Anat Exam 1

Front 1

Attach:

caudal: transverse processes of vertebrae
crainal: spinous processes of vertebrae

(answer is a large group of muscles)

what are their functions? (4)

Back 1

transversospinae muscles

1. intervertebral extension
2. " abduction
3. rotation
4. semispinalis capitis extends the head

Front 2

span 4 to 6 vertebrae from caudal (transverse process) to spinous process

one component attaches to back of skull?

Back 2

semispinalis

(cervicus attaches to vertebrae)

semispinalis capitis attaches to head

Front 3

span 2 to 4 vertebrae from caudal to cranial attachment

Back 3

multifidis

Front 4

transverse process of one vertebrae to spinous process/lamina of the adjacent (next one above) vertebra?

Back 4

SHORT rotators

Front 5

transverse process of a vertebra to spinous process/lamina of the second vertebra above

Back 5

LONG rotators

Front 6

attach to spinous process of upper thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae, cranial attachments to trans processes of cervical vert and skull

Back 6

splenius cervicus

splenius capitis (attaches to head)

Front 7

functions of splenius cervicis/capitis

Back 7

-intervert. joint extension (ext of head by capitis)
-abduction
-abduction of head by splenius capitis
-intervert. rotation to side where muscle is contracting
-rotation of head by splen capitis

Front 8

attach at axis, atlas, occipital bone (muscle group)
innervated by first cervical nerve--maintain head in upright position

Back 8

Muscles of suboccipital Triangle:
rectus capitis posterior major
obliquus capitis inferior ("inferior oblique"
obliquus capitis superior

Front 9

attach: spine of axis to occipital bone

function?

Back 9

rectus capitis posterior major

extends the head

Front 10

spine of the axis to transverse process of the atlas

function?

Back 10

obliquus capitis inferior

rotates head to side on which muscle is contracting

Front 11

from trans process of atlas and attaches to occipital bone

function?

Back 11

obliquus capitis superior

extend head

Front 12

attach to anterior aspects of cervical vertebral bodies, transverse processes of vertebrae and occipital bone

flex head and heck when contracting bilaterally; when contracting on one side they assist in abduction of head/neck

innervated?

Back 12

longus colli and longus capitis (whiplash muscles!!)

anterior muscles
innervated by VENTRAL rami of spinal nerves

Front 13

cranial attachment to trans process of 4-6 cervical vertebrae

Back 13

scalene muscles (anterior, middle, posterior)

Front 14

caudal atach: first rib
cranial: trans process C4-6

Back 14

anterior scalene

Front 15

caudal attach: 2nd rib
cranial: trans process C4-6

(2 muscles have thiese attachments)

muscle function?

Back 15

posterior and middle scalenes

flex neck when acting bilaterally, and laterally flex (abduct) and rotate neck and head when acting on one side only

accessory respiratory: cranial attachments fixed, elevates ribs

innervated by *ventral* rami of cervical spinal nerves

Front 16

Scalenus Anticus Syndrome

Back 16

compression of brachial plexus and subclavian artery (these are b/t middle and anterior scalenes) due to increased muscle tone. symptoms: tingling in head, muscle weakness, loss of pulse in periph arteries of limb

Front 17

How do muscle fibers shorten?

Back 17

Sliding filament mechanism.

In presence of Calcium (cardiac), action potentials spread from motor neuron to motor end plate.

Depolarization of membranes initiates cross-bridge cycling, actin and myosin slide past one another allowing the sarcomere to shorten. (skeletal)

look up in phys?

Front 18

Skeletal Muscle:
1. appearance?
2. shape/position of nucleus
3. how is it innervated
4. location

Back 18

1. striated b/c of organized myosin/actin filaments.
long, multinucleated cells
2. nuclei are oval, located at periphery
3. innervated by alpha motor neurons from CNS (voluntary muscle)
4. limbs, abs, etc.

Front 19

Smooth Muscle:
1. appearance
2. shape/position of nucleus
3. innervated?
4. location?

Back 19

1. appears smooth
long, spindle-shaped cells w/ one oval nucleus
2. nucleus in middle
3. Innervated by AUTONOMIC NS. (as well as hormones, local stretch receptors)
4. walls of hollow viscera, walls and ducts of blood vessels, hair follicle (goosebumps)

slowest to contract, longest to fatigue

Front 20

Cardiac Muscle

Back 20

1. cross-striation (like skeletal!!) look striated!!!
but not arranged all parallel, but connected end to end w/ intercalc. discs.

2. One oval shaped nucleus in middle of cell

3. Innervated by SYMP and PARASYMP nerves (autonomic)

4. Located in the heart! *has richest blood supply

5. Less powerful than skel muscle but more resistant to fatigue

Front 21

Which type of muscle fiber fatigues most easily?

Back 21

Skeletal

Front 22

What controls the degree of shortening in skeletal muscles?

Back 22

*ARRANGEMENT OF MUSCLE FIBERS* (parallel vs. penniform!!)

Parallel can shorten more! (therefore greater ROM)

Front 23

What is atrophy?

hypertrophy?

Back 23

muscle fibers DECREASE in size

muscle fibers iNCREASE in size

Front 24

how does muscle attach to bone? what is meant by harnessing?

Back 24

epimysium, perimysium and endomysium all come together to form tendon, which then attaches to periosteum of bone.

Force goes along this pathway to the bone.

Front 25

Parallel v. penniform muscle fibers:

ROM?
Force?

Back 25

Parallel has greater ROM, less force

Penniform has greater FORCE (more fibers in cross sectional area), less ROM

Front 26

Type 1 muscle fiber
1. fast/slow?
2. color? why?
3. resistant to fatigue or no?
4. mitochondria?
5. what kind of metabolism/energy?
6. found where?

Back 26

1. Slow-twitch
2. red, lots of myoglobin
3. resistant to fatigue
4. lots of mitoch
5. OXIDATIVE METABOLISM (energy from fats/acids)
6. Found in INTRINSIC BACK MUSCLES nad soleus

Front 27

Type 2 Fibers
1. fast/slow?
2. color? why?
3. mitoch?
4. resistant to fatigue/no?
5. energy source?
6. example?

Back 27

1. Fast-Twitch Fibers
2. White b/c of no myoglobin
3. few mitochondria
4. fatigue easily
5. energy from GLYCOLISIS--produces lactic acid
6. example: gastrocnemius

Front 28

Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium

what are these made of?

Back 28

Epimysium is the connective tissue investment of the ENTIRE muscle. Epimysium=fascia!

Perimysium surrounds muscle fiber bundles called FASCICLES.

Endomysium=connective tissue investment of INDIVIDUAL FIBERS

made of COLLAGEN (these are areolar connective tissues)

Conn. tissue makes up 15% of muscle!

