery occulsion/laceration

Back 83

deep flexor paralysis

Front 84

sphygmomter

Back 84

to measure arterial blood pressure

Front 85

volkmann's ischemic contracture

Back 85

e, is a permanent flexion contracture of the hand at the wrist, resulting in a claw-like deformity of the hand and fingers. It is more common in children. Passive extension of fingers is restricted and painful.[1] On examination the fingers are white or blue and cold and the Radial pulse is absent.

Front 86

lymph nodes of axillary region

Back 86

breat cancer may give metastasis to axillary lymph node (75% of breat's lymphatics drain here)

removal of lymph nodes may be necessary

Front 87

lymphangitis

Back 87

Lymphangitis is an infection of the lymph vessels (channels). It is a common complication of certain bacterial infections

Front 88

medial bicipital groove

Back 88

median n. brachial artery and veins and basilic vein, medial cuataneous antebrachial n. and ulnar n. medially

Front 89

volkmann's ischemic contracture

Back 89

e, is a permanent flexion contracture of the hand at the wrist, resulting in a claw-like deformity of the hand and fingers. It is more common in children. Passive extension of fingers is restricted and painful.[1] On examination the fingers are white or blue and cold and the Radial pulse is absent.

Front 90

lymph nodes of axillary region

Back 90

breat cancer may give metastasis to axillary lymph node (75% of breat's lymphatics drain here)

removal of lymph nodes may be necessary

Front 91

lymphangitis

Back 91

Lymphangitis is an infection of the lymph vessels (channels). It is a common complication of certain bacterial infections

Front 92

medial bicipital groove

Back 92

median n. brachial artery and veins and basilic vein, medial cuataneous antebrachial n. and ulnar n. medially

Front 93

sternocleidomastoid m

Back 93

unilateral contraction turns head to opp. side and bends it ipsilaterally
bilateral contraction: lifts head
also function in respiration

accessory n. and c2-c3

Front 94

accessory n. exam

Back 94

sternomastoid-patient rotates head against resistance

trapezius-patient shrugs shoulder and hold them against resistance

Front 95

longus capitis

Back 95

bend head forward and unilateral action turns the head sideways

cervical plexus

Front 96

longus colli

Back 96

unilateral contraction bends and turns cervical columnn to sidde

cervical and brachial pl

Front 97

scalene m.s

Back 97

quiet inspiration
lift first 2 pairs of ribs
unilateral contraction tilts cerv column to one side

nn: brachial plexus

Front 98

scalene opening

Back 98

brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass through

Front 99

occipital (omotrapezoid ) triangle

Back 99

contains cervical plexus
accessory n.

divdes supraclavicular region

Front 100

scalene gap

Back 100

formed btw scalene anterior and middle and 1st rib, in which run the brachial plex. and subclavian artery

Front 101

thyroid gland

Back 101

body's largest endocrine gland

produces thyroxin which controls the rate of metabolism of body and calcitonin controlling ca metabolism

Front 102

eptopic thyroid

Back 102

thyroid develops in long place

Front 103

cleidocranial dystosis/dysplasis (ccd)

Back 103

autosomal inherited disordered=defective ossifcation, delayed bone ad tooth development and stomatognathic and craniofacial abnormalities

may involve bones of skull and clavicle
runx2 is responsible for osteoblast differentiation

Front 104

luxation

Back 104

dislocation (luxation)-bones of joint are forced out of alignment

Front 105

subluxation

Back 105

partial incomplelte dislocation of joint

Front 106

ankylosing spondylitis

Back 106

type of rheumatoid arthritis, seen mainly in males, that affects sacroiliac joints and vertebrae

Front 107

atherosclerotic plaques

Back 107

depositing of cholesterol, calcium and cellular waste products on inner lining of arteries (usually large and mediuma rteries)

can narrow vessult to completely block the passage of blood to tissue
can result in infarction of tissue, especially if alternative and anastomosing bloody supply to tissue isn't sufficient

Front 108

where do you detect arterial pulse

Back 108

s at the neck (carotid artery), at the wrist (radial artery), behind the knee (popliteal artery), on the inside of the elbow (brachial artery), and near the ankle joint

Front 109

intermingeal spaces

Back 109

epidural space-btw bone and dura mater: fat, veretebral veins and nerve roots (wider in lower parts of vertebral canal)

subdural space-btw dura and arachnoid

subarachnoid-btw arachnoid and pia and contains csf (larger in specific areas in veretebral column called cisterns)contains vessels and n. roots

Front 110

lumbar cistern

Back 110

below termination of spinal cord as medullary cone
has cauda equina-nerve roots and filum terminale (cordlike extension of pia mater orig at medullary cone)
floating in csf

Front 111

lower extension of spinal cord in adults and newborns

Back 111

adults-ends at lower level of l1 vertebra
newborn-l3 vertebra

dura mater continues down to s2 where dural sac/lumbar cistern is formed and used for lumbar puncture

Front 112

lumbar puncture

Back 112

needle passed inbtw spinous processes and interlaminar space btw l3-l4 or l4--l5 (better for new borns)through skin into subarachnoid space by piercing through dura and arachnoid maters

csf is withdrawn
anesthetics, contrast medium for myelography can be given here

Front 113

smith's fracture

Back 113

also sometimes known as a reverse Colles' fracture is a fracture of the distal radius.[1] It is caused by a direct blow to the dorsal forearm[2] or falling onto flexed wrists, as opposed to a Colles' fracture which occurs as a result of falling onto wrists in extension. Smith's fractures are less common than Colles' fractures

Front 114

pulled elbow

Back 114

Nursemaid's elbow is a dislocation of a bone in the elbow called the radius. Dislocation means the bone slips out of its normal position at the elbow joint. The injury is also called radial head dislocation.

