Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
The stomach releases the hormone _____ to aid in digestion
|
(A) Gastrin
(B) HCL (C) Secretin (D) Pepsin |
(A) Gastrin
|
|
|
The ______ flaps over the glottis when we swallow food.
|
(A) uvula
(B) vocal fold (C) palate (D) epiglottis |
(D) epiglottis
|
|
|
The _____ region is used by both the digestive and respiratory systems.
|
(A) Larynx
(B) Oropharynx (C) Nasopharynx (D) Epipharynx |
(B) Oropharynx
|
|
|
Katty, who lived in cold climates, might have had an elongated and narrow nasal cavities
|
(A) because large noses attract males
(B) because Katty had keener senses of smell (C) because nasal cavities warm the air (D) because there may have been more insects in cold Europe when the Neanderthals lived |
(C) because nasal cavities warm the air
|
|
|
Which organ is responsible for the production of bile?
|
(A) Large intestine
(B) Liver (C) Small intestine (D) Stomach |
(B) Liver
|
|
|
The thymus gland is positioned
|
(A) Posterior to the trachea
(B) Inferior to the heart (C) Posterior to the thyroid gland (D) superior to the heart (E) in the iniguinal region |
(A) Posterior to the trachea
|
|
|
The formation of lymph would increase if there were a(n)
|
(A) increase in blood osmotic pressure
(B) decrease in protein in the tissue fluid (C) increase in tissue osmotic pressure (D) decrease in the volume of tissue fluid (E) All of the above |
(C) increase in tissue osmotic pressure
|
|
|
Humoral immunity is the responsibility of the
|
(A) Monocytes
(B) B-cells (C) Cytotoxic T-cells (D) Helper T-cells (E) Suppressor T-cells |
(B) B-Cells
|
|
|
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by
|
(A) T-regulatory lymphocytes
(B) B lymphocytes (C) Natural killer cells (D) Pinocytosis (E) Cytotoxicity |
(D) Pinocytosis
|
|
|
Complementing proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. this phenomenon is termed _____.
|
(A) Diapedesis
(B) Opsonization (C) Agglutination (D) Chemotaxis (E) Cytotoxicity |
(B) Opsonization
|
|
|
Select the correct statement about immune attack on "self"
|
(A) The development of tolerance is specific to B-cells only
(B) Neutrophils capable of binding to self-antigens are chemically inactivated (C) Tolerance is developed during fetal life (D) Tolerance to self is due to the action of foreign antigens that inactivate the immune response to one's own tissues (E) None of the above |
(C) Tolerance is developed during fetal life
|
|
|
Which of the following is not classified as a lymphatic organ?
|
(A) Aggregated nodules (Peyer's Patches) in the intestine
(B) Liver (C) Spleen (D) Tonsils (E) Lymph node |
(B) liver
|
|
|
Lymphoid tissue locations where there are frequently infected mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts are referred to as
|
(A) The intestinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes
(B) MALT (C) intestinal and bronchomediastinal lymph nodes (D) the cisterna chyli and lacteals (E) None of the above |
(B) MALT
|
|
|
The long-lived lymphocytes that recirculate to patrol the body and responsible for secondary immune responses are:
|
(A) cytotoxic T-cells
(B) memory lymphocytes (C) effector lymphocytes (D) B lymphocytes only (E) Antibodies |
(B) memory lymphocytes
|
|
|
95% of immature lymphocytes fail their final test i.e. sensitization to "self protein" and hence are automatically destroyed; this phenomenon is called:
|
(A) Self destruction
(B) Autoimmunity (C) Self Tolerance (D) Clonal Deletion (E) Clonal selection |
(D) Clonal Deletion
|
|
|
Process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates in response to a specific antigen is referred to as
|
(A) Self destruction
(B) Autoimmunity (C) Self Tolerance (D) Clonal Deletion (E) Clonal selection |
(E) Clonal selection
|
|
|
Which of the following is a unique characteristic of antibodies?
|
(A) carbohydrate structure
(B) three binding sites per antibody monomer (C) incapable of being transferred from one person to another (D) composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains (E) its ability to generate antigens |
(D) composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
|
|
|
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?
|
(A) right lymphatic duct
(B) cisterna chyli (C) lumbar trunk (D) thoracic duct (E) None of the above |
(A) right lymphatic duct
|
|
|
What effect does age have on the size of the thymus?