Front 29

Myotendinous Junction

Back 29

the point where endomysium and perimysium become continuous with one another beyond muscle fibers. (this is where force is transferred from muscle to tendon)

Front 30

Connective Tissue (muscle) Functions?

there are 5

Back 30

1. Skeletal framework
2. Determines how much deformability/stretching/elasticity
3. Path for nerves, blood vessels, lymph
4. ATTACHMENT of muscles to bone and TRASMISSION Of force from muscle to bone
5. "Sink" for ions

Front 31

List types of Nerve Fibers

Back 31

1. Somatic Motor Nerve
2. Proprioceptive Motor/Sensory
3. Sympathetic (autonomic) nerve fibers
4. General sensory fibers

Front 32

Function of Somatic Motor Nerve Fiber to muscle fibers?

Back 32

-axons of alpha motor neurons that end at neuromusc. junction

Myelinated axons=fastest fibers in body, bring "gross" contraction of muscle

Front 33

Sympathetic/autonomic nerve fibers (to muscle) function

Back 33

small, non-myelinated. Innervate smooth muscle of BLOOD VESSELS in a muscle!

Front 34

General sensory Nerve Fibers (to muscle) function?

Back 34

Convey pain, sensations from free nerve terminals on CONN. TISSUE SHEATHS of muscle

Front 35

Motor Unit definition?

What factors determine size of motor units?

Back 35

Alpha motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

Factors:
1. muscle function
2. amount of force needed (as this increases, body will recruit more fibers via MORE ALPHA NEURONS!!)
3. CNS selective control
4. force diffuses thruout muscles

Front 36

Isometric contraction

example?

Back 36

generates Force
(xb cycling ALWAYS generates force)

INCREASED TENSION, BUT LENGTH STAYS SAME

example: maintain body in erect posture

Front 37

Isotonic Contraction?

Back 37

Tension increases, LENGTH changes.

1. concentric
2. eccentric

Front 38

Concentric (isotonic) contraction

Back 38

Muscle fibers SHORTEN.

i.e. use biceps brachii to flex at elbow
(pull>resistance)

Front 39

Eccentric Contraction

Back 39

gradual elongation of muscle as tension increases

sitting down from standing, lowering dumbbell from flexed to extended
pull<resistance

Front 40

Prime Mover

Antagonist

Back 40

muscle consistently active in initiating and maintaining a movement

antagonist: muscles that wholly oppose the movement or initiate/maintain the *opposite movement

i.e. biceps brachii in elbow flexion

Front 41

Fixator

Back 41

When prime mover and antagonist contract together.

this STABILIZES joint, creates stable base on which other muscles may act

**any given muscle can be fixator, prime mover, OR antagonist, depending on the mvmt!**`

Front 42

What happens when a muscle loses sensory innervation?

Effects of complete denervation of muscle? Reversible?

Back 42

Poor proprioception and coordination. Loss of muscle tone at rest.

Complete denervation: Muscle fibers DEGENERATE.
Gradually decrease in size, replaced by conn tissue

**largely reversible for at least 12 months (electrical stim and massage of muscle can slow degeneration process). If w/in 12 months muscle will recover most of former strength

Front 43

Major Function of Each:
1. Cell
2. Tissue
3. Organ
4. Organ System

Back 43

1. Basic unit capable of functioning independently; basic building block of the body!

2. Tissue: specialized in common direction to perform specific function (cover body surfaces, line cavities, connect things to one another, muscle=movement, nervous tissue--respond to stimuli)

3. Organ: 2 or more tissue types for a collective function

4. Organ System: homeostasis

Front 44

Function of each:
1. Cell membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Mitochondria
4. Lysosomes
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Rough
6. Smooth ER
7. Golgi complex
8. Microtubules
9. Centrioles

Back 44

1. Cell Membrane: passive/active transport across, receptors that influence cell function
Modifications: microvilli, cell junctions, cilia, receptor molecules, phagocytosis

2. Nucleus: genetic material, DNA, makes RNA, which is necessary for protein synthesis

3. Mitochondria: ENERGY/ATP

4. Lysosomes: full of enzymes--BREAK DOWN LARGE MOLECULES

5. RER: HAS RIBOSOMES AND MAKES PROTEINS

6. SER: no ribosomes, synthesizes FAT, drugs/alcohol/toxins

7. Golgi: STORES proteins!

8. Microtubules: form skeleton of neurons and other cells (filament-like cells) i.e. actin/myosin parts of muscle cells

9. Centrioles: distribute chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis and mitosis (mature cells DO NOT have them and can't divide)

Front 45

In what type of cell would you expect to find lysosomes?

RER?

Lots of SER?

lots of Golgi?

lots of microtubules?

lots of centrioles?

Back 45

ots of lysosomes in MACROPHAGES/anything that is going to break down large molecules

Lots of RER in protein synthesizing cells

Lots of SER in liver cells (break down toxins)

lots of golgi in cells that SECRETE proteins, i.e. thyroid gland, pancreatic cells

lots of microtubules in muscle cells (myofilaments)

centrioles in mitotic/meiotic cells? (look up) embryonic/stem cells

Front 46

What are junctional complexes (cellular level)?

Back 46

between 2 cells: tight junction (prevents material from passing b/t cells)
gap junctions (cell to cell communication)

adhering junctions

Front 47

Microvilli

Back 47

modified plasma membrane

free surface FOLDED, looks like projections. i.e. small intestine

Front 48

Cilia

Back 48

hair-like PROCESSES that extend from surface, NOT MODIFIED MEMBRANE LIKE MICROVILLI!

made of microtubules

"move/beat"

found in respiatory tract, repro tracts

Front 49

phagocytosis/pinocytosis

Back 49

pino=process where small drops of fluid incorporated into cell

phago=duh. envelops. once in cell=phagocytitic vesicle, can be attached by other organelles

i.e. white blood cells and macrophages!! must digest toxins

Front 50

Distinguishing characteristics of epithelia?

Back 50

"sheets" of cells (either single layer or multi)

-adjacent cells w/ little/no intercellular substance

1. basement membrane
2. avascular but innervated (nerves don't pierce or travel thru epithelia, but some epi have receptor cells)
**no blood=receive nutrients from diffusion from caps in underlying conn tiss
3. Specialized Junctions--cell communication and adherence
4. Mitosis: i.e. skin cells sloughed up and constantly remade

Front 51

Basal Lamina/Basement Membrane of epithelial cells-what is it made of? what is it's function?

Back 51

made of thin layer of protein fibers and complex carbs (produced by epithelial cells OR conn tissue)

anchors cells to underlying tissue

Front 52

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Layers/Cell Shape?
Function?
Location?

Back 52

1 Layer, flat cells

function: absorption/diffusion
location: lining of heart, blood and lymph vessels, thoracic and abdominal cavities, air sacs of lung

Front 53

Stratified Squam Epithelium

Back 53

multilayered, flat cells

function: PROTECTION

location: outer layer of skin, lining oral cavity, esophagus, vagina
(places it's sloughed off=many layers ok!)

BASAL CELLS DIVIDE to replace lost cells!

