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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Structures removed in radical mastectomy |
Breast Pectoralis M/M Axillary LN |
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Abnormal increased curvature of the thoracic vertebral column |
Kyphosis |
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Primary curvature of spine corresponds to what segments? |
Thoracic Sacral |
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C1 C2 C7 Type of cervical vertebrae? |
Atypical |
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Vertebral prominence corresponds to |
C7 |
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What passes through the foramen transversarium |
Vertebral body |
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Subclavian artery divided by the ? |
Scalenous anterior |
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Match shape of verterbal body to vertebra Triangular Heart Kidney |
Cervical Thoracic Kidney |
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Spinal cord in adults end where? |
Inferior border of L1 Superior border of L2 |
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Match structure to corresponding vertebral level S3 |
End of sigmoid colon |
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Match structure to corresponding vertebral level Sacral promontory |
S1 |
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Match structure to corresponding vertebral level Thryroid cartilage Carotid pulse palpated |
C5 |
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Match structure to corresponding vertebral level Inferior vena cava hiatus |
T8 |
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Match structure to corresponding vertebral level Duodenum |
T12 L1 |
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Match structure to corresponding vertebral level Renal artery |
L2 |
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Match structure to corresponding vertebral level Inferior mesenteric artery Umbilicus |
L3 |
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Match structure to corresponding vertebral level Pulmonary hilum |
T5-T7 |
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Match vertebral level to corresponding structure C3-C4 |
Hyoid bone Bifurcation of CCA |
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Match vertebral level to corresponding structure C6 |
Cricoid cartilage Start of trachea and esophagus |
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Match vertebral level to corresponding structure T2 |
Sternal notch Arch of aorta |
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Match vertebral level to corresponding structure T4 |
Sternal angle Superior and inferior mediastinum junction Trachea bifurcation |
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Match vertebral level to corresponding structure T9 |
Xiphisternal |
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Match vertebral level to corresponding structure T10 |
Esophageal hiatus |
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Match vertebral level to corresponding structure T12 |
Celiac artery Upper pole of left kidney |
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Match vertebral level to corresponding structure L1 |
SMA Upper pole of right kidney Conus medullaris |
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Match structure to corresponding vertebral level Iliac crest Bifurcation of aorta |
L4 |
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Match structure to corresponding vertebral level End of dural sac, dura, arachnoid apace |
S2 |
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Spinal cord held in position by ? on each side and ? inferiorly |
Denticulate ligaments Filum terminale |
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Location of spinal cord 6 mos ? Birth ? Adult ? |
S1 L3 L1 |
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What lamina? Gray substance surrounding the central canal |
Lamina X |
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What lamina? Located in the posterior horn |
Lamina 1-6 |
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What lamina? Located at the lateral horn |
Lamina 7 |
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What lamina? Located at the anterior horn |
Lamina 8 and 9 |
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Dorsal/posterior column corresponds to what function? |
Proprioception Position sense, 2pt discrimination, vibratory sense, stereognosis |
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Spinothalamic tract corresponds to what sense? Anterior ? Lateral ? |
Touch, pressure Pain, temperature |
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Injury at the lateral CST causes what? |
Motor loss UMN lesion |
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(+) Romberg sign Loss of 2 point discrimination Loss of vibration sense Where is the lesion? |
Lemniscal pathway Dorsal/posterior |
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Lateralization If dorsal column injury ? If spinothalamic ? |
Ipsilateral Contralateral |
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Injury to which part of the PNS would cause motor dysfunction? |
Descending pathway Anterior horn cell |
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Location in the spinal cord? Receives input from where? Gracile fasciculus |
Medial Coming from lower extremities |
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Location in the spinal cord? Receives input from where? Cuneate fasciculus |
Lateral Upper extremities |
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Test for spinal shock |
Activity of anal sphincter |