|
(A) The thymus initially increases in size and then decreases in size from adolescence through old age
(B) the size of the thymus decreases continuously from birth to death (C) the size of the thymus increases continuously from birth to death (D) the thymus is not affected by age (E) the size of the thymus remains constant |
(A) The thymus initially increases in size and then decreases in size from adolescence through old age
|
|
|
Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection, except
|
(A) complement
(B) intact skin (C) basement membrane (D) mucous membrane (E) cilia |
(A) complement
|
|
|
All of the following are true of the secondary or anamnestic response of immunity, except that it
|
(A) involve memory B cells
(B) results in elevated titer s of antibodies sooner than in the primary response (C) can occur ever if the second exposure occurs years after the initial exposure (D) generally prevents a person from showing serious symptoms of the disease (E) promotes an increased susceptibility to immune system failure |
(E) promotes an increased susceptibility to immune system failure
|
|
|
the effects of activating the complement system include all of the following, except
|
(A) deactivation of the immune response
(B) chemotaxis (C) opsonization (D) stimulation of inflammation (E) destruction of target cell membranes |
(A) deactivation of the immune response
|
|
|
the body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except
|
(A) interferon
(B) antibodies (C) complement (D) the skin (E) inflammation |
(B) antibodies
|
|
|
the binding of an antibody to an antigen can result in
|
(A) complement activation and opsonization
(B) neutralization of the antigen (C) agglutination or precipitation (D) All of the above (E) A and B only |
(D) All of the above
|
|
|
the 'red pulp' of the spleen contains large numbers of
|
(A) antibodies
(B) macrophages (C) lymphocytes (D) red blood cells (E) neutrophils |
(D) red blood cells
|
|
|
characteristics of specific defenses include
|
(A) specificity
(B) tolerance (C) memory (D) versatility (E) all of the above |
(E) all of the above
|
|
|
components of the lymphoid system include the:
(1) pancreas (2) spleen (3) lymphatic vessels (4) thymus (5) lymph nodes (6) thoracic duct |
(A) 1, 3, 5, 6
(B) 1, 4, 6 (C) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (D) all of the above (E) none of the above |
(C) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
|
|
|
Lymph nodes..
|
(A) filter both blood and lymph
(B) cortex is inner while medulla is on the outer zone (C) manufacture lymph (D) are found assymetrically in the body (E) recieve lymph through the efferent vessels |
(D) are found asymmetrically in the body
|
|
|
Lymph flows through lymphatic vessels due to
|
(A) skeletal muscle contractions
(B) respiratory movements (C) strong contractions of vessel walls (D) both A and B (E) none of the above |
(D) boh A and B
|
|
|
Each day about ____ of fluid moves from the plasma to the interstitial fluid to make lymph
|
(A)
(B) (C) 3.0 L (D) (E) |
(C) 3.0 L
|
|
|
Cardinal signs of an inflammatory reaction include
|
(A) redness, pus, fever, and rapid heart beat
(B) tears, swelling, pain, and fever (C) inflammation, redness, tissue damage, and altered pH (D) redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function (E) heat, pain, fever, and activation of the complement system |
(D) redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function
|
|
|
Process of phagocytosis
1. ingestion 2. digestion 3. chemotaxis 4. killing 5. adherence |
(A) 1, 5, 3, 2, 4
(B) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 (C) 5, 3, 1, 2, 4 (D) 3, 5, 1, 2, 4 (E) this is so confusing, i'm shallua and i'm an asshole!!!!! |
(D) 3, 5, 1, 2, 4
|
|
|
The body system(s) that have a unique memory (anemnestic) characteristics include
|
(A) skeletal and muscular
(B) immune and respiratory (C) nervous and immune (D) lymphatic and cardiovascular (E) endocrine and nervous |
(C) nervous and immune
|
|
|
the functions of lymphatic system include all except
|
(A) drain excess interstitial fluid
(B) transport gases to and from the lymph nodes (C) transport dietary lipid (D) carry out immune responses (E) Maintain the fluid balance in the body |
(B) transport gases to and from the lymph nodes
|
|
|
MHC class II molecules are found only attached to which of the following?
|
(A) granulocytes and microphages
(B) all body cells with a nucleus (C) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen (D) lymphocytes and macrophages (E) red blood cells |
(D) lymphocytes and macrophages
|
|
|
target organs for the hormone oxytocin are the uterus and the
|
(A) lungs
(B) biceps brachii muscle (C) thyroid gland (D) mammary glands (E) |
(D) mammary glands
|
|
|
the _____ gland is important in regulating the blood glucose of the body.
|
(A) thymus
(B) pineal (C) thyroid (D) pancreas |
(D) pancreas
|
|
|
which of the following endocrine organs can effectively control the pituitary gland?
