Analyzing The Social World 1

Front 1

Felson and Paul-Phillipe Central Question

Back 1

What are the effects of region and race on the tendency to carry weapons for protection? Do these differences reflect an honor culture, a gun culture, or an adaptation to threat?

Front 2

Felson and Paul-Phillipe Smaller Questions

Back 2

REGION
Honor culture: Predict an interaction between region and race for all three types of weapons- Southern and Western whites will be more likely to carry weapons because they are more likely to respond to provocation with violence
Gun culture: only finding regional differences in gun carrying- Southern and Western whites are more likely to carry guns because of the prevalence

RACE
Honor culture: Blacks are more likely than white to carrying weapons for protection
Gun culture: Just race effects for guns

GENDER
Stronger regional and race effects for men in honor culture
Just as strong effects for women in gun culture

Front 3

Felson and Paul-Phillipe Independent Variable

Back 3

race/ethnicity, region of residence, gender
Race coded as White, Hispanic, Other race or Black
Region coded as South, West, or North without knowledge of how long people were living in region- people linked to county of residence based on the FIPS code

Front 4

Felson and Paul-Phillipe Dependent Variable

Back 4

The tendency to carry weapons for protection (firearms, knives, mace, other)

Front 5

Felson and Paul-Phillipe concepts and terms

Back 5

Honor culture, gun culture, adversary effect, "self-help", and current threat

Front 6

Felson and Paul-Phillipe Honor culture

Back 6

is a concept applied to Southern people where “violent retaliation is normative behavior when there is adequate provocation. In honor cultures, men are expected to defend themselves when threatened and to respond to insults with aggression

Front 7

Felson and Paul-Phillipe Gun culture

Back 7

Normative behavior including carrying a gun for protection

Front 8

Felson and Paul-Phillipe adversary effect

Back 8

The effect of current circumstance and believing the environment is dangerous causing a concern for safety--proximity to potential adversaries

Front 9

Felson and Paul-Phillipe "self-help"

Back 9

a southern tradition developed in which disputes are handled privately, without the involvement of formal authorities

Front 10

Felson and Paul-Phillipe current threat

Back 10

respondents’ concern for their personal safety, their history of personal victimization, and characteristics of the county in which they reside, including the violent crime rate, percent black, percent in poverty, and whether the county is in an urban area

Front 11

Felson and Paul-Phillipe source of data

Back 11

The National Violence Against Women (and Men) Survey is used for data on carrying firearms, knives, and mace (1361). Data was collected in between 1995-1996 with a representative sample of 8,000 women and 8,000 men, ages 18 and older (1362).

Front 12

Felson and Paul-Phillipe sample size

Back 12

7,511 men in 1,762 counties and 7,587 women in 1,734 counties after omitting cases with missing data on weapon carrying

Front 13

Felson and Paul-Phillipe Methods to analyze data

Back 13

A multileveled modeling strategy- The multinomial logistic regression models estimated with HLM software (1365) is used to analyze the data with five multiplicative terms.

(For the NVAW, a computer-assisted phone interview was conducted with respondents to ask about their weapon carrying and experiences with violence (1362).
People being surveyed were asked “Do you ever carry something with you to defend yourself or to alert other people?” “What do you carry?” (1363) and responses were split into a five-category variable (firearm, knife or sharp object, mace or other spray, any other weapon, no weapon), allowing respondents to report more than one type of weapon.
)

Front 14

Felson and Paul-Phillipe results

Back 14

Results suggest a gun culture among Southern and Western whites without determining whether the gun carrying measure reflects prevalence of guns or the tendency to carry guns for protection (1370). Results do not provide much support for a regionally based honor culture (1371). However, there are more results for a race-based honor culture, supporting an honor culture among blacks

Region: White Southerners and Westerners are more likely to carry guns than Northerners.

Race: Whites are less likely than blacks to carry weapons. More evidence for honor culture among blakcs

Gender: Regional differences are just as strong for women. Southern more than 6x as likely to carry a gun than a Northern woman. Mace is most commonly used by young, educated, middle-class women

Front 15

Broh Central Question

Back 15

Does participating in sports or other extracurricular activities promote higher academic achievement. If so, which groups benefit and why?