Front 54

Simple Columnar Epithelium with microvilli

function? location?

Back 54

one layer, column cells

function? ABSORPTION
location? SI lining

Front 55

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium, ciliated

function?

Back 55

Appears to be stratified but really just one layer, columnar cells

function: mvmt of stuff OUT of body
location: upper respiratory tract lining

Front 56

Transitional Epithelium

location/function

Back 56

location: bladder
function?: accommodate distension of bladder

Front 57

simple cuboidal epithelium

function/location?

Back 57

secretion/absorption

location: lines kidney tubules/ducts, surface of ovary, inner surface of cornea and eye lens

Front 58

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Function?

Back 58

Protection!!

Location: ducts of adult sweat glands

Front 59

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Back 59

absorption/secretion

location: stomach and SI lining

Front 60

Stratified Columnar Epithelium function/location?

Back 60

protection/secretion

location: part of male urethra (only location)

Front 61

What is a gland? (tissue type, examples)

How do multicellular glands develop?

Back 61

Made of epithelial tissue specialized for *secretion*

may be single celled or multi

Multi glands: epi tissue in a region has proliferated and invaginated INTO underlying tissue to form a gland made of many cells
examples: liver, pancreas, salivary, endocrine

Front 62

Endocrine vs. exocrine glands?

Back 62

Endocrine releases substance INTO blood stream to be carried around and THEN hit its target cell/tissue (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, testes/ovaries, ENDOCRINE portion of pancreas that produces insulin)

Exocrine releases substance INTO **duct, then they empty onto surface of target epithelial tissue (i.e. sweat, salivary, subaceous glands, exocrine components of pancreas/liver)

Front 63

What cell types are found in connective tissue? (2 types w/ 3 subtypes. Name 2 major ones and describe)

Back 63

1. Fixed Cells: STAY WITHIN confines of CONN TISSUE itself. Do not move b/t conn tissue and blood stream. They can move around, just w/in these confines.

2. Wandering Cells: move in and out of bloodstream as well as w/in conn tissue itself (i.e. deliver large nos of specific cell types to region where needed, i.e. inflammatory response)

Front 64

Types of Fixed Cells (in Connective Tissue)

3 types

Back 64

1. Fibroblasts: synthesize and secrete ground substance and fibrous elements that form the ECM of conn tissue (means "fiber-forming cell")

2. Fat Cells: COLLEct fat droplets in cytoplasm. The lipid molecules form a single large droplet/vacuole--puts nucleus and cytoplasm to periphery
function: energy storage, h2o storage, insulation, protection

3. Macrophages: phagocytosis, immune response, scar formation
2. Fat Cells
3. Macrophages

Front 65

Types of Wandering Cells (in Conn Tissue)

Back 65

1. Mast Cells: common near blood vessels, secrete *heparin and *histamine

2. Plasma cells: mostly found in conn tiss of LI and SI
**produce antibodies!!* (immune)

3. Blood Cells: RBCs stay in blood stream; other cells (WBCs, monocytes, lymphocytes, etc) move b/t blood and conn tiss--inflammatory/immune response

Front 66

Histamine =what does it do?

(released by mast cells of conn tissue)

Back 66

VASODILATOR

Increases permeability of capillary beds, allowing fluid to leak into Extracellular space (swelling)

Front 67

3 Fiber Types found in Connective Tissue?

Back 67

Collagen, Elastin, Reticular Fibers

Front 68

Collagen Fibers function?

Back 68

-made by fibro, osteo, and chondroblasts

consist of fibrils/microfibrillar units
-STRENGTH OF STEEL
-straight or wavy. Can be straightened by pulling, but LITTLE/NO stretching!!!
-tendons, ligaments, joint capsules

Front 69

Elastic Fibers Function?

Back 69

made of elastin, CAN be stretched, become less resilient w/ age

many in external ear

made by fibro and chondroblasts

Front 70

Reticular Fibers

made of?
function?

Back 70

made of special type of collagen

arranged in networks and iNELASTIC

form supptortive network for cells of many structures (like lymph nodes and blood forming organs)

Front 71

Biosynthesis of Collagen Fibers:

what components of cell are involved?

Back 71

1. On RER: polypeptide chains are MADE
2. Chains group together to make triple helices=procollagen molecules
3. Procoll mols go to Golgi
4. On Golgi--modified into COLLAGEN molecules. These go to cell exterior to form part of ECM
5. Then aggregate to form collagen fibers

Front 72

Collagen biosynthesis

1. type of collagen produced depends on ______?
2. What determines how fibers line up?

What is the diff b/t collagen found in bone and collagen found in cartilage

Back 72

Type produced depends on HOW chains aggregate

2. Fibers line up PARALLEL to FORCES to which developing tissue is exposed!

Bone is type 1 collagen
forms bc of arrangement of alpha chains AND in response to stress!

Type 2: ONLY in cartilage (3 alpha one chains)

Front 73

What are the components of ground substance? are they living?

Back 73

NON-LIVING material in which cells and fibers are embedded

made up of Carbs and Protein molecules called glycosaminoglycans + h2o, sugar, calcium salts

Front 74

what is responsible for development of primary curvatures of spine?

2.secondary curves?

Back 74

different height b/t front/back of vertebral bodies

2. intervertebral discs

Front 75

Lordosis

-which curvatures?
-causes?

Back 75

"sway back"

secondary curvature

cause: poor posture, pregnancy, weak abs/tight low back

Front 76

Kyphosis

-which curves? causes?

Back 76

primary curves

"hunch back"
-poor posture, bone deformities, osteoperosis/age, abnormal intervertebral discs

Front 77

Scoliosis

-curves? causes?

Back 77

curve in coronal plane

cause: unknown, congenital, unilateral paralysis of intrinsic back muscles, one leg shorter than the other

Front 78

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

location? function?

Back 78

anterior of vertebral body

limits hyperextension, reinforces intervert. discs

Front 79

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

location? function?

Back 79

located in vertebral canal on posterior side of vertebral body

does NOT reinforce discs

Front 80

Ligamentum Flavum

Back 80

ligamentum flavum located posterior side of vertebral canal (side of the hole nearest spinous process)

slows flexion of spinal column, help erection of spine (i.e. after bent over)--VERY ELASTIC!

Front 81

Major components of an intervertebral disc? (3)

What are their functions?

Back 81

anulus Fibrosus: dense fibrous tissue attached to periphery of bodies of adj. vertebrae

thick anterior (thin posterior--hence slipped discs)

Nucleus Pulposis: "jelly donut," 80% h2o, center of disc surr. by anulus, changes shape 4 mvmts BUT incompressible

3. hyaline cartilage: covers articulating surfaces of vert. bodies; function--GROWTH of discs and verte. bodies, pathway for nutrients to discs from marrow cavity of vertebrae

Front 82

In what region is herniation of a disc likely to occur? Why?

What is sciatica?