|
(A) pancreas
(B) pineal (C) hypothalamus (D) thyroid |
(C) hypothalamus
|
|
|
the adrenal medulla secretes
|
(A) glucocorticoids
(B) epinephrine and norepinephrine (C) cortisol (D) aldosterone |
(B) epinephrine and norepinenephrine
|
|
|
which hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, is responsible for decreased urination?
|
(A) luteinizing
(B) antidiuretic (C) prolactin (D) adrenocorticotropic |
(B) antidiuretic
|
|
|
a specific type of hormone called _____ have the ability to interact directly with the cell's DNA
|
(A) steroids
(B) sebum (C) protein (D) adrenaline |
(A) steroids
|
|
|
which of the following hormones are directly controlled by the nervous system?
|
(A) insulin
(B) epinephrine (C) cortisol (D) oxytocin |
(B) Epinephrine
|
|
|
For which of the following hormones is its function known in women but unknown in men?
|
(A) FSH
(B) prolactin (C) androgens (D) TH |
(B) prolactin
|
|
|
The cells that synthesize inhibiting hormones are located in the
|
(A) hypothalamus
(B) pars distalis (C) atria of the heart (D) pancreatic islets |
(A) hyphothalamus
|
|
|
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the neurohypophysis?
|
(A) glucagon
(B) adrenaline (C) LH (D) ADH |
(D) ADH
|
|
|
What is the name of the condition in which the body is not producing adequate amounts of insulin?
|
(A) hyperthyroidism
(B) dwarfism (C) diabetes mellitus (D) graves' disease |
(C) diabetes mellitus
|
|
|
The action of the parathyroid hormone is counteracted by
|
(A) Calcitonin
(B) GH (C) oxytocin (D) thyroxin |
(A) calcitonin
|
|
|
Which of the following statements concerning the endocrine gland is incorrect?
|
(A) The hormones they secrete regulate processes such as growth and metabolism
(B) the hormones they secrete travel more quickly than nerve impulses (C) they are a group of ductless glands (D) they secrete messenger molecules called hormones |
(B) the hormones they secrete travel more quickly than nerve impulses
|
|
|
which of the following minerals is essential for the formation of thyroxin?
|
(A) iron
(B) calcium (C) copper (D) iodine |
(D) iodine
|
|
|
diabetes insipidus (oversecretion of water) can be caused by trauma to the
|
(A) pituitary gland
(B) pancreas (C) gonads (D) kidneys |
(A) pituitary gland
|
|
|
A cell type that manufactures and secretes ACTH is located in the
|
(A) adrenal medulla
(B) adrenal cortex (C) pituitary gland (D) heart |
(C) pituitary gland
|
|
|
One way in which the body will cope with increased stress is to increase the secretion of
|
(A) cortisol
(B) norepinephrine (C) oxytocin (D) glucagon |
(A) cortisol
|
|
|
the hormone produced by the heart
|
(A) is secreted in response to low blood volume
(B) increases calcium levels in the blood (C) decreases urine output (D) increases the excretion of sodium in the urine |
(D) increases the excretion of sodium in the urine
|
|
|
The _____ glands are located above each kidney
|
(A) adrenal
(B) pineal (C) thryoid (D) ovaries |
(A) adrenal
|
|
|
chemical messengers released directly into the bloodstream, with the ability to affect cells for hours or days, are called
|
(A) neurotransmitters
(B) hormones (C) sensory cells (D) dendrites |
(B) hormones
|
|
|
Enzymes necessary for digestion, ____, is produced to breakdown fats.
|
(A) lipase
(B) maltase (C) carbohydrate (D) nuclease |
(A) lipase
|
|
|
The digestive process that moves chyme back and forth in the small intestine is called
|
(A) mastication
(B) peristalsis (C) sphincter activity (D) segmentation |
(D) segmentation
|
|
|
Lung cancer, a very common type of lung cancer, is used to diagnose mestastasis of malignant tumors. This is due to the fact that:
|
(A) lymph nodes and macrophages in the lung are not efficient enough
(B) the lungs are well vascularized and aerated (C) lungs are considered outside the body because they are connected directly to the outer air and hence vulnerable (D) lungs lack self defense mechanisms found in other organs |
(B) the lungs are well vascularized and aerated
|
|
|
which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
|
(A) B12
(B) A (C) C (D) K |
(A) B12
|
|
|
what epithelium is in the respiratory mucosa?
|
(A) stratified squamous epithelium
(B) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithilium (C) simple columnar epithilium (D) simple squamous epithilium |
(B) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithilium
|
|
|
tidal volume is air _____.