Front 16

Broh smaller questions

Back 16

(1) How does participating in sports promote achievement? (2)Are the benefits of participation unique to sports or does participation in activities aside from sports also promote achievement?(69) (3) Which mediating variables, the developmental model, the leading-crowd hypothesis, or the social capital model, can best explain why extracurricular programming is beneficial for academic achievement

Front 17

Broh Dependent Variable

Back 17

Academic Achievement based on grades in math and English and standardized test scores on a math and English item-response theory tests administered by NCES

Front 18

Broh Independent Variable

Back 18

participation in extracurricular activities. Broh focuses on interscholastic sports but also looks at intramural sports, cheerleading, music, drama, student council, yearbook, and vocational clubs

Front 19

Broh Important Concepts

Back 19

achievement and participation, developmental method, the leading-crowd hypothesis, and the social capital model

Front 20

Broh achievement and participation

Back 20

achievement: grades and test scores
participation: specific list of extracurricular activities (interscholastic sports but also looks at intramural sports, cheerleading, music, drama, student council, yearbook, and vocational clubs)

Front 21

Broh Developmental Method

Back 21

a belief that participating in sports helps a student succeed academically because it develops skills and values such as a strong work ethic, respect for authority, and perseverance, while promoting self-confidence and maturity which transfer to education

Front 22

Broh Leading-Crowd Hypothesis

Back 22

a belief that sports facilitate greater academic success because participation puts students in a position of higher peer status among more popular students who also tend to be high achievers. Thus the idea is that students who are a part of an academically oriented peer-group will be led by that group and therefore will be academically successful

Front 23

Broh Social capital model

Back 23

students who are involved in extracurricular activities will academically benefit because they are more involved with their families, schools, and teachers and their parents are also more involved with schools and teachers so there is an increased level of social control and transmission of information relating to academic success

Front 24

Broh: Data source

Back 24

NELS:99, “a nationally representative, longitudinal study sponsored by the National Center for Education Statistics
1988
24,599 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students in public, private, and parochial schools

(National Education Longitudinal Study)

Front 25

Broh Sample Size

Back 25

12,578 10th and 12th graders who had participated in the first base-year study, remained in school through the 12th grade, and had valid measures for the relevant academic measures

Front 26

Broh Method of Analysis

Back 26

OLS Regression on three models (Ordinary Least Squared)

Front 27

Broh Results

Back 27

Broh determined that interscholastic sports have the greatest impact on academic achievement of all of the tested extracurricular activities. A positive association is shown with interscholastic sports and higher grades as well as higher math test scores, but not English test scores (76)—throughout the study, English test scores were relatively insensitive to participation in all activities except the drama club (84). Participation in interscholastic sports also displayed a link to improved self-esteem, locus of control, and time on homework, an increased number of academically oriented friends, and increased communication with parents about school and with teachers outside of school, thus providing support for the developmental model, the leading-crowd hypothesis, and the social capital model. However, the support for the leading-crowd hypothesis was minimal (78, 81).
In terms of other activities, not all of the results were generalizable. In fact intramural sports perform more poorly academically than interscholastic athletes and nonparticipating peers and their grades as test scores in all subjects decline over the two-year period (83). Vocational clubs are the only other studied activity to consistently display negative effects but music groups are the only activities to yield consistently positive results, except in the reading test (83-4).
The overall conclusion is that interscholastic sports provide the highest academic benefits for high schools students and music is second while intramural sports and vocational clubs are shown to impair achievement (84). The pattern is similar for the developmental and social capital benefits shown in interscholastic sports (84).

Front 28

Cherlin Central Questions

Back 28

Is there is a relationship between women’s patterns of union formation and experiences of physical and sexual abuse and how does that abuse impact the union patterns

Front 29

Cherlin Smaller questions/hypotheses

Back 29

SURVEY

Hypothesis 1: Women with no history of abuse are more likely to be currently married than to be cohabitating or single, compared to women who have been abused.
Hypothesis 2: Women with a history of childhood abuse, particularly childhood sexual abuse, are more likely to be currently cohabitating than to be married or single, compared to women who have not experienced childhood abuse.
Hypothesis 3: Women who experience physical abuse in adulthood are more likely to be currently single than to be married or cohabitating, relative to women who have not experienced childhood abuse.