Front 115

dislocated shoulder

Back 115

humerus separates from scapula

Front 116

rotator cuff m.

Back 116

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subcapularis

tedinopathy of supraspinatus, calcifcationn, pain, tendon rupture avulsion of greater tubercle

Front 117

axillary n. injury

Back 117

Paralysis of the teres minor muscle and deltoid muscle , resulting in loss of abduction of arm (from 15-90 degrees), weak flexion, extension, and rotation of shoulder. Paralysis of deltoid & teres minor results in Flat shoulder deformity.
Loss of sensation in the skin over a small part of the lateral upper arm.

Front 118

brachial plex syndrmes

Back 118

t1 root involvement may lead ot autonomic deficits including HOrner's syndromme

include upper brachial plex. lesion, post cord lesion lower brachial plex lesion and total brahcial plex lesion

Front 119

lumbosacral plexus syndromes

Back 119

trauma following surgery such as hysterectomy or labor may injure pexus (which passes close to ab and pelvis)
compression from tumors, aortic aneurym or radiotherapy may damage plexus

Front 120

femoral nerve injuries

Back 120

Femoral nerve dysfunction is a loss of movement or sensation in the leg due to nerve damage.

The femoral nerve can be injured due to breaking bones of the pelvis. It can be injured when a catheter is placed in the artery in the groin (femoral artery), which lies next to the nerve. It can be one of many nerves affected by diseases causing widespread nerve damage (polyneuropathy), such as diabetes. It also can be damaged by pressure from tumors, abscesses, or internal bleeding into the pelvis or abdomen.
Sensation changes in the thigh, knee, or leg, such as decreased sensation, numbness, tingling, burning, a feeling of the knee "giving way" or buckling, or (uncommonly) pain
Weakness of the knee or leg, including difficulty going up and down stairs -- especially down

Front 121

common peroneal n. injury

Back 121

Common peroneal nerve dysfunction is damage to the peroneal nerve leading to loss of movement or sensation in the foot and leg.

Common peroneal nerve dysfunction is damage to the peroneal nerve leading to loss of movement or sensation in the foot and leg.

Decreased sensation, numbness or tingling in the top of the foot or the outer part of the upper or lower leg
Weakness of the ankles or feet
Walking abnormalities
"Slapping" gait (walking pattern in which each step taken makes a slapping noise)
Foot drop (unable to hold foot horizontal)
Toes drag while walking

Front 122

obturator n injury

Back 122

Damage to the obturator nerve can occur during pelvic or abdominal surgery. Although quite rare, the obturator nerve may also become spontaneously trapped where it exits the pelvis. Patients with obturator nerve injury have possible numbness and pain radiating to their inner thigh. Adduction thigh weakness can occur (ability to move the thighs together), which causes gait and posture instability.

Front 123

sciatic n injury

Back 123

Pain on one side of the buttock or in one leg that is worse when sitting
Burning or tingling down the leg
Weakness, numbness or difficulty moving the leg or foot
A constant pain on one side of the rear
A sharp pain that may make it difficult to stand up or to walk

caused:lumbar herniataed disk
or lumbar spinal stenosis

Front 124

tibial n

Back 124

Tibial nerve dysfunction is a loss of movement or sensation in the lower leg, caused by damage to the tibial nerve.

The usual causes are direct trauma, prolonged pressure on the nerve, and compression of the nerve from nearby body structures. Entrapment involves pressure on the nerve where it passes through a narrow structure.

The damage may include destruction of the myelin sheath of the nerve (the insulation around the nerve) or destruction of part of the nerve cell (the axon). Damage to either part slows or prevents conduction of impulses through the nerve.

The tibial nerve is commonly injured by fractures or other injury to the back of the knee or the lower leg. It may be affected by systemic diseases causing polyneuropathy (damage to multiple nerves) such as diabetes. It may be damaged by pressure from lesions such as tumor, abscess, or bleeding into the knee.

Front 125

bell's palsy

Back 125

is a disorder of the nerve that controls movement of the muscles in the

Front 126

large hematomas

Back 126

may develop in scalp following head injuries due to lose subaponeurotic layer and infections reaching this layer may spread to dura by emissary veins, diploic veins btw bony tables of skkull can spread infection too

Front 127

mandibular n. block

Back 127

injection of local anesthesis around mandibular n. in the infratmeporal fossa

in extraoral approach, auriculotemporal, inferior alevolar, lingual and buccal n.s are anesthezied but in an intraoral approach through the buccal mucosa the inferior alveolar nad lingual n.s are anesthetized

Front 128

caotid angiography

Back 128

xray diagnosis of cerebral vascular diseases

contrast medium is injected into the internal carotid artery by catheterization of femoral artery
catheter is directed under xray to reach artery and contrast medium is injected (direct vessel puncture is rarely needed)

Front 129

tracheotomy

Back 129

create an adquate airway in patients w/ an upper respiratory tract obstruction or respiratory failure

emergency one might be necessary whe laryngeal opening (rima glottidis) is closed completly due to spasm of laryngeal muscles following mucosal irritation