|
(A) remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
(B) exchanged during normal breathing (C) inhaled after normal inspiration (D) forcibly expelled after normal expiration |
(D) forcibly expelled after normal expiration
|
|
|
the space between the right and left vocal folds is called the
|
(A) cricoid
(B) laryngeal inlet (C) vestibule (D) glottis |
(D) glottis
|
|
|
which of the following choices correctly pairs a type of cell in the stomach with its secretions?
|
(A) goblet cell, hydrochloric acid
(B) parietal cell, mucus (C) parietal cell, pepsinogen (D) chief, pepsinogen |
(D) chief, pepsingogen
|
|
|
the stomach has four regions, the area that connects with the small intestine is called the
|
(A) pylorus
(B) body (C) cardiac (D) fundus |
(A) pylorus
|
|
|
the lung volume that represents that total volume of exchangeable air is the _____
|
(A) vital capacity
(B) inspiratory capacity (C) expiratory reserve volume (D) tidal volume |
(A) vital capacity
|
|
|
A premature baby girl had trouble breathing? most possible reason?
|
(A) without enough surfactant, the baby had to exert a great effort to expand her lungs each time she inhaled
(B) the respiratory centers in the baby's medulla oblongata were to immature to establish the proper respiratory rhythm (C) the lung alveoli were not well enough developed to provide sufficient oxygen (D) the fetal lungs are filled with fluid, which the baby had not yet reabsorbed |
(A) without enough surfactant, the baby had to exert a great effort to expand her lungs each time she inhaled
|
|
|
The process of gas exchange between air and blood is called
|
(A) ventilation
(B) internal respiration (C) external respiration (D) respiration |
(C) external respiration
|
|
|
another name for serosa is
|
(A) serous gland
(B) mucosa (C) visceral peritoneum (D) adventitia |
(C) visceral peritoneum
|
|
|
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. what does the 1 stand for?
|
(A) incisor tooth
(B) molar tooth (C) canine tooth (D) premolar tooth |
(C) canine tooth
|
|
|
which of the following cells produce intrinsic factor?
|
(A) parietal cells
(B) mucous neck cells (C) enteroendocrine cells (D) zygomogenic cells |
(A) parietal cells
|
|
|
the structure responsible for the absorption of excess water is the
|
(A) spleen
(B) liver (C) colon (D) stomach |
(C) colon
|
|
|
the relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by
|
(A) henry's law
(B) dalton's law (C) boyle's law (D) lucas' law |
(C) Boyle's law
|
|
|
which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for the peristaltic waves that propel materials from one portion to another?
|
(A) mucosa
(B) submucosa (C) serosa (D) muscularis externa |
(D) muscularis externa
|
|
|
when the diaphragm contracts, the size of the thoracic cavity ______, the pressure inside the thoracic cavity _____, and air flows _____ into the lungs.
|
(A) decreases, rises, into
(B) increases, drops, into (C) increases, drops, out of (D) decreases, drops, out of |
(B) increases, drops, into
|
|
|
the portion of the large intestine closest to the liver is the
|
(A) cecum
(B) transverse colon (C) rectum (D) descending colon |
(B) transverse colon
|
|
|
the correct sequence of layers in the wall of the alimentary canal, from internal to external is:
|
(A) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis serosa
(B) submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis (C) mucosa, muscularis, serosa, submucosa (D) serosa, muscularis, mucosa, submucosa |
(A) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
|
|
|
Some bacteria from the intestinal microbiota work their way into the intestinal wall and start to spread through the circulation. many of these bacteria are stopped by MALT, while many are destroyed by
|
(A) hepatocytes
(B) the walling-off action of the greater omentum (C) kupffer macrophages (D) megakaryocytes |
(C) kupffer macrophages
|
|
|
type II cells that line the alveoli are responsible for the production of
|
(A) nitrogen
(B) surfactant (C) carbon dioxide (D) carina |
(B) surfactant
|
|
|
most foreign substances in inspired air fail to reach the lungs because of the
|
(A) porous structure of the nasal conchae
(B) action of the epiglottis (C) abundant blood supply to the nasal mucosa (D) ciliated epithilium and mucosa that line the respiratory passage |
(D) ciliated epilthilium and mucosa that line the respiratory passage
|
|
|
the vocal cords are located in the ___
|
(A) larynx
(B) oropharynx (C) nasal cavity (D) laryngopharynx |
(A) larynx
|
|
|
the appendix is attached at which area?
|
(A) cecum
(B) colon (C) anus (D) rectum |
(A) cecum
|
|
|
the stomach
|
(A) stores food for later use in the form of fat
(B) churns food into a paste by mechanical means (C) absorbs most of the nutrients in food (D) dehydrates food materials before passing them to the small inestine |
(B) churns food into a paste by mechanical means
|
|
|
the respiratory membrane is a combination of _____
|
(A) atria and alveolar sacs
(B) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts (C) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes (D) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sac |
(C) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
|
|
|
which of the following is not a characteristic of the large intestine?