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PE of spinal shock |
Flaccis paralysis Loss of sensation Loss of autonomics Loss of reflex activity |
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Findings in central cord syndrome |
Spinothalamic involvement - Pain, temperature in hands and forearm |
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Findings in anterior cord syndrome |
Intact proprioception Sensory loss Motor loss |
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Injury to the left spinal cord Left proprioception loss R pain, temperature, touch loss Left motor loss What condition? |
Brown Sequard syndrome *left hemisection |
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Caused by neurosyphilis Dorsal root involvement with degeneration of dorsal column |
Tabes dorsalis *loss of vibration and position sense |
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Progressive cavitation around the central canal Cape like presentation |
Syringomelia |
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Degeneration of posterior and lateral columns Vitamin B12 deficiency |
Subacute combined degeneration |
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Where is the lesion? Wallenberg |
Lateral medullary PICA syndrome |
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Where is the lesion? Millard Gublar |
Pons |
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Where is the lesion? Claude Weber |
Midbrain (3,4) |
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Quadriplegia implies damage to spinal cord segment? |
C4-C6 |
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Unilateral spinal cord lesions in thoracic levels may result in paralysis of ? |
Monoplegia Ipsilateral LE |
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Bilateral injury to thoracic spinal cord manifests as? |
Paraplegia |
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Layers to penetrate into the subarachnoid space for lumbar puncture |
*iliac crest for L3, L4, L5 Skin Superficial fascia Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligament Ligamentum flavum Epidural space Dura mater Arachnoid Subarachnoid space |
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Path taken by herniating intervertebral disk |
Posterolateral |
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MC levels in spina bfida |
L5 S1 |
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Most severe type of spina bfida Spinal cord is open |
Myeloschisis |
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Triangle of auscultation boundaries |
Latissimus dorsi Trapezius Medial scapula |
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Site of lumbar hernia |
Lumbar triangle of petit |
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4 muscles derived from pharyngeal arches |
Mastication, CN 5 Facial expression, CN 7 Deglutition, CN 9 Phonation, CN 10 |
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Thyoid gland is invested by |
Pretracheal fascia |
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3 layers of cervical fascia |
Superficial cervical Pretracheal Prevertebral |
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Superficial cervical fascia splits to enclose 2 muscles |
Trapezius SCM |
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Superficial cervical fascia under the SCM forms |
Carotid sheath |
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Superficial cervical fascia between the SCM forms |
Suprasternal space of Burna |
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Cervical fascia which forms floor of posterior triangle of neck |
Prevertebral |
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4 potential spaces in the deep fascia of neck |
Visceral Retropharyngeal Submandibular Masticatory |
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Contents of the carotid sheath |
C/ICA IJV Vagus nerve |
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4 suprahyoid muscles |
Ant/post digastric Mylohyoid Stylo Genio |
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Action of suprahyoid muscles |
Elevated the hyoid |
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4 infrahyoid muscles |
Deep - thyrohyoid, sternohyoid Superficial - omohyoid, sternohyoid |
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Innervation of suprahyoid muscles |
Facial - stylo, posterior digastric Nerve to mylohyoid - ant digastric C1 - geniohyoid |
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Infrahyoid muscle not attached to the hyoid |
Sternothyroid |
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Action of sternothyroid |
Depresses larynx |
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All infrahyoid muscles are innervated by ansa cervicalis except |
Thyrohyoid |
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3 smaller triangles of the ANTERIOR triangle |
Digastric Carotid Muscular |
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2 smaller triangles of the POSTERIOR triangle |
Supraclavicular Occipital |
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Only unpaired triangle of the neck |
Submental |
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Boundaries of submental |
Ant digastric Hyoid Mylohyoid |
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Content of submandibular triangle |
Submandibular gland Wharton's duct |
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Boundaries of carotid triangle |
Superior omohyoid Posterior digastric Ant SCM |
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Where can the carotid pulse be palpated? |
Below the anterior border of SCM at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage |
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Boundaries of muscular triangle |