Back 82

bulging thru the weak part of a "tire" (anulus) is called "herniation of the nucleus pulposus"
-usually posteroLATERAL b/c column is usually FLEXED when stresses upon it

most frequently LUMBAR, esp b/t L4 L5 or L5 and sacrum
, sometimes cervical

Sciatica: on side of herniation, spinal rootlets are compressed, causing scoliotic curve concavity on side of herniation (b/c muscles on other side are still contracting to pull you up, but no contrxn on herniated side)
Usually compress roots L5/Sacral, pain felt down back and lateral sides of legs radiating to foot

Sciatica:

Front 83

How does sagital orientation of lumbar synovial joints affect rotation/flexion and extension?

Back 83

these mvmts occur mainly at lumbar region b/c of thoracic spine limitations (rib cage, int discs). can "camouflage" their limited-ness by mvmt at hip joints

Cervical: flexion/extension/lateral bending are SUMS of mvmts at atlanto-occ, lateral atlanto-axial, and other cerv. joints.
atlanto-ax joint: rotation of head

Front 84

what movements occur at occipital bone and atlas? what muscles involved?

axis and atlas? what muscles?

Back 84

flexion (chin to chest),
muscles: rectus capitis, longus capitis, SCM
**extension
muscles: rectus, superior oblique, splenius cap, longissimus cap, trap

atlas and axis: rotation of head (chin level w/ shoulders)
-inferior oblique, SCM, semispinalis

Front 85

how might scoliotic curve develop in someone w/ one leg shorter than other?

Back 85

-tone on one side pulls spine to that side aaand slightly rotates it, leading to rib deformity, respiratory problems, vertebral deformity, and compensatory cervical curve

Front 86

location and function of longus capitis and colli muscles?

what can happen if they're hyperext?

Back 86

attachments: anterior cervical vertebral bodies, transverse processes of vertebrae, to occipital bone

function: head flex/ext when bilateral contrxn

unilateral: abduction/lateral flexion to either side

trauma=whiplash

Front 87

position/function of:

anterior scalene

middle scalene

posterior scalene

Back 87

anterior: 1st rib to transverse processes C4-C6

posterior and middle scalenes: 2nd rib to transverse C4-6

function: blex neck (bilateral)
unilateral--abduct, rotate head
accessory breathing muscles

Front 88

literal meanings of:
pia mater
aracnoid
dura mater
cauda equina

Back 88

delicate mother
spider-like
tough mother
horse tail

Front 89

arachnoid trabeculae

Back 89

branching strands of arachnoid (on its inner surface) that pass THRU subarachnoid space and attach to Pia Mater

Front 90

composition:
dura mater, arachnoid, pia

diff b/t meningeal covers in cranial cavity vs. vertebral canal? why?

Back 90

dura=collagen

arachnoid=loose conn tissue

pia=loose conn tiss full of blood vessels

cranial cavity=no epidural space
verte canal: dural sac extends to sacrum, epidural space full of blood vessels--space allows mvmt of brain w/o affecting spinal cord

Front 91

What is CSF? composition? where found? function?

Back 91

CSF=plasma-like fluid filling the SUBARACH space

function=support, buoyancy (spinal cord cannot hold up brain/itself

Front 92

composition of grey matter?

Back 92

cell bodies of neurons, their dendrites, proximal parts of axons

Front 93

comp of dorsal horn

Back 93

incoming nerve fibers from ganglia

Front 94

dorsal roots composition?

Back 94

exclusively of sensory nerve fibers

Front 95

ventral horn composition?

ventral roots comp?

Back 95

large somatic motor neurons

roots: AXONS of these MOTOR neurons along w/ axons from AUTO NS

Front 96

why gray matter enlarged at some spots?

Back 96

cervail/vertical bc of up/low limbs

thoracic have small vent horn BUT have a lateral horn w/ autonomic nerve cell bodies

Front 97

white matter composition

Back 97

myelinated nerve fibers that run up /down cord to/from CNS

Front 98

dorsal ramus contains?

Back 98

SENSORY AND MOTOR neurons going to back muscles, trunk, neck

Front 99

Ventral ramus contains?

Back 99

SENSORY AND MOTOR neurons going to the rest of the body

Front 100

what is a dermatome? clinical corre?

Back 100

area of skin innervated by specific spinal nerve

clinical: Shingles! viruses transported VIA axons. when immune system is weak, they travel back out to the skin and produce rash

Front 101

what segmental level of spine innervates umbilicus?

Back 101

T10

Front 102

layers needle goes thru to get to subarachnoid space

Back 102

skin and subcutaneous tissue
ligamentum flavum
epidural space
dura mater
subdural space
arachnoid
subarachnoid space

Front 103

What type of tissue makes up epidermis?

Dermis?

Back 103

epi=stratified squamous epithelium

dermis: loose regular connective tissue that contains ALL cell and fiber types of connective tissue!!!

Front 104

What are characteristics of stratum basale and stratum corneum?

Back 104

stratum basale=alive, mitotic, DEEPEST layer of epidermis.
function: maintenance of epithelial component of skin (to compensate for cells being sloughed off)

stratum corneum: most superficial layer, DEAD, keratinized cells
function: resist passage of fluids/substances/friction. thickness varies thruout body, cells constantly being sloughed

Front 105

How does skin become keratinized? Where?

Describe someone w/ hyperkeratosis.

Back 105

Skin becomes keratinized on the epidermis. It is the process of skin becoming scale-like, dead

Keratohyaline made by cells near the stratum basale, interacts w/ cells and transforms them into dead ones. End product is barrier, waterproofing, protection, defense from infection

hyperkeratin; orange!

Front 106

Function of melanocytes?

langerhans cells?

where are they located?

Back 106

make melainin (pigment) protects deeper layers from UV rays

-langerhans=MACROPHAGES that activate immune system, another line of defense

Front 107

What major cell/fiber types are found in dermis?
Describe position/location of papillary and reticular layers of dermis (relative to epiderm)

Back 107

**ALL**

part of dermis RIGHT next to dermis=capillaries and nerve endings=**papillary layer**

Reticular Layer: depper portion, DENSELY interwoven tissue, more collagen and elastic, 75% of epid. thickness

Front 108

What are dermal papillae?
What structures are within? Or associated w/?

Back 108

papillae: nipple-like projections from papillary layer of dermis that fit into indentations on the surface of epidermis==anchored TOGETHER
-EPi obtains nutrients via diffusion from vessels in pap layer

Front 109

hair follicle and subaceous glands and sweat glands are all derived from what layer of skin?

Back 109

*8basal layer of epidermis

Front 110

what are tension lines of skin?

how would you make an incision on abdominal wall? at wrist?

Back 110

collagen/elastic fibers oriented parallel to lines along which skin is folded during mvmt

lines are determined by sticking sharp rounded obj into cadaver that leaves a slit-wound in fibers' direction

CUTS SHOULD BE MADE IN THE DIRECTION OF THESE LINES, skin gapes less widely, less scar tissue

Front 111

individuals' hair growth is dependent on what?