|
(A) it contains an abundant bacteria flora
(B) it is the main site of nutrient absorption (C) it contains the ascending, transverse, and descending colon (D) it absorbs much of the water and salts remaining in the wastes |
(B)it is the main site of nutrient absorption
|
|
|
mechanical digestion includes all of the following except
|
(A) churning of food in the stomach
(B) breakdown of food with hydrochloric acid (C) manipulation of food with the tongue (D) tearing and grinding with the teeth |
(B) breakdown of food with hydrochloric acid
|
|
|
of the six basic digestive processes, the one commonly called "eating" is
|
(A) chemical digestion
(B) mechanical digestion (C) propulsion (D) ingestion |
(D) ingestion
|
|
|
digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the bile-secreting liver were severely damaged?
|
(A) proteins
(B) nucleic acids (C) lipids (D) carbohydrates |
(C) lipids
|
|
|
during metabolism, your body produces the waste product ____
|
(A) oxygen
(B) carbon monoxide (C) nitrogen (D) carbon dioxide |
(D) carbon dioxide
|
|
|
you have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk. which of the following glands would be active in helping you digest this food?
|
(A) the buccal glands
(B) the thyroid gland (C) the pancreas (D) the parotid glands |
(C) the pancreas
|
|
|
Due to the structure of the _____, a large amount of moisture is added to the respiratory system every day.
|
(A) eustachian tube
(B) nares (C) trachea (D) conchae |
(D) conchae
|
|
|
which of the following is not an accessory digestive organ?
|
(A) liver
(B) teeth (C) spleen (D) salivary gland |
(C) spleen
|
|
|
the detergent-like molecule that keeps the alveoli from collapsing between breaths is called
|
(A) hemoglobin
(B) oxygen (C) surfactant (D) bile |
(C) surfactant
|
|
|
the epithelium that lines the stomach and intestines is simple columnar. the basic functions of this epithelium are
|
(A) secretion and absorption
(B) support and protection (C) stretching and absorption (D) support and contraction |
(A) secretion and absorption
|
|
|
the esophagus differs from the rest of the alimentary tract in that is possesses no
|
(A) muscularis
(B) adventitia (C) serosa (D) mucosa |
(B) adventitia
|
|
|
elena, and anatomy student, observed a beam of sunlight coming through her living-room window, illuminating the dust in the air. she suddenly realized that she regularly breathed in this dust and that most of it soon entered her
|
(A) mucous cells
(B) stomach (C) fat reserves (D) sebaceous glands |
(B) stomach
|
|
|
the ____ teeth are blade shaped and used for cutting food.
|
(A) incisor
(B) canine (C) molar (D) bicuspid |
(A) incisor
|
|
|
chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of _____.
|
(A) mastication
(B) catabolism (C) fermentation (D) anabolism |
(B) catabolism
|
|
|
peristalsis and segmentation are mainly under the control of which part of the nervous system?
|
(A) visceral afferent nervous system
(B) enteric nervous system (C) parasympathetic nervous system (D) sympathetic nervous system |
(B) enteric nervous system
|
|
|
sympathetic stimulation of terminal bronchioles causes
|
(A) secretion of less surfactant
(B) bronchoconstriction (C) bronchodilation (D) a decrease in blood supply to the bronchioles |
(C) bronchodilation
|
|
|
what is the last section of the small intestine, before it empties into the large intestine called?
|
(A) stomach
(B) jejunum (C) duodenum (D) ileum |
(D) ileum
|
|
|
one of the muscles responsible for compressing the urinary bladder and expelling its contents is (the)
|
(A) detrusor
(B) external urethral sphincter (C) pyramidalis (D) internal urethral sphincter (E) none of the above |
(A) detrusor
|
|
|
females are susceptible to urinary tract infection because
|
(A) they have short ureters that aide in ascending infection
(B) they have long urethra that aide in ascending infection (C) they have relatively small urinary bladders that is easily penetrable by microoorganisms (D) they have short urethra that aid in ascending infection (E) they secrete urine contents that attracts microoorganisms |
(D) they have short urethra that aid in ascending infection
|
|
|
which steroid is secreted by the adrenal cortex to increase reabsorption of sodium ions?