Superior omohyoid Anterior digastric Anterior SCM |
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Thyroid Parathyroid Larynx What triangle contains this? |
Muscular |
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Boundaries of occipital triangle |
Portion of occipital bone Occipital artery Accesory nerve |
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Manifestation of accessory nerve lesions |
Weakness of the trapezius *cannot elevate scapula, shrug shoulder, lateral rotation of scapula |
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Blood supply of thyroid gland |
Superior THY << ext carotid Inferior THY << thyrocervical |
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Small midline artery crosses the thyroid isthmus inferiorly 12% of individuals |
Thyroidea Ima |
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Vein that receives from thyroid gland |
Brachiocephalic (inferior) *IJV (superior, middle) |
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Painless, progressively enlarging movable mass that is asymptomatic unless infected |
Thyroglossal duct cyst *thyroglossal duct sinus that opens in the median plane |
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3 paired cervical cartilages |
Arytenoid Corniculate Cuneiform |
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3 unpaired cervical cartilages |
Epiglottis Thyroid Cricoid |
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Pathway for cricothyroidotomy *between cricoid and thyroid |
Skin Superficial fascia Investing layer of deep cervical fascia Pretracheal Larynx |
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2 complications of cricothyroidotomy |
Esophageal perforation Hemorrhage |
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Tracheoesophageal results from improper division of the foregut by ? |
Tracheoesophageal septum |
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SSx to suspect TEF? |
Subsequent feedings show accumulation milk and food Respiratory complications |
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4 types of TEF |
EA with TEF At distal end TEF only At proximal end At both ends |
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4 derivatives of vagus nerve in the thyroid |
Superior LN - internal LN, external LN Inferior/Recurrent LN |
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Nerve which supplies sensation above the vocal cord |
Internal LN |
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Nerve which supplies cricothyroid |
External LN |
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Function of recurrent LN |
Motor of phonation except cricothyroid Sensory below vocal cord |
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Match action to thyroid muscle P-cricoarytenoid L-cricoarytenoid Cricothyroid Thyroarytenoid |
ABDuctor Adductor Tensor Relaxorr |
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Fixed vocal cord Transient hoarseness What nerve damaged? |
Recurrent LN *left - hooks around arch of aorta *right - right subclavian artery |
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Cervical roots of ansa cervicalis |
C1, 2, 3, 4 |
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4 cutaneous branches of the ansa |
Lesser occipital C2 - medial auricle Greater auricular C2-3 - mandible, parotid, auricle Transverse cutaneous Supraclavicular |
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Zone of the neck from the root of the neck up to level of inferior border of the cricoid cartilage |
Zone 1 |
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Sternal angle of Louis is attached to ? |
Costal cartilage of the 2nd rib |
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Ideal site for sternum and marrow biopsy |
9th thoracic vertebrae |
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Important structures at the sternal angle |
Bifurcation of the trachea Arch of the aorta Azygous veins drain into the SVC |
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1st rib has ? for attachment of scalenus anterior muscle |
Scalene tubercle |
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Type of joint in the 1st costal cartilage |
Primary cartilaginous |
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Boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture |
Posterior - T1 Lateral - Rib 1 Anterior - Superior border of manubrium |
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Boundaries of inferior thoracic aperture |
Posterior - T12 Posterolateral - Rib 11 and 12 Anterolateral - Costal margin Xiphisternal joint |
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Symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome |
Pain down medial forearm, wasting of hand muscles Circulation of the upper limb |
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3 muscles which depress the ribs |
Serratus post inferior Internal intercostal Transverse thoracis |
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Location of thymus gland |
Anterior |
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Site of insertion for pericardiocentesis |
Left xiphocostal angle |
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Auscultatory areas of the heart |
Tricuspid - lower end of sternum Pulmonary - 2nd left ICS Aortic - 2nd right ICS Mitral - 5th ICS LMCL |
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2nd heart sound is due to closure of what valves |
Aortic Pulmonary |
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2 branches of the right coronary artery |
Marginal Post interventricular |
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2 branches of the left coronary arteries |
Anterior interventricular Circumflex |
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5 veins that drain into the right atrium |