Back 111

high mitotic activity of epidermis basal layer

chemotherapy destroy most rapidly dividing cells in body (like epi cells, hence hair loss)

Front 112

Function of sweat glands and arrector pili muscles (muscles that cause hair to stand on end) are modulated by __________ component of nervous system?

Back 112

*sympathetic (autonomic)

regulates temperature
ppl w/ spinal cord injury in region of symp nervous system can't sweat--must use spray bottle, AC, be careful, etc.

Front 113

how do decubitus ulcers develop?


how are layers of skin affected by 1st, 2nd, 3rd degree burns?

Back 113

ulcers/bedsores: area of skin is close to bone and undergoes constant pressure (i.e. being bedridden). this compresses blood vessels, leads to tissue/cell death

1st: epidermis damaged not destroyed; redness, pain. i.e. sunburn

2nd: destroy epidermis, some damage to dermis
--blisters, moist surface due to plasma loss, nerve endings still in tact!! may be scarring, need treatment

3rd degree: destroy epi, dermis, AND underlying tissue
-nerve endings destroyed, skin can't regenerate, white/charred appearance, loss of body fluids, surgery ALWAYS necessary

Front 114

Chondroucoprotein

Lacunae

Perichondrium

(define)

Back 114

glycoprotein that makes up the ground substance of ECM of cartilage. Collagen fibers are embedded in this substance.

Perichondrium: dense layer of connective tissue investing cartilage

Lacunae: circular compartments of cartilage's ECM--inside are chondrocytes ("swiss cheese holes")

Front 115

How do cartilage cells get nutrients, O2, etc?

Back 115

diffusion thru ground substance from vessels in tissue surrounding cartilage

Front 116

Characteristics of 3 main types of cartilage? Location?

Back 116

1. Hyaline: LOTS of ground subst, collagen fibers
**embryonic skel, articular cartilage, larynx, trachea, costals

2. Elastic: yellow, fibrous, ELASTIC fibers in ground subst
**ear, auditory tube

3. Fibrocartilage: white, "regular" collagen, small ground subst
**intervert discs, pubic symphysis

Front 117

Cartilage growth:
1. Interstitial

2. Appositional

Back 117

1. Inter: from within. Each cart. cell in lacuna secretes large amts of new matrix material (chondroblast). Cartilage expands.

2. Appo: deposit ECM around surface. Cells in layer of perichondrium synthesize extracellular Matrix of cartilage, size increases.

Front 118

Chondroblast vs. chondrocyte function?

what types of cell organelles in each?

Back 118

Blast=produce the MATRIX of cartilage that leads to GROWTH of cartilage
(lots of RER=makes proteins)?

CYTE=maintain ECM of cartilage
lots of RER? rigid? umm...

** look this up!!:)

Front 119

literal meanings of:
lacuna
perichondrium
chondrocyte
chondroblast
interstitial
appositional

Back 119

lacuna=hole/pit

perichondrium="around cartilage"

chondrocyte="cartilage cell"

chondroblast="cartilage sprout/germ/bud"

interstitial: "between"
appositional: "united/applied"

Front 120

What are the joints of the shoulder girdle? (2)

what movements occur at each?
what ligaments assoc w/ each?

Are the joints uni, bi, multiaxial?) Why?

Back 120

Sternoclavicular Joint: elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, up/down rotation of glenoid fossa

ligaments: sternoclavicular, interclavicular, costoclavicular

Acromioclavicular Joint: "gliding" movements

Ligaments: coracoclavicular (conoid and trapezoid), coracoacromial lig
Multiaxial

Spherical Nature of articular surfaces
and
Fibrous discs b/t surfaces

Front 121

Location and Function of:
Sternoclavicular Ligaments (2)

Back 121

Anterior and Posterior ligaments

Link to axial skeleton (anterior b/t sternum and clavical in the front, posterior link b/t sternum and clav in the back)
thickening of joint capsule itself (intra-capsular ligs), limit movement in all directions

Front 122

Location and function of costoclavicular ligamentq

Back 122

between 1st rib and clavicle (bilaterally)

LImits unwanted superior mvmt of clavicle, fulcrum for some clavicle mvmt

Front 123

location and function of interclavicular lig

Back 123

between *sternal* ends of 2 clavicles, across the sternal notch

limits unwanted/excessive depression of shoulder girdle

Front 124

location/function of coracoclavicular ligaments (2-names?)

Back 124

1. Conoid Ligament (more medial)
2. Trapezoid Lig (more lateral)

Location: strong union b/t scapula and clavicle--connect clavicle and coracoid process!

limit unwanted mvmt b/t scapula and clavicle

**these are usually torn during shoulder separation, *but* stronger than bone itself--clav will fracture before they're broken

Front 125

location/function of coracoacromial ligament

Back 125

b/t coracoid and acromion processes of the scapula (2 processes of SAME BONE): forms roof over head of humerus, prevents unwanted superior mvmts of humeral head, separates supraspinatus muscle from deltoid muscle

Front 126

What is the glenoid Labrum? functions?

Back 126

structure that "deepens" glenoid fossa

fibrocartilaginous ring that attaches at circumference of glenoid fossa

maintains uniform film of synovial fluid across joint surface (and deepens fossa)

Front 127

What is meant by scapulohumeral rhythm?

Back 127

movements at glenohumeral joint occur in concert w/ mvmts of shoulder girdle!! If one doesn't work, neither does other, etc.

Front 128

Movements at glenohumeral joint? (flex, extend? etc)

Back 128

flexion extension, ab/adduction, rotation, and any combo

Front 129

Scapulohumeral Rhythm:
What shoulder girdle mvmts accompany shoulder joint ab/adduction? What muscles involved?

Back 129

Shoulder joint ab/adduction=upward/downward rotation of glenoid fossa

muscles: (ab)=upper trap, serratus anterior, lower trap

ad: levator scapulae, rhomboids, lats, pecs

Front 130

What would happen to full range of shoulder joint flexion (abduction) if muscles of shoulder girdle are paralyzed?

What position will shoulder girdle assume w/ paralysis of girdle muscles?

Back 130

If shoulder girdle muscles are paralyzed, shoulder joint flexion/extension probably will not happen at all or very minimally.

Shoulder girdle muscles paralyzed (i.e. serratus ant)=downward rotation of the glenoid fossa b/c of weight of arm itself, posterior mvmt of scapula ("winging") b/c normally muscles keep scapula tight against body wall.

Front 131

Shoulder separation

vs.