|
(A) aldosterone
(B) adrenalin (C) angiotensin (D) antidiuretic hormone (E) renin |
(A) aldosterone
|
|
|
the renal tubule contains cells adapted for absorption by having
|
(A) cilia
(B) microvilli (C) flagella (D) villi (E) all of the above |
(B) microvilli
|
|
|
the expanded end of a nephron is the
|
(A) loop of Henle
(B) glomerulus (C) proximal convoluted tubule (D) Bowman's capsule (E) distal convoluted tubule |
(D) Bowman's capsule
|
|
|
which of the following is correct about the location of the kidney?
|
(A) the kidneys are bilateral and retroperitoneal
(B) the kidneys are in the anterior abdominal wall (C) there is one kidney deep to the liver (D) the left kidney is lower than the right (E) all of the above |
(A) the kidneys are bilateral and retroperitoneal
|
|
|
these substances are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane
|
(A) plasma proteins
(B) urea (C) sodium ions (D) amino acids (E) glucose |
(A) plasma proteins
|
|
|
a full bladder
|
(A) dangerous because it can easily rupture
(B) distends anteriorly and superiorly (C) is elastic and has transitional epithelium (D) controlled by somatic nervous system (E) can hold enormous amounts of urine |
(B) distends anteriorly and superiorly
|
|
|
if the afferent arteriole becomes constricted
|
(A) GFR will increase
(B) GFR will decrease (C) hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus will increase (D) blood flow into the efferent arteriole will increase (E) the protein concentration in the filtrate will increase |
(B) GFR will decrease
|
|
|
in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa belongs to the
|
(A) efferent arteriole
(B) glomerulus (C) visceral layer of the glomerular capsule (podocytes) (D) distal tubule (E) proximal tubules |
(D) distal tubule
|
|
|
place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body
1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct |
(A) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4
(B) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 (C) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 (D) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 (E) 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 6 |
(C) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
|
|
|
while the kidneys process about 180 L of blood-derived fluids daily, the amount that actually leaves the body is ____
|
(A) all of the 180 L
(B) 30% or 54 L (C) 50% or 90 L (D) 100 L (E) 1% or 1.8 L |
(E) 1% or 1.8 L
|
|
|
Your pituitary gland would secrete maximal quantities of antidiuretic hormone if
|
(A) you were adrift on a raft in the ocean in the tropics without fresh water to drink
(B) you drank many gallons of water every day (C) you had an exceptionally small bladder (D) you had a fever that was affecting the peristalsis of your ureters (E) none of the above |
(A) you were adrift on a raft in the ocean in the tropics without fresh water to drink
|
|
|
Let's say, you are nervous about this exam; you feel like going to the bathroom to empty your bladder, but the moment you are there nothing comes out, you try twice the same thing happens again. following statement tries to explain the phenomenon.
|
(A) parasympathetic input inhibits the release of urine by relaxing the bladder muscles
(B) sympathetic input constricts the internal sphincter while the external voluntary sphincter is relaxed (C) parasympathetic input constricts the internal sphincter while the external voluntary sphincter is relaxed (D) this is just a psychological phenomenon and it has nothing to do with the physiology; stop panicking and just do the exam! (E) you never know, maybe the bathroom is dirty! |
(B) sympathetic input constricts the internal sphincter while the external voluntary sphincter is relaxed
|
|
|
renal autoregulation involves the following
|
(A) reabsorption and secretion
(B) secretion and filtration (C) neural and hormonal (D) muscular (mechanical) and chemical (E) myogenic and tubuloglomerular |
(E) myogenic and tubuloglomerular
|
|
|
contraction of the cremaster muscle
|
(A) moves the testis closer to the body cavity
(B) moves sperm through the ductus deferens (C) propels sperm through the urethra (D) produces an erection (E) causes wrinkling of the scrotal sac |
(A) moves the testis closer to the body cavity
|
|
|
in response to parasympathetic stimulation
|
(A) erection occurs
(B) vessels in the penis dilate (C) blood flow increases to the erectile tissue (D) vascular channels in the erectile tissue become engorged with blood (E) all of the above (E) |
(E) all of the above
|
|
|
for erection and ejaculation to occur
|
(A) the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the nervous system
(B) the urinary sphincters must be closed (C) there must be sufficient blood hydrostatic pressure leading to erectile tissue (D) A and B only (E) A, B, and C |
(E) A, B, and C
|
|
|
the principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is
|
(A) LH
(B) FSH (C) estrogen (D) progesterone (E) estradiol |
(D) progesterone
|
|
|
The generally dark, pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple is called the
|
(A) areola
(B) fornix (C) hymen (D) clitoris (E) zona pellucida |
(A) areola
|
|
|