SVC IVC Coronary sinus Anterior cardiac vein Venae cordis minimae |
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Left circumflex artery supplies ? |
Left atriun Left ventricle |
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Intaventricular septum and apex are supplied by ? |
Anterior interventricular branch of L coronary |
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Marginal branch of right coronary supplies ? |
Right ventricle |
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Right coronary artery supplies ? |
Right atrium |
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MCC of ischemic heart disease |
Coronary atherosclerosis |
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Site of pericardiocentesis |
Left 5th-6th ICS |
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MC site of occlusion in MI |
Anterior interventricular artery |
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RV has internal surface with irregular muscular ridges calles ? |
Trabeculae carnae *papillary muscle originates from here |
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In the RV, apices are connected by fibrous strands called |
Chordae tendinae |
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Modified trabeculae carnae that crosses the interventricular septum |
Moderator band |
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Difference between left ventricle and right ventricle |
Walls are twice as thick Conical cavity is longer Trabeculae carnae is finer Papillary muscles larger |
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Fate of the primitive heart Primitive atrium? |
Left atrium |
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Fate of the primitive heart Sinus venosus |
Right horn - R atrium Left horn - Coronary sinus |
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Fate of the primitive heart Primitive ventricle |
Left ventricle |
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Fate of the primitive heart Bulbus cordis |
Right ventricle |
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Fate of the primitive heart Truncus arteriosus |
Root of the aorta Pulmonary trunk |
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Fetal circulation Pathway for oxygenated blood |
Umbilical vein Ductus venosus IVC Right atrium Foramen ovale Left atriun LV Aorta |
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Fetal circulation Pathway for UNoxygenated blood |
SVC RA RV Pulmonary trunk DA Aorta |
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Maxillary arteries derived from what pharyngeal arch |
1st pair |
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4th pair of pharyngeal arch forms ? |
Left - arch of Aorta Right - proximal R subclavian |
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Common carotid arteries are derived from which pharyngeal arch? |
3rd pair |
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2nd pharyngeal arches form ? |
Stapedial arch |
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6th pharyngeal arch forms ? |
Left proximal - L pulmonary artery Distal - Ductus arteriosus Right prox - R PA Distal degenerates |
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Fate of the vitelline veins |
Portal system |
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Fate of the fetal cardinal veins |
Caval veins |
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Costal line of pleural reflection passes obliquely through |
8th rib MCL 10th rib MCL 12th rib sides of the vertebral column |
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Lower margins of lungs crosses the ? |
6th rib MCL 8th rib MAL 10th rib sides of the vertebral column |
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Histology of terminale bronchiole |
Single columnar |
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Histology of respiratory bronchiole |
Simple cuboidal |
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Blood supply of the lungs |
Bronchial arteries - from descending thoracic aorta Pulmonary veins - empty into left atrium |
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Insertion of thoracocentesis |
ABOVE the 8th ICSA |
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Postductal coarctation of the aorta causes formation of collaterals where ? |
Anterior intercostal (from internal thoracic) Posterior intercostal (from descending aorta) |
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Insertion of needle for subclavian catherization |
Inferior to clavicle 2-4cm lateral to its midpoint |
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Complications to subclavian catherization |
Hitting the clavicle, 1st rib, subclavian artery, phrenic |
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Advantage of using IJV for catherization |
Larger than left Straight course to SVC |
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Insertion of needle for IJV catherization |
Apex of lesser supraclavicular fossa or heads of SCM and clavicle |
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Dimpling of the breast caused by ? |
Shortening of Cooper's/suspensory ligament |
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Structures removed in radical mastectomy |
Breast Pectoralis M/M Axillary LN |
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Injury of intercostal nerve during radical mastectomy |
Loss of sensation in upper inner aspect of arm |
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Injury of medial pectoral nerve during radical mastectomy |
Difficulty in lifting, flapping her arms |
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Difficulty in horizontal extension of UE shows injury of ? |
Thoracodorsal nerve Latissimus dorsi |