Shoulder dislocation

Back 131

1. acromioclavicular joint: usually trauma to joint capsule, broken clavicle and/or torn ligaments (conoid/trapezoid ligs)

2. Dislocation: displacement of head of humerus from glenoid fossa, usually anterior/inferiorly. May stretch/tear joint capsule.
Rotator cuff muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis ("SITS")

Front 132

What is a bursa?
Where are they found?
Show/describe in words location of
1. subacromial bursa
2. subdeltoid bursa

Back 132

Bursa=flattened sac of connective tissue lined by synovial membrane w/ small amt of synovial fluid

found b/t structures in close contact w/ each other (to prevent friction)

subacromial: b/t acromion process of scapula and supraspinatus tendon (which is on top of the joint capsule, superior to humerus

subdeltoid bursa: b/t delt and humeral head

Front 133

What muscles form rotator cuff?
attachments?
functions:
1. mvmts of shoulder joint?
2. maintaining integrity of shoulder joint?

Back 133

SITS: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularus

proximal attachment: dorsal/costal surfaces of scapula
distal: blend w/ parts of shoulder joint capsule

as tendons reach shoulder joint capsule, they blend w/ it and form a "cuff" around the joint on all sides except inferior

1. Movements: ??? Look up in Book***
2. Integrity: maintain head of humerus in glenoid fossa, prevent dislocation

Front 134

Muscle Attachment
Function
What happens if paralyzed

TRAPEZIUS

Back 134

proximal attachment at skull and vertebral spine, distal attachment scapular

when distal attach fixed, moves head and neck @ atlanto-occipital joint

proximal attach fixed: maintain shoulder girdle in approp position, move/stabilize girdle during abduction and flexion of arm

Functions:
-shoulder girdle elevation
- " " retraction
-upward rotation of glenoid fossa

Paralysis:
-exaggerated girdle depression
-some weakness in elevation
-abduct/flex arm diminished b/c weakness in ability to rotate fossa

Front 135

Attachments?
Function?
Paralysis effects?

RHOMBOID1

Back 135

attachment: ?? * look up

functions:
-shoulder girdle elevation
-downward rotation of glenoid fossa (adduction/ext of arm)
shoulder girdle retraction

paralysis:
scapula tends to protract b/c of free limb
-decreased ability to extend/adduct arm

Front 136

LEVATOR SCAPULAE

attach?
function?
paralysis effects?

Back 136

attach?

functions:
shoulder girdle elevation
shoulder girdle protraction

paralysis:
other muscles can assume almost completely its function

Front 137

attach/function/paralysis effects?

Pectoralis Minor

Back 137

function:
downward rotation of glenoid fossa
-protract shoulder girdle
-depress shoulder girdle

paralysis: affect one's ability to downward rotate glen fossa, and component of ext/adduction of arm (scapulohum rhythm)

Front 138

function/paralysis effects?

Serratus Anterior

Back 138

**like trap!**
-upward rotation of glenoid fossa during abduction/flexion of arm
-approp position of girdle on chest wall
-STRONG protractor
-shoulder girdle depression

Weakness/Paralysis:
-"winging" of scapula
-impossible to do pushup if bilaterally paralyzed
-can't abduct/flex shoulder joint (b/c can't upwardly rotate glen fossa)
-if both serr and trap are paralyzed, can't abduct/flex arm, overall mvmt/position of girdle=awful

Front 139

Subclavius

Back 139

-depressing clavicle
-stabilize clavicle

Front 140

what 4 muscles extend from trunk to scapula/ and clavicle and produce mvmts of shoulder girdle?

Back 140

trapezius
serratus anterior
rhomboids
subclavius

Front 141

what 3 muscles extend from scap and/or clav to humerus and produce mvmts at glenohum joint?

Back 141

deltoid
teres major
rotator cuff: SITS

Front 142

Deltoid: function, paralysis?

Back 142

functions:
-abduction (after 90 degrees, more important in stabilizing head of humerus against glenoid fossa)
-adduction stabilizer--prevents unwanted medial rotation by other shoulder joint adductors
-flexion, extension
-rotation (stabilizing)

paralysis: limit shoulder joint abduction significantly!!!!

Front 143

Teres Major functions?

Back 143

shoulder joint adduction, extension, medial rotation

if its paralyzed, these things are inhibited

Front 144

Rotator Cuff (SITS muscles)

Give functions of:
Supraspinatus?
Infra?
Teres Minor?
Subscap?

Back 144

Supra: shoulder joint ABduction
Infra: Lateral Rotation of shoulder joint
Teres minor: shoulder joint lateral rotation
Subscapularis: shoulder joint *medial* rotation, adduction, extension

Front 145

Muscles that extend b/t trunk and humerus and produce mvmts of shoulder girdle joints AND shoulder joint?

Back 145

pec major, lat dorsi

depending which is fixed, muscles produce mvmt at either girdle or joint or BOTH

Front 146

Pec Major

functions when humerus is fixed?

when shoulder girdle "fixed" and rib/axial fixed?

effects of paralysis?

Back 146

humeral fixed:
-girdle protraction (pushup)
-girdle depression by sternal component of muscle (crutch walking, pushups, rising from sitting using arms)

w/ girdle fixed:
-glenohumeral joint flexion, adduction, medial rotation
-glenohumeral joint extension from flexed position, adduction, medial rotation

-w/ hands fixed body in position to do a pushup, pec major can assist in elbow joint extension during push up

paralysis: No significant disabilities for "daily" living

Front 147

Lat Dorsi

Back 147

shoulder girdle movement functions:
-depression of girdle (trunk attach fixed)
-downward rotation of glenoid fossa

shoulder joint mvmts:
-extension, adduction, medial rotation

paralysis:
-no probs for "normal" activities

hard time getting arm back to get sth out of back pocket

Front 148

differences between bone and cartilage:
ECM?
blood supply?
appearance?

Back 148

ECM of bone=CALCIFIED (cartilage is not). Calcium (mainly salts) distributed *precise* on high-ordered collagen fibers of ECM.
ECM arranged in layers called *lamellae*

blood supply: cartilage=diffusion
bone=blood vessels travel thru Haversian canals and marrow cavities: all enter bone thru NUTRIENT FORAMINA ON BONE SURFACE

appearance:
1. compact bone: outer surface of bones, made of lamellae packed closely together in Haversian Systems; APPEARS SOLID

2. spongy bone=interconnected network of bars of bone called trabeculae (trabeculae= "little beams")--these form network of marrow cavities

Blood Supply: CBlood vessels in Haversian canals deliver nutrients to osteocytes thru nutrient foramina.

*In trabeculae of songy bone: surrounded by small vessels thraveling in the endosteal layer, canaliculi extend to surface to allow processes (filopodia) from osteocytes to contact these vessels and distribute nutrients

NO DIFFUSION! :)

Front 149

lacunae

Back 149

holes in bone "swiss cheese" containiing osteocytes

Front 150

periosteum

(and endosteum)

Back 150

layer of connective tissue

LIKE perichondrium, outer fibrous layer and inner cell layer which can form new bone "osteogenic layer"

endosteum: b/t cortical and spongy bone investment of conn tissue--also has osteogenic component

Front 151

compact bone

Back 151

outer portion of bone, hard and dense, made of lamellae packed into Haversian Systems. HAS NO MARROW CAVITIES.