the tubular gland that produces a secretion that contains fructose, is slightly alkaline, and contributes about 60 percent to the volume of the semen is the
|
(A) prenuptial gland
(B) corpus cavernosum (C) bulbourethral gland (D) seminal vesicle (E) prostate gland |
(D) seminal vesicle
|
|
|
sperm production occurs in the
|
(A) seminiferous tubules
(B) seminal vesicles (C) rete testis (D) epididymis (E) ductus deferens |
(A) seminiferous tubules
|
|
|
the hormone responsible for the development and maintainance of female secondary characteristics is
|
(A) LH
(B) progesterone (C) gonadotropin (D) FSH (E) estrogen |
(E) estrogen
|
|
|
the process whereby sperm cells of spermatozoa are produced is
|
(A) spermatogenesis
(B) spermiogenesis (C) mitosis (D) diploid division (E) none of the above |
(A) spermatogenesis
|
|
|
the process of moving fluid secretions from the urethra to the outside is called
|
(A) arousal
(B) emission (C) excitation (D) ejaculation (E) none of the above |
(D) ejaculation
|
|
|
stem cells in the testes and ovaries are the
|
(A) spermatids and follicular cells
(B) haploids and polar bodies (C) spermatogonia and oocytes (D) primary spermatocytes and oocyte (E) spermatozoa and oocyte |
(C) spermatogonia and oocytes
|
|
|
erection of the penis is caused by
|
(A) the penis filling with semen to be ejaculated
(B) protrusion of the os penis, the penis bone (C) contraction of the longitudinal muscles (D) erectile tissues that become engorged with blood (E) none of the above |
(D) erectile tissues that become engorged with blood
|
|
|
the developing follicle cells secrete
|
(A) LH
(B) FSH (C) GnRH (D) estrogens (E) progesterone |
(D) estrogens
|
|
|
the following is a list of structures of the male reproductive tract
1. ductus deferens 2. urethra 3. ejaculatory duct 4. epididymis The order in which sperm pass through these structures from the testes to the penis is |
(A) 4, 1, 3, 2
(B) 4, 3, 1, 2 (C) 1, 4, 3, 2 (D) 1, 2, 4, 2 (E) 4, 1, 2, 3 |
(A) 4, 1, 3, 2
|
|
|
Developing spermatozoa are nourished by the
|
(A) sertoli cells
(B) seminal vesicles (C) epididymis (D) leydig cells (E) interstitial cells |
(A) sertoli cells
|
|
|
the most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is _____
|
(A) smoking
(B) a diet high in fat (C) sexually transmitted diseases (D) nondescent of the testes (cryptochidism) (E) none of the above |
(D) nondescent of the testes (cryptochidism)
|
|
|
Which of the following constitutes the female counterpart of the male scrotum?
|
(A) the greater vestibular glands
(B) the mons pubis (C) the clitoris (D) the labia majora (E) none of the above |
(D) the labia majora
|
|
|
spermiogenesis involves _____
|
(A) the formation of functional sperm by stripping away of superfluous cytoplasm
(B) the movement of sperm in the female genital tract (C) the formation of four haploid cells from a spermatogonium (D) the sequence of events in the rete testis (E) the formation of zygote after fertilization |
(A) the formation of functional sperm by stripping away of superfluous cytoplasm
|
|
|
the dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. which of the following is true about the role they play?
|
(A) they regulate the temperature of the testes
(B) they contract to push sperm along the ductus deferens (C) they contract to allow ejaculation (D) they are responsible for penis erection (E) none of the above |
(A) they regulate the temperature of the testes
|
|
|
select the correct statement about male sexual response
|
(A) ejaculation is the result of parasympathetic stimulation
(B) erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood (C) expansion of the penile tissues results in dilation of the venous outflow (D) sympathetic impulses are responsible for causing penis arteriolar dilation, resulting in erection (E) sympathetic impulses prepares individuals for sexual arousal while parasympathetic culminates the stimulation |
(B) erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood
|
|
|
removal of the prostate gland would result in semen
|
(A) with less fructose
(B) with lacked sperm (C) with no antibiotic protection (D) with no lubricating fluids (E) with lacked prostaglandins |
(C) with no antibiotic protection
|
|
|
normal menstration occurs when ____
|
(A) the corpus luteum secretes estrogen
(B) blood levels of FSH fall off (C) blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease (D) blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase (E) blood levels of testosterone increase |
(D) blood levels of estrogen and progesteron increase
|
|
|
the known functions of the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys include
|
(A) regulation of the glomerular blood flow
(B) stimulation of renin release (C) direct stimulation of sodium in resorption (D) direct stimulation of water reabsorption (E) all of the above |
|
|
|
the gaps between the pedicles of the podocytes are called (the)
|
(A) filtration slits
(B) mesangia (C) urachus (D) square ligament (E) none of the above |
|
|
|
a nephron has two parts:
|
(A) glomerulus and collecting ducts
(B) renal corpuscle and renal tubules (C) renal tubule and collecting duct (D) collecting duct and convoluted tubules (E) proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule |
|
|
|
which of the following sets atop the kidneys?