ETHNOGRAPHY
1. Women who have never been abused will be more likely to show a pattern of sustained, long-term unions
2. Women with a history of childhood abuse, particularly sexual, will be more likely to manifest a pattern of frequent, short-term nonmarital relationships
3. Women who were not abused in childhood but encounter abuse in adulthood will be more likely to show a pattern of abated unions

Front 30

Cherlin Independent variables

Back 30

Experiences of physical and sexual abuse
Sexual abuse is defined as “mothers’ reports of rape, molestation, parentally enforced child prostitution, and witnessing of incest-acts as sexual abuse”
Physical abuse was defined as “physical beatings, attacks with weapons, and witnessing consistent physical violence among parents, partners, and children were coded as physical abuse”

Front 31

Cherlin Dependent Variables

Back 31

Union formation (marriage or a cohabitating relationship at the date of the interview)
Sustained, transitory, abated

Front 32

Cherlin Important Concepts

Back 32

Sexual abuse, physical abuse, types of unions

Front 33

Cherlin Sexual abuse

Back 33

mothers’ reports of rape, molestation, parentally enforced child prostitution, and witnessing of incest-acts

Front 34

Cherlin Physical Abuse

Back 34

physical beatings, attacks with weapons, and witnessing consistent physical violence among parents, partners, and children

Front 35

Cherlin sustained unions

Back 35

those in which the woman has been in long-term unions most of her life with only one or two men

Front 36

Cherlin Transitory Unions

Back 36

sequential unions with different men or they may take the form of a long-term involvement with a man that cycles between living together and breaking up, with the woman living with other men during the break-up periods

Front 37

Cherlin Abated Unions

Back 37

when women have not lived in a union for at least a year prior to the field period, didn’t begin a union during the period, and told the ethnographers they didn’t want to be involved with a man

Front 38

Cherlin Data Source

Back 38

Both a survey and ethnography from a study of the well being of children and their families in low-income neighborhoods in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio were used to answer the questions (772). The survey is cross-sectional and the ethnography is longitudinal in nature (778).

256 families participated in the ethnography from March-November ’99 for 12-18 months.

The survey included a random sample of 2,402 children and their caregivers, which are weighted to correct for oversampling and to give equal weight to the experiences of families in each city (772).

Same neighborhoods but ethnography people were not part of the survey sample

Front 39

Cherlin Sample Size

Back 39

Ethnography: 228 families
Survey: 74% response rate

Front 40

Cherlin Methods of Analysis

Back 40

Survey: Multinomial logistic regression model- more than two discrete categories
Chi-Squared tests also

Ethnography:The method of “structured discovery” was used during the ethnography with in-depth interviews and observations that were focused but allowed for flexibility

Front 41

Cherlin Results

Back 41

According to the ethnography, 88% of women who had never been abused showed a pattern of sustained unions, women who had been abused in either childhood or adulthood, but not both, were less likely to experience sustained unions, and women who were abused in both childhood and adulthood were the least likely to experience sustained unions, women who had been abused in adulthood only were more likely to show a pattern of abated unions, and women who experienced sexual abuse, either alone or in combination with physical abuse, were the most likely to experience transitory unions (779). The ethnography also identified women who had not been abused as children but as adults and these women withdrew from relationships with men, abated unions. Additionally, women who had been abused as children and then experienced adult abuse were likely to have a series of relationships, transitory unions, rather than abated unions (784).
The results from the survey were similar. An association was shown between being currently married and never having been abused and women who had experienced physical abuse (alone or in combination with sexual abuse) were most likely to be currently single (781). The experience of abuse more than doubles the odds of being currently ingle versus married, and virtually triples the odds of being currently cohabitating versus married (782). Additionally, neither childhood physical nor sexual abuse is linked to the risk of being single or married but childhood sexual abuse is significantly linked with a higher risk of cohabitation versus marriage (783). Adult serious physical violence is significantly associated with the risk of being single compared to being married (783).
In the majority of mothers in the transitory union category seemed to be psychologically unaware of the link between abuse and their relationship patterns (780) and most of the mothers in the abated union category seemed to have a clear understanding of the link between abuse and their relationship pattern (781).