Front 152

Harversian System/osteon

Back 152

Lamellae arranged circumferentially around central circular canal containing a blood vessel

Central canal=Haversian canal

canal=parallel to surface of bone. Blood vessels in here provide nutrients to osteocytes, entering the bone thru *nutrient foramina*

Front 153

Red Marrow

found where?
composed of what?
common in what parts of body?

Back 153

found in TRABECULAE of spongy bone (these make marrow cavities)

-made of stem cells-->RBC production
-most abundant in young children, also ribs, sternum, iliac crest, bodies of vertebra,e ends of some long bones

Front 154

Yellow Marrow:

contains lots of what?
when/where commmon?
function?

Back 154

contains lots of fat

replaces red marrow as ppl grow

fat storage!! portions can revvert to red marrow if need more RBCs

i.e. move from low to high altitude need more RBCs

Front 155

Trabeculae

Back 155

Marrow cavities made in spongy bone

arranged in interlocking arches that correspond to calculated lines of stress!!
--related to initial deposition of collagen fibers of ECM

Front 156

Osteocytes (compare to chondrocytes)

Back 156

Like Chondro, located in lacunae, general maintenance of calcified ECM, homeostasis

Front 157

canaliculi

Back 157

Form channels/tunnels in Calcified ECM that extend b/t lacunae

Osteocytes have processes (filopodia), they travel w/in canaliculi and contact others w/ cell bodies in other lacunae, EXCHANGE NUTRIENTS and COMMUNICATIONS

**nO DIFFUSION thru ECM of bone!!**

Front 158

intramembranous ossification

Back 158

i.e. skull

membrane of dense connective tissue
membrane itself (periosteum)--its osteogenic layer (w/ osteoblasts) lays down bone on SURFACE of calvaria (appositional growth!!)

as this happens, bone on inner surface is broken down so appropriate thickness is maintained! (done by osteoclasts!)

Front 159

endochondral bone formation

what bones?
5 steps?

Back 159

bone REPLACES pre-existing cartilage model

bones of vertebrae, pelvis, base of skull, and LONG BONES in body: all appear as hyaline cartilage minis of adult bones in fetuses (2nd mo pregnancy)

1. Primary Ossification Ctrs in Long Bones
2. Growth of Long Bones b/t primary oss ctrs and birth
3. 2ndary Oss Ctrs
4. Growth of bones after birth, after 2ndry Oss Ctrs

Front 160

Endochondral Bone Formation
1. Primary Oss Centers appearance: describe 3 events

Back 160

1. Formation of Primary Ossification Center: Cartilage at mIDDLE of shaft begins to break down, bone begins to form on its remnants

stimuli:
1. midpoint of shaft, chondrocytes enlarge, lacunae expand, ECM of cartilage begins to calcify. Chondrocytes no longer get nutrients and they die, leaves cartilage skeleton
2. Perichondrium is transformed into periosteum. These make thin layer of bone around midpoint of shaft: PERIOSTEAL COLLAR (intramembranous ossification! its' forming a membrane!)
3. Blood Vessels form around bone and from periosteum of periosteal collar start to invade region of calcified cartilage, bring w/ it osteoclasts and blasts

Front 161

Endochondral Bone Formation
2. Growth of long bones b/t primary ossif centers and birth:

Back 161

Cartilage at each end of primary ossif ctr grows-- in length (interstitial growth) and diameter (appositional growth)

Ossification spreads from primary center outward.
At birth, long bones have shaft of BONE (diaphysis) w/ ends of cartilage (epiphyses)

Front 162

Endochondral Bone Formation
Step 3. Appearance of 2ndary Ossif Ctrs

Back 162

After birth, at cartilaginous ends of bones, 2nd ossif ctrs form (same 3 events as primary: ECM calcifies, periosteum forms, blood vessels invade)

2ndary centers of same bone do not occur at same time!! i.e. femur: first secondary ctr at distal end at time of birth; 2nd secondary ctr at proximal end at age 1.

Front 163

Endochondral Bone Formation
Step 4. Growth of long bones after birth, after 2ndary ossif ctrs

Back 163

Plate of cartilage b/t diaphyses and epiphyses=epiphyseal plate!

growth in length: cartilage cells in the plates proliferate, on diaph side--replaced by bone! (interstitial growth)

Closure of epiphyseal plates by abt age 20 (hormones influence!)

Front 164

Traction Epiphyses

Back 164

2ndary ossification centers that appear in relation to sites of muscle attachment

**TUBEROSITIES**

become more prominent when muscles are in heavy use

can be pulled away (Osgood Schlatter's) from bone BY muscle

Front 165

Endochondral Ossification of Carpal and Tarsal bones: how is it different from long bones?!

Back 165

don't have primary ctrs till AFTER BIRTH!

DO NOT have secondary ossif centers (except navicular bone)

Front 166

Remodeling of Bone over Lifespan

Back 166

change density in response to stress (weight lifter, runner, etc), nutrition, and hormone

# of osteoclasts increases w/ decrease in Calcium and increase in parathyroid hormone . Low Calcium=muscle tetany (spontaneous contraction). When osteoclasts break down bone, increase levels of calcium in blood (but decrease bone strength)

Osteoperosis=remodeling gone wild
bones brittle, subj to fracture
bones break down faster than produced

Front 167

Literal meanings:
Periosteum
Endosteum
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteocyte

Back 167

Periosteum=around bone
endosteum=within bone
osteoblast=bone "sprout/germ/bud"
osteoclast=bone "breaking"
osteocyte=bone cell

Front 168

Osteocytes: function?

Back 168

-maintain ECM
-INITIATE REMODELING PROCESS: sense pressure changes in bone, trasmitted via chemical signals by osteocytes to blasts and clasts!

Front 169

Femur: when does primary ossification center occur at distal end? when does it close?

proximal?

Back 169

distal end: birth, closes age 20

proximal end: age 1, closes age 18

Front 170

caput

Back 170

head

Front 171

collum

nuchal

Back 171

neck

"back/nape"

Front 172

truncus:

-thorax
-abdomen

Back 172

trunk

chest

abdomen

Front 173

osmos

Back 173

shoulder

Front 174

brachium

Back 174

arm

Front 175

ancon

Back 175

elbow

Front 176

antebrachium

Back 176

forearm

Front 177

manus

Back 177

hand

Front 178

carpus

Back 178

wrist

Front 179

digit I, pollex

Back 179

thumb

Front 180

digits II, II, IV, V

Back 180

fingers

Front 181

coxa

Back 181

hip

Front 182

femoral region

Back 182

thigh

Front 183

genu, genicular region

Back 183

knee

Front 184

patellar region

anterior genicular region

Back 184

front of knee

Front 185

popliteal region, posterior genicular region

Back 185

back of knee

Front 186

crus, crural region

Back 186

leg

Front 187

sural region/posterior crural region

Back 187

back (calf) of leg

Front 188

pes

-tarsus
-digit I, hallux
-digits II-V

Back 188

foot

-ankle
-big toe
-other toes

Front 189

anatomically: arm

leg

(what parts are they referring to?)