|
(A) urethra
(B) suprarenal or adrenal glands (C) kidneys (D) ureters (E) |
|
|
|
voluntary urination involves
|
(A) decreasing abdominal pressure
(B) contracting the external sphincter (C) relaxing the external sphincter and compressing the urinary bladder (D) relaxing the abdominal and expiratory muscles (E) none of the above |
|
|
|
the process of urine formation involves all of the following except
|
(A) reabsorption of certain solutes
(B) filtration of plasma (C) reabsorption of water (D) secretion of wastes (E) secretion of excess lipoprotein and glucose molecules |
|
|
|
during the micturition reflex
|
(A) stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall result in afferent impulses arriving in the lumbar region of the spinal cord
(B) the external sphincter relaxes as the result of a parasympathetic reflex (C) the internal sphincter must be consciously relaxed (D) there is increased activity of the parasympathetic motor neurons that control the smooth muscle of the bladder and relaxation of the internal sphincters (E) both A and D |
|
|
|
it's impossible to hold urine to the extent that the bladder is overfilled to the point that it ruptures
|
(A) that is not food for health reasons because uregenia will result
(B) one the bladder is filled more than 90% and overriding strong reflex to empty will be stimulated (C) males can do that but the females cannot, because of the anatomy of the urinary system (D) it gets too painful so many times people let it go because of the pain (E) please do not even ask this question because it's very uncomfortable to hold for the long time |
|
|
|
the cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the
|
(A) loop of Henle
(B) afferent arteriole (C) renal corpuscle (D) juxtaglomerular apparatus (E) filtration membrane |
|
|
|
the known functions of the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys include
|
(A) regulation of the glomerular blood flow
(B) stimulation of renin release (C) direct stimulation of sodium in resorption (D) direct stimulation of water reabsorption (E) all of the above |
(A) regulation of glomerular blood flow
|
|
|
the gaps between the pedicles of the podocytes are called (the)
|
(A) filtration slits
(B) mesangia (C) urachus (D) square ligament (E) none of the above |
(A) filtration slits
|
|
|
a nephron has two parts:
|
(A) glomerulus and collecting ducts
(B) renal corpuscle and renal tubules (C) renal tubule and collecting duct (D) collecting duct and convoluted tubules (E) proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule |
(B) renal corpuscle and renal tubules
|
|
|
which of the following sets atop the kidneys?
|
(A) urethra
(B) suprarenal or adrenal glands (C) kidneys (D) ureters (E) |
(B) suprarenal or adrenal glands
|
|
|
voluntary urination involves
|
(A) decreasing abdominal pressure
(B) contracting the external sphincter (C) relaxing the external sphincter and compressing the urinary bladder (D) relaxing the abdominal and expiratory muscles (E) none of the above |
(C) relaxing the external sphincter and compressing the urinary bladder
|
|
|
the process of urine formation involves all of the following except
|
(A) reabsorption of certain solutes
(B) filtration of plasma (C) reabsorption of water (D) secretion of wastes (E) secretion of excess lipoprotein and glucose molecules |
(E) secretion of excess lipoprotein and glucose molecules
|
|
|
during the micturition reflex
|
(A) stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall result in afferent impulses arriving in the lumbar region of the spinal cord
(B) the external sphincter relaxes as the result of a parasympathetic reflex (C) the internal sphincter must be consciously relaxed (D) there is increased activity of the parasympathetic motor neurons that control the smooth muscle of the bladder and relaxation of the internal sphincters (E) both A and D |
(E) both A and D
|
|
|
it's impossible to hold urine to the extent that the bladder is overfilled to the point that it ruptures
|
(A) that is not food for health reasons because uregenia will result
(B) once the bladder is filled more than 90% and overriding strong reflex to empty will be stimulated (C) males can do that but the females cannot, because of the anatomy of the urinary system (D) it gets too painful so many times people let it go because of the pain (E) please do not even ask this question because it's very uncomfortable to hold for the long time |
(B) once the bladder is filled more than 90% and overriding strong reflex to empty will be stimulated
|
|
|
the cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the
|
(A) loop of Henle
(B) afferent arteriole (C) renal corpuscle (D) juxtaglomerular apparatus (E) filtration membrane |
(D) juxtaglomerular apparatus
|