Back 189

arm=upper limb b/t shoulder and elbow only!

leg: b/t knee and foot! no thigh!

Front 190

axial skeleton components?

appendicular?

Back 190

skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

appen: upper/lower limbs and their girdles

Front 191

literal meaning of:
-sagittal
-acromion
-coracoid

Back 191

-arrow

"point of shoulder"

"crow"

Front 192

two surfaces of scapula in anatomical terms?

Back 192

costal surface/subscapular fossa

dorsal surface: spine, supra/infraspinous fossae, acromion process

Front 193

acromial angle?

scapular notch is on what border of scapula-medial, lateral, or superior border?

Back 193

junction b/t SPINE of scapula and acro process

scap notch: superior border

Front 194

glenoid fossa: where does biceps bracii attach?

triceps?

Back 194

supraglenoid tubercle

infraglenoid tubercle

Front 195

line extending b/t inferior angles of 2 scapulae is at spinous process of what vertebra?

medial end of scapular spine what spinous process?

Back 195

T7

T3

Front 196

humerus:

greater and lesser tubercles (prox or distal end?).
what separates the head of humerus from these 2?

what is just below anatomical neck?

Back 196

proximal end

seprated by anatomical neck

just below: surgical neck (most commonly broken)

Front 197

what separates greater and lesser tubercles on humerus?

where are deltoid tuberosity and radial groove?

distal end of humerus: lateral/medial epicondyles

Back 197

intertubercular groove

slight ridges on either sides: medial and lateral crests

**deltoid tuberosity: midway thru shaft

**radial groove: posterior and inferior

epicondyles: attach for muscles of forearm

trochlea, capitulum
-olecranon fossa
-coronoid fossa

Front 198

literal meanings:
coronoid
deltoid
intertubercular
olecranon
trochlea
fossa

Back 198

coronoid: "like a crow's beak"
deltoid: "shaped like the letter delta/triangular"
intertub: "between a small lump"
olecranon: "head of elbow"

trochlea: "small wheel or roller"

fossa: "ditch"

Front 199

in anat position, which bone is medial? ulna or radius?

what connects ulna and radius along length of shaft?

which bone has the trochlear notch?

Back 199

**ULNA**

interosseus membrane

ulna has troch notch

Front 200

literal meaning of:
styloid
capitate
hamate
pisiform
scaphoid

Back 200

"long and tapered pillar"
"headed"
"hooked"
"pea-shaped"
"a kind of boat"

Front 201

8 carpal bones

which one is sesamoid? (what does sesamoid mean?)

Back 201

scaphoid (tubercle of scaphoid)
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
trapezium (tubercle of trapezium)
trapezoid
capitate
handle (hook of hamate)

sesamoid=bone embedded w/in tendons of muscles
-**pisiform!**

Front 202

what innervates the intrinsic back muscles?

Back 202

dorsal rami of spinal nerves!!

Front 203

fibrous joints:

what kind of tissue?
is there a joint cavity?
how much mvmt?
3 major groups/types?

Back 203

DENSE fibrous collagenous tissue
NO cavity
little/no mvmt

3 groups:
sutures (skull)

gomphosis (tooth and socket bone)

interosseous membranes (radius/ulna; tibia/fibula)

Front 204

Cartilaginous joints:

union by what?
joint cavity or no?
how much mvmt?
2 types?

Back 204

union by cartilage (duh)

no cavity except in pubic symphysis**

little mvmt, except **vertebral column**=considerable mvmt all together

1. Hyaline Cartilage: i.e. epiphyseal plate of long bone!

2. Fibrocartilage: PUBIC SYMPHYSIS AND IV DISCS!!!

Front 205

Synovial Joints:
1. space b/t elements?
2. articular surfaces covered by what?
3. vascularized or no?
4. What is a fibrous capsule?
5. What lines inner surface of joint capsule?
. Interarticular discs?

Back 205

1. Space b/t skel elements="joint space"

2. Artic. surfaces covered by hyaline/articular cartilage.. This cartilage=NO PERICHONDRIUM!!

3. NOT VASCULARIZED, get nutrition by diffusion

4. Fibrous Capsule surrounds surfaces and connects elements=HOLDS THEM TOGETHER

5. Inner surface=synovial membrane=thin, highly vascularized conn. tissue membrane, makes synovial fluid

6. IV discs=conn tissue discs b/t surfaces, make them more congruous? facilitate mvmt? i.e. sternoclavicular disc!!!

Front 206

Is the articular cartilage at synovial joints covered by perichondrium?

Synovial joints are avascular. BUT synovial MEMBRANE that lines the capsule: vascularized?

Back 206

NO

syn membrane=highly vascularized, provides synovial fluid

Front 207

How do synovial joints work?

"weeping lubrication"

Back 207

as opposing cartilages touch, fuid is squeezed out, making a film of lubricant. As pressure CEASES, fluid goes back into cartilages like h2o into a sponge. "weeping lubrication"

Front 208

Examles of:
1. Uniaxial Joint
2. Biaxial Joint
3. Multiaxial Joint

Back 208

1. Uni=ANKLE (talcocrural), humeroulnar (elbow), radioulnar
2. Biaxial: wrist, knee, fingers!
3. Shoulder/hip/sternoclavicular (?)

Front 209

inversion/eversion of foot occurs at what joints?

intertarsal
tarsometatarsal
metatarsalphalangeal?

Back 209

INTERTARSAL!

Front 210

functional classification of radioulnar joint?

Back 210

UNIAXIAL

Front 211

thumb joint:
move thumb in sagittal plane: name ov mvmt?

coronal plane?

Back 211

Sagittal=ab/adduction

Coronal=flex/extension
(**exception b/c thumb faces laterally!)

Front 212

functional classification of:
metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb? (b/t trap and 1st knuckle)

FINGERS: metacarpal-phalangeal
(move in sag and coronal plane)
interphalangeal?
interphalangeal joint, thumb (1st and 2nd knuckle)

Back 212

1. uNI
2. UNI
3. BI
4. UNIaxial

Front 213

when knee is BENT, it can rotate in addition to flexion/extension.

therefore it is a ______ joint.

Back 213

biaxial

Front 214

metatarsophalangeal joints (toe connect to foot)

what mvmts? functional class?

Back 214

flex, extend
ab/adduct

BIAXIAL

Front 215

what 2 regions of spine have greatest degree of mvmt?

what portion of spine is fixed when talking abt joints?

Back 215

CERVICAL and LUMBAR

caudal portion is FIXED : cervical mvmt=thoracic fixed; thoracolumbar mvmt=pelvis fixed

Front 216

literal meaning of:
rhomboid
multifidis

Back 216

"shaped like a rhomboid, having parallel planes"

mult: much/many, fid=to split into many